This thesis examines the opportunities for public participation in the federal Environmental Assessment and Review Process (EARP) and the influence of intervenor funding on that input; the application of EARP to Military Flying Activites in Labrador and Quebec is used as a case study. The analytical approach is critical and based on a public interest perspective. Five research questions are posed based on an interpretation of four normative objectives for the EAR Process and identification of several areas of EARP that restrict public access to decision making. The research questions ask to what extent intervenor funding would increase overall participation in the Process; whether funding would affect the ability of intervenors to be involved in stages of the Process where public input is limited; whether intervenor funding would ensure that the values and interests of public groups are more actively considered at each stage of the Process; how intervenor funding affects the quality and quantity of public input to the Process; and how the administration of the funding program affects public participation in the case study. Questionnaires were developed from these questions and three participant groups in the case study were interviewed. The results of these interviews are summarized and evaluated against the normative objectives and a set of six evaluative criteria - representativeness, educational, accountability, fairness, effectiveness, and efficiency. The criteria are developed from a theoretical rationale for financially supported public participation in EARP. The first general conclusion of this research is that the EAR Process is fundamentally flawed. Notwithstanding incremental reforms like intervenor funding, the assumptions of Environmental Impact Assessment and the structure of EARP treat project assessment as a project specific venture amenable to prediction and technical analysis. In fact is is inseparable from a value-laden and political development planning process. The EAR Process understates this essentially political character yet vests the most significant decision making author^ in the hands of those with the most to gain from project development. After recognition of this problem, this analysis makes recommendations, based on the analysis of the case study, that could assist EARP in approaching the normative objectives. First, while the proponent improved public consultation by 1985, and in the formal review, public involvement in the Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) in 1981 was inadequate. I therefore recommend that the affected publics be involved in decision making at the initial assessment stage of EARP and allowed an avenue of appeal. To support this recommendation the information used for initial assessment decisions needs to be comprehensive and readily accessible. In addition FEARO should provide an independent audit of these decisions. Second, while financial support to caribou research by the proponent since 1986 is laudable, project monitoring should have occurred since the release of the IEE. I therefore recommend that project monitoring be a required element of any application of the EAR Process, after an IEE and a formal review; it should include the affected publics in an advisory capacity and during implementation. Third, the EAR Process does not effectively deal with issues of fundamentally differing values; in this case study the viability of territories under land claims negotiations and the militarization of the Canadian arctic are avoided and unfairly unrepresented. To deal with this problem I recommend that public input be sought when drafting of the Panel's Terms of Reference for a public review. Fourth, information was withheld from intervenors from several government departments during the review. All government departments should be legally required to supply prompt and complete responses to reasonable information requests when they pertain to any stage of the EAR Process. Fifth, the funding program has so far been well administered; while funding has increased public access to the Process for remote settlements, further study is required to assess whether funds were sufficient to allow adequate regional representation. Finally, the credibility of the funding program is thrown into doubt by the participation of the Department of Regional Industrial Expansion in setting up an independent funding committee, their withdrawal from the same, and later support for a pro-development group after the funding was disbursed. An intervenor funding policy is required to regularize funding allocation from one independent agency for the duration of the review. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Efforts to maintain a relationship to food pathways have been consistent throughout U.S. history despite the general evolution towards an increasingly industrialized food system. Urban agriculture serves as a means of reclaiming and furthering knowledge of where food comes from while also addressing larger social, economic, and environmental goals. This has been demonstrated in Chicago where urban farmers have worked to improve food access, increase employment, and revitalize communities all across the city. For many years, federal policies have promoted maximum production of commodity crops and kept supermarket prices low, allowing the government to ignore the impacts these policies are having on local economies, the environment, and public health. State and municipal policies have been similarly unsympathetic to any efforts to subvert the industrial food system. However, the individuals and organizations working to promote urban agriculture in Chicago demonstrate how community activism can break through these obstacles, and create fertile ground for the movement to grow. Chicago is recognized as a national leader in the urban agriculture movement, and the city is becoming an increasingly accommodating place for urban agriculture to thrive. In this thesis I describe the progress some of these urban farmers have made in Chicago, and emphasize how community engagement and support has played a crucial role in achieving this progress; I also discuss obstacles that have prevented the movement from attaining certain goals; and explore the implications of what it would mean for agriculture to change the landscape of a city.

Orientador: Eglé Novaes Teixeira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T15:39:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_MarianaCortijo_M.pdf: 9452537 bytes, checksum: 71deeb1d6d6ef62c6d3a174bdb03ec2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Um dos problemas comuns à maioria das cidades brasileiras é o crescente consumo, produção e geração de resíduo que, associados aos processos de acelerada expansão urbana sobrecarregam o sistema de infraestrutura sanitária. A preocupação com a perda ou inutilização dos recursos naturais, com a destruição dos ecossistemas, com os problemas de saúde pública que podem advir da poluição e da contaminação e o desperdício de energia, fez com que a sociedade e seus representantes, em resposta a estas questões editassem leis e buscassem tecnologias para evitar, ou ao menos mitigar tais problemas. Com a promulgação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos em 02 de agosto de 2010 novas diretrizes e instrumentos foram propostos para aprimorar o gerenciamento de resíduo sólido, entre estes, a elaboração de plano de gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos pelos municípios, integrando cooperativas e associações de catadores de material reciclável ao programa de coleta seletiva. A coleta seletiva, apesar de não ser a única solução para a problemática do resíduo sólido, promove o hábito da separação do resíduo na fonte geradora para o seu aproveitamento; educação ambiental voltada para a redução do consumo e do desperdício; a prevenção e controle das doenças decorrentes da gestão inadequada do resíduo; a inclusão social; a geração de trabalho e renda; a economia dos recursos naturais; e, a valorização do material reciclável, como bem econômico além de sua recuperação. É, ainda, um importante instrumento para a gestão do resíduo sólido, pois auxilia o processo de reciclagem e os sistemas de logística reversa de bens pós-consumo. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho estabelecer propostas que subsidiem a implementação da coleta seletiva em Cabreúva em consonância com a legislação vigente e os princípios do Direito Ambiental, levando em consideração as especificidades locais. Assim, foram propostas a implantação de cooperativas regionais; diversas parcerias, além de algumas modalidades auxiliares para coleta seletiva no município / Abstract: One of the main problems in most Brazilian cities is the growing consumption, production and waste generation, which, associated to processes of accelerated urban expansion, overload the health infrastructure system. The concern with the natural resources loss or disposal off, with the destruction of natural resources and the destruction of ecosystems, with the public health problems that may come along with pollution and contamination, and the energy waste, has forced society and its representatives to issue laws and seek for technological developments to avoid, or at least lessen, such problems. With the promulgation of the National Policy of Solid Waste on August 2nd, 2010, new guidelines and tools were proposed to improve the management of solid wastes, among which was the elaboration of a plan of integrated management of solid waste for the cities, integrating cooperatives and associations of collectors of recyclable materials in the program of waste sorting. Waste sorting, in spite of not being the only solution to the problem of solid waste, stimulates the habit of waste sorting in the generating source for its use; environmental education focused on the reduction of consumption and waste; the prevention and control of diseases resulting from inadequate waste management; social inclusion; the generation of work and income; the saving of natural resources; and the valuing of recyclable material as an economical good, as well as its recovery. It is also an important tool for solid residue management, since it helps in the process of recycling and the systems of reverse logistics of post-consumption goods. The objective in this work was to establish proposals which subsidized the implementation of waste sorting in Cabreúva together with the legislation in force and the principles of Environmental Law, taking into account local specificities. Were proposed the establishment of regional cooperatives; several partnerships and some auxiliary modalities for selective collection in the municipality / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

A prática de Avaliação de Impacto (AI) mostra-se consolidada como elemento de suporte ao processo decisório ao redor do planeta. No entanto, apresenta uma série de limitações relacionadas à inclusão dos impactos sociais e efeitos cumulativos como objeto de análise, que se mostram mais intensas no contexto da implantação de grandes projetos de desenvolvimento. No Estado de São Paulo, a região do Litoral Norte se destaca pela perspectiva de intensificação dos processos de desenvolvimento econômico a partir da implantação de projetos ligados à exploração de óleo e gás e seus empreendimentos derivados. Ainda que as mudanças de caráter socioambiental venham sendo analisadas em estudos ambientais estratégicos e estudos de impactos ambientais de projetos, planos diretores municipais, dentre outros instrumentos, verifica-se uma lacuna em termos de seus aspectos cumulativos que, associada ao baixo grau de integração entre os instrumentos de planejamento aplicados na região, tem limitado a sua capacidade de influenciar as decisões tomadas. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa se utiliza de métodos de Avaliação de Impactos para a verificação de impactos sociais e seus efeitos cumulativos sobre o Litoral Norte paulista, considerando a implantação de projetos já em andamento e sua compatibilização com os cenários de desenvolvimento esperados para a região. De modo específico, foram aplicados os métodos da Rede de Impactos para identificação da relação de causalidade entre impactos sociais diretos e indiretos e verificação de sua cumulatividade, e da Sobreposição de Mapas para agregação de dados geográficos e visualização de sua distribuição espacial. A metodologia adotada favoreceu a identificação de impactos sociais indiretos, assim como a compreensão de sua cumulatividade sobre diferentes receptores e também sobre a área de estudo, mostrando-se útil para a inserção da dimensão social na AI voltada para grandes projetos de desenvolvimento. / Impact Assessment (IA) practice has different inadequacies, especially about identification and assessment of social impacts and cumulative effects. Hence, there is the demand of exploring methods for minding this gap, mainly in the context of impacts derived from large development projects in Brazil. The North Coast of São Paulo was used a case study, as the region was announced to receive different development projects related to oil and gas exploitation and logistic for exportation. There are many socioenvironmental changes predicted by different instruments such as Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) of projects, Master Plans, among others. This research aimed to verify the contributions of the use of Impact Network and Map Overlaying to consider the social dimension in Impact Assessment. The Impact Network method allowed to address the causality of direct and indirect social impacts, linking them to different receptors for comprehending its cumulativeness. The Map Overlaying method added spatial data from different sources, allowing to identify current and expected social impacts and its spatial and temporal cumulativeness. The main results are: identification of indirect social impacts, comprehension of cumulative social impacts in different receptors and the identification of spatial cumulativeness now and considering the planning future scenario. These methods are currently poorly applied and were important to deal with social impacts and cumulative effects. In the end, it was concluded that the approach contributed to better consider the social dimension in Impact Assessment of large projects.

O pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) é um instrumento econômico baseado na transferência de benefícios em troca de práticas conservacionistas que assegurem ou aumentem a prestação de serviços ambientais. O instrumento vem ganhando força como estratégia de conservação e restauração de ambientes naturais e, embora bastante pesquisado nos últimos anos, ainda não há um sistema de avaliação que apresente resultados de forma rápida e transmita segurança aos atores envolvidos. Diante dessa lacuna, este trabalho tem como objetivo propor um modelo de avaliação da efetividade de esquemas de pagamentos por serviços ambientais hídricos localizados na Mata Atlântica que tenham como foco a conservação de vegetação nativa em propriedades rurais privadas. A estrutura de avaliação foi construída a partir do referencial teórico, por meio de revisão bibliográfica sistemática. Para verificar o funcionamento do modelo elaborado, aplicou-se a estrutura em cinco casos de PSA hídricos localizados na Mata Atlântica. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo construído é robusto, pois apresenta clareza sobre os tipos de dados que utiliza e sobre a maneira como é feito o julgamento; flexível – pois pode ser aplicado também em outros tipos de esquemas de PSA com as devidas adequações, e de aplicação relativamente simples, permitindo o uso de dados secundários. Quanto à avaliação do PSA observou-se que os esquemas estudados não atendem todas as condições indicadas pela literatura acadêmica como importantes para o êxito do instrumento. Até mesmo as condições fundamentais para o êxito do PSA mais citadas no referencial teórico como: gestão participativa com estabelecimento de relações de confiança e compreensão do contexto para verificar se o PSA é a melhor solução para o problema local não são efetivamente empregadas. Tais resultados também são observados nos casos de PSA internacionais de acordo com a literatura internacional. Pode-se concluir que o modelo de avaliação proposto gera informações úteis e confiáveis acerca do desenvolvimento dos esquemas de PSA hídricos, além disso, identifica os problemas de modo que as partes interessadas possam ter um panorama da situação do esquema. Os resultados da aplicação do modelo de avaliação nos casos estudados na Mata Atlântica mostram que tais esquemas apresentam problemas que dificultam o alcance dos objetivos a que se propõem principalmente no que diz respeito a custo-efetividade e relação custo-benefício, gestão participativa e adicionalidade. / Payment for environmental services (PES) - is an economic instrument based on the transfer of benefits in exchange for conservation practices to ensure or enhance the provision of environmental services. The instrument has been gaining strength as a conservation strategy and restoration of natural environments and although widely researched in recent years still presents difficulties due to the lack of an evaluation system that gives results quickly and transmits security to the actors involved. Given this gap this paper aims to propose a model of evaluation of the effectiveness of water for environmental services payment schemes located in the Atlantic Forest that focus on the conservation of native vegetation on private farms. The evaluation framework was built from the theoretical framework, through a systematic literature review, looking up which important conditions for the success of the PES. To check the operation of the elaborate model we apply the structure in six cases of water PES located in the Atlantic Forest. The results showed that the constructed model is robust, as it has clarity on the types of data you use and the way it is done the trial, flexible, it can also be applied to other types of PES schemes with the necessary adjustments, and relatively simple application, allowing the use of secondary data. As for the evaluation of PES it was observed that the studied schemes do not meet all conditions set by the academic literature as important to the success of the instrument. Even the basic conditions for the success of PES most mentioned in theoretical as participatory management with the establishment of trusts and understanding of the context to see if the PES is the best solution to the local problem is not effectively used. Such results are also observed in cases of International PES. We can conclude that the proposed evaluation model generates useful and reliable information about the development of water PES schemes also identifies problems so that interested parties may have an overview of the layout of the situation. The results of the implementation of the evaluation model in the cases studied in the Atlantic Forest showed that such schemes present problems that hinder the achievement of objectives that mainly propose regarding the costeffectiveness and cost-effective, participatory management and additionality.

A renovação da outorga que permite reverter as águas das bacias dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ) para abastecer a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo através do Sistema Cantareira constituiu um importante momento de decisão sobre a gestão dos recursos hídricos. Diante disso e do processo de descentralização na gestão das águas, possibilitando a ação de diversos atores, com a instituição do Sistema Integrado de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos em São Paulo (SIGRH), existe a necessidade de conciliação de interesses, de cooperação entre os atores e de negociação de conflitos. Este trabalho pretendeu analisar como a existência de um histórico de cooperação entre os membros dos Comitês das Bacias PCJ contribuiu para o fortalecimento da sua capacidade de negociação no processo de renovação da outorga do Sistema Cantareira. Para tanto, a pesquisa contou com a aplicação de um questionário fechado junto aos membros dos Comitês PCJ, que permitiu observar a existência de cooperação entre eles e de outros elementos que constituem o conceito de capital social. Percebeu-se que os Comitês PCJ possuem uma estrutura de organização que possibilita um desempenho satisfatório na tomada de decisões, na mobilização de recursos, na facilidade de comunicação e na solução de conflitos. Verificou-se que entre os seus membros existem relações consistentes de cooperação, confiança, solidariedade e reciprocidade, através das quais foram construídos arranjos institucionais nesses Comitês para resolver problemas relacionados à gestão dos recursos hídricos, como foi o caso da renovação da outorga do Sistema Cantareira. Com a nova outorga, a operação do Sistema passou a ser descentralizada e transparente. Todo esse processo contribuiu para que o capital social existente entre os atores envolvidos na gestão das águas se desenvolvesse e fortalecesse os seus laços. Também contribuiu para o amadurecimento técnico e político dos Comitês PCJ, para sua capacidade de negociar o recurso comum e para a institucionalização do SIGRH na busca pela gestão compartilhada das águas. / The renovation of the water permit that makes possible the reversion of water from the Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí (PCJ) river basin to supply the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region, through Cantareira System, consisted of an important decision making moment on the water management. With regard to that and to the decentralization process on water management, that enables the participation of several actors with the Integrated Water Management (IWM) in Sao Paulo, the conciliation of interests, cooperation among actors and conflict negotiation have become necessary. This research aimed to analyze how the existence of cooperation among the members of the PCJ River basin Committee contributed to strengthen their negotiation capacity during the process of renovation of the Cantareira System water permit. A questionnaire, applied to the members, enabled the observation of cooperation and other elements that constitute the concept of social capital among them. It was possible to observe that the PCJ Committee has an organization structure that enables a satisfactory performance on the decision making process, resource mobilization, communication and conflict resolution. It was also observed that among them there are consistent cooperation, trust, solidarity and reciprocity relations, through which institutional arrangements were built to solve problems related to the water management. With the new water permit, the System operation has become more decentralized and transparent. All the process contributed to develop and strengthen the existent social capital and ties among the actors. It also contributed to the technical and political maturity of PCJ Committee, to its capacity of negotiating the common resource and to the institutionalization of IWM in the search for an integrated water management.

A indústria calçadista faz intenso uso de recursos naturais e gera grande volume e diversidade de resíduos ao longo da produção; muitos deles são perigosos, oferecendo riscos ao ambiente e à saúde humana. Nos produtos, é utilizada ampla variedade de materiais, o que dificulta o seu tratamento ao fim da vida útil, tornando o resíduos pós-consumo um agravante para a questão dos resíduos nessa indústria. A abordagem da prevenção de resíduos busca, de maneira proativa, diminuir ou evitar o ingresso de materiais ou substâncias no fluxo dos resíduos, prevenindo assim os impactos causados por eles no ambiente. A adoção de práticas preventivas na indústria de calçados pode contribuir para mitigar impactos oriundos de todo o ciclo de vida desse produto. Assim, esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de estudar o fenômeno da prevenção de resíduos na indústria calçadista brasileira, buscando sistematizar iniciativas e práticas já existentes e discuti-las à luz da literatura, de modo a encontrar desafios e oportunidades para expansão dessas atividades. Para a análise dos achados, adotou-se o viés conceitual da Ecologia Industrial. Foi realizado um estudo de caso descritivo-exploratório de caso único a indústria calçadista brasileira com múltiplas unidades de análise, buscando responder às seguintes perguntas: i) Como vem ocorrendo a prevenção de resíduos na produção de calçados?; ii) Quais são os desafios e oportunidades para avanços da prevenção nesse setor? A pesquisa revelou que a adoção de atividades de prevenção na indústria calçadista ainda ocorre de maneira tímida, e foca principalmente a escolha por materiais com menor toxicidade ou reciclados, e a eficiência no uso de matérias-primas. Esta última está muito ligada à redução de custos; no setor de componentes ocorre principalmente na indústria química, com o reaproveitamento interno dos subprodutos, e na manufatura, ocorre na otimização do corte das partes do calçado. De modo geral, a produção calçadista brasileira se caracteriza por intensa competitividade, com a busca por redução de custos e maximização de ganhos. Isso apresenta desafios para a implementação das atividades de prevenção de resíduos por colocar como prioridade a busca por preços baixos, geralmente obtidos pela externalização de custos socioambientais; além disso, prejudica o interesse em colaborações entre empresas. As cadeias de produção são extensas e pouco articuladas, o que dificulta a circulação de informações e materiais entre empresas. Com relação aos materiais, a pesquisa revelou possibilidades de ciclagem dentro do ambiente produtivo para diversos deles, embora não sejam colocadas em prática. O caso da indústria calçadista brasileira se apresentou como emblemático para a crise do sistema econômico nos moldes do paradigma técnico-científico, (segundo o qual o desenvolvimento significa crescimento econômico), evidenciando a necessidade de uma mudança de paradigma e uma nova racionalidade material. / The footwear industry is characterized by intense natural resources input and large and diverse waste generation, many of which are hazardous, offering risks to the environment as well as human health. A wide variety of materials are used in the products, which hampers the treatment of post-consumption waste, worsening the scenario for the issue of waste in the footwear industry. Waste prevention aims at preventing or reducing both quantitative and qualitatively the waste flows, and thus, the environmental impacts caused by them. The adoption of prevention activities in the footwear industry contributes to the mitigation of several impacts associated with this products life cycle. This research had the objective of studying waste prevention in the Brazilian footwear industry, as to unveil and systematize existing initiatives and practices, discussing them in light of the literature on the subject and identifying the challenges and opportunities for their progress. The conceptual basis of Industrial Ecology was used to analyze the findings. A descriptive-exploratory single case study with multiple analysis units was conducted aiming at answering the research questions: i) How have waste prevention activities been occurring in the footwear production?; ii) What are the challenges and opportunities for the progress of waste prevention in this area? The research found that waste prevention activities in the footwear industry are still timid, focusing mainly the selection of less toxic or recycled materials, as well as efficiency in the use of raw materials. The last is connected to cost reduction, taking place in the component sector mainly in the chemical industry through the internal reutilization of byproducts and in the manufacture sector, through efficient cutting of the parts. In general, the Brazilian footwear production is characterized by high competitiveness, pursuing cost reduction and gain maximization. That presents challenges for the implementation of waste prevention activities for setting low prices as priority, usually obtained by the externalization of social and environmental costs. It also harms the interest in collaboration between organizations. The supply chains are wide and lack articulation, which hinders information and materials circulation between organizations. Regarding the materials, the research found cycling possibilities within the productive environment for several of them, although these are not put into practice. The case of the Brazilian footwear industry is emblematic for the crisis in the economic system based in the technical-scientific paradigm (according to which, development is equal to economic growth). It underlines the need for a paradigm shift, as well as a new material rationality.

No description available.

This project articulates the foundational purpose for environmental fairs and how they encourage an environmentally literate and responsible citizenry.

abstract: Research confirms that climate change is primarily due to the influx of greenhouse gases from the anthropogenic burning of fossil fuels for energy. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the dominant greenhouse gas contributing to climate change. Although research also confirms that negative emission technologies (NETs) are necessary to stay within 1.5-2°C of global warming, this dissertation proposes that the climate change problem has been ineffectively communicated to suggest that CO2 emissions reduction is the only solution to climate change. Chapter 1 explains that current United States (US) policies focus heavily on reducing CO2 emissions, but ignore the concentrations of previous CO2 emissions accumulating in the atmosphere. Through political, technological, and ethical lenses, this dissertation evaluates whether the management process of CO2 emissions and concentrations in the US today can effectively combat climate change. Chapter 2 discusses the historical management of US air pollution, why CO2 is regulated as an air pollutant, and how the current political framing of climate change as an air pollution problem promotes the use of market-based solutions to reduce emissions but ignores CO2 concentrations. Chapter 3 argues for the need to reframe climate change solutions to include reducing CO2 concentrations along with emissions. It presents the scientific reasoning and technological needs for reducing CO2 concentrations, why direct air capture (DAC) is the most effective NET to do so, and existing regulatory systems that can inform future CO2 removal policy. Chapter 4 explores whether Responsible Innovation (RI), a framework that includes society in the innovation process of emerging technologies, is effective for the ethical research and deployment of DAC; reveals the need for increased DAC governance strategies, and suggests how RI can be expanded to allow continued research of controversial emerging technologies in case of a climate change emergency. Overall, this dissertation argues that climate change must be reframed as a two-part problem: preventing new CO2 emissions and reducing concentrations, which demands increased investment in DAC research, development, and deployment. However, without a national or global governance strategy for DAC, it will remain difficult to include CO2 concentration reduction as an essential piece to the climate change solution. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2020