A formulação de políticas, planos e programas governamentais tem sido conduzida desarticuladamente, sem a necessária participação social e prévia avaliação de seus impactos sobre o ambiente e saúde da população. Como as ferramentas de avaliação de impacto de políticas públicas contribuiriam para a integração dessas políticas com vistas à sustentabilidade? Partindo desse questionamento, trabalhou-se com a hipótese de trabalho de que a gestão pública para a sustentabilidade pressupõe a integração das políticas setoriais, no nível estratégico, o que vai além da avaliação de impactos da política. A gestão pública para a sustentabilidade, nesta pesquisa, refere-se ao processo de formulação e implementação de políticas públicas, em que são avaliados os seus objetivos de sustentabilidade social, ambiental e econômico, considerando o contexto cultural e institucional em que se insere, como forma de operacionalizar os princípios da precaução e da eficiência na administração pública. Os objetivos foram analisar ferramentas de avaliação de políticas, planos e programas (PPPs), como a Avaliação de Impacto à Saúde (AIS), de caráter preventivo, e discutir como essas avaliações contribuem para a integração e eficiência de políticas públicas setoriais. Desenvolvida como um estudo de caso, a pesquisa tratou da avaliação dos impactos potenciais da política florestal de Mato Grosso na saúde de grupos populacionais, utilizando a metodologia EPHIA. Como resultado, o Relatório da Avaliação de Impactos à Saúde trouxe recomendações de ordem institucional e administrativa para incremento da capacidade de gestão do Estado e melhorias no texto da lei que institui a Política Florestal, visando minimizar as desigualdades em saúde. A análise da contribuição dessa avaliação identificou a cadeia de impactos de políticas governamentais, umas sobre as outras, e pontos de desarticulação setorial. Os subsídios resultantes da AIS permitem aos tomadores de decisão avançar na definição de processos de negociação de objetivos e na integração de políticas setoriais, uma transpoliticidade, com vistas ao desenvolvimento sustentável / The formulation of governmental policies, plans and programs has been conceived quite disconnectedly, without the necessary social participation and previous assessment of its impacts on the environment and people health. How do the assessment tools for public politics impact would contribute for the integration of those policies concerning sustainability? The work started as from this question, with the hypothesis stating that the public management for the sustainability assumes the integration of each field policies, at a strategy level, which passes beyond the policy impacts assessment. The public administration regarding sustainability, in this research, is relative to the process of public policies formulation and implementation, evaluating the aims of social, environmental, and economical sustainability. It also takes into consideration the cultural and institutional context where it belongs, as a way of turning the principles of precaution and the efficiency, operational, in the public administration. The objectives were to analyze the evaluation tools for policies, plans and programs (PPPs), as well as the Health Impact Assessment (HIA), which has a preventive character, and discuss how these evaluations can contribute to the integration and efficiency of field public policies. This research has been developed as a case study, and it analyzed the potential impacts assessment of the forest policy of Mato Grosso State, in groups of people, using the EPHIA methodology. As a result, the Health Impact Assessment Report indicated some institutional and administrative recommendations to improve the State management and the Forest Policy law, trying to minimize the health inequalities. The analysis concerning this assessment contribution identified the impact network of governmental policies, one on the others, as well as some points of sector disarticulation. The subsidies arising from the HIA allowed the ones who make the decisions to go forward in the definition of objective negotiation processes and in the integration of sector policies, transpolicity, aiming at the sustainable development

A formulação de políticas, planos e programas governamentais tem sido conduzida desarticuladamente, sem a necessária participação social e prévia avaliação de seus impactos sobre o ambiente e saúde da população. Como as ferramentas de avaliação de impacto de políticas públicas contribuiriam para a integração dessas políticas com vistas à sustentabilidade? Partindo desse questionamento, trabalhou-se com a hipótese de trabalho de que a gestão pública para a sustentabilidade pressupõe a integração das políticas setoriais, no nível estratégico, o que vai além da avaliação de impactos da política. A gestão pública para a sustentabilidade, nesta pesquisa, refere-se ao processo de formulação e implementação de políticas públicas, em que são avaliados os seus objetivos de sustentabilidade social, ambiental e econômico, considerando o contexto cultural e institucional em que se insere, como forma de operacionalizar os princípios da precaução e da eficiência na administração pública. Os objetivos foram analisar ferramentas de avaliação de políticas, planos e programas (PPPs), como a Avaliação de Impacto à Saúde (AIS), de caráter preventivo, e discutir como essas avaliações contribuem para a integração e eficiência de políticas públicas setoriais. Desenvolvida como um estudo de caso, a pesquisa tratou da avaliação dos impactos potenciais da política florestal de Mato Grosso na saúde de grupos populacionais, utilizando a metodologia EPHIA. Como resultado, o Relatório da Avaliação de Impactos à Saúde trouxe recomendações de ordem institucional e administrativa para incremento da capacidade de gestão do Estado e melhorias no texto da lei que institui a Política Florestal, visando minimizar as desigualdades em saúde. A análise da contribuição dessa avaliação identificou a cadeia de impactos de políticas governamentais, umas sobre as outras, e pontos de desarticulação setorial. Os subsídios resultantes da AIS permitem aos tomadores de decisão avançar na definição de processos de negociação de objetivos e na integração de políticas setoriais, uma transpoliticidade, com vistas ao desenvolvimento sustentável / The formulation of governmental policies, plans and programs has been conceived quite disconnectedly, without the necessary social participation and previous assessment of its impacts on the environment and people health. How do the assessment tools for public politics impact would contribute for the integration of those policies concerning sustainability? The work started as from this question, with the hypothesis stating that the public management for the sustainability assumes the integration of each field policies, at a strategy level, which passes beyond the policy impacts assessment. The public administration regarding sustainability, in this research, is relative to the process of public policies formulation and implementation, evaluating the aims of social, environmental, and economical sustainability. It also takes into consideration the cultural and institutional context where it belongs, as a way of turning the principles of precaution and the efficiency, operational, in the public administration. The objectives were to analyze the evaluation tools for policies, plans and programs (PPPs), as well as the Health Impact Assessment (HIA), which has a preventive character, and discuss how these evaluations can contribute to the integration and efficiency of field public policies. This research has been developed as a case study, and it analyzed the potential impacts assessment of the forest policy of Mato Grosso State, in groups of people, using the EPHIA methodology. As a result, the Health Impact Assessment Report indicated some institutional and administrative recommendations to improve the State management and the Forest Policy law, trying to minimize the health inequalities. The analysis concerning this assessment contribution identified the impact network of governmental policies, one on the others, as well as some points of sector disarticulation. The subsidies arising from the HIA allowed the ones who make the decisions to go forward in the definition of objective negotiation processes and in the integration of sector policies, transpolicity, aiming at the sustainable development

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver modelos de tabelas informativas contendo atributos de desempenho técnico e ambiental de produtos da construção civil para os produtos forro de lã de vidro e impermeabilização de coberturas planas. Foram estudadas as normas para Declaração Ambiental (normas ISO 14.000) e um levantamento dos requisitos que demandam atributos específicos para materiais de construção e que constam nos sistemas de certificação ambiental de edifícios LEED BD+C 2009, AQUA Residencial e norma de desempenho NBR 15.575: 2013 - Parte 1. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com a participação de agentes do meio produtivo, articulando as demandas de projetistas e dos segmentos industriais dos produtos supracitados. Foram selecionados atributos que influenciam a qualidade ambiental do edifício: toxicidade; conteúdo de compostos orgânicos voláteis; presença de substâncias carcinogênicas; porcentagem na composição e tipo de conteúdo reciclado; descarte do produto e da embalagem; certificações do produto e do fabricante. Atributos que influenciam o desempenho técnico do material quanto à segurança, funcionalidade e durabilidade foram selecionados para cada tipologia de produto: reação ao fogo; propriedades que afetam a estanqueidade, manutenção, o desempenho térmico e acústico; prazos de garantia e durabilidade. A combinação desses atributos permite, desde as fases iniciais do processo de projeto, exercício de análise e interpretação dos dados para a especificação de materiais adequados às necessidades do edifício e seus usuários. O modelo apresentado, denominado Tabela Ambiental, favorece a informação dinâmica aos envolvidos da cadeia construtiva, evoluindo juntamente com o conhecimento do mercado sobre o tema e suas inovações tecnológicas. A Tabela Ambiental apresenta uma proposta de comunicação simplificada e, por meio da referência de comprovação, incentiva a especificação consciente e responsável, podendo incrementar a educação ambiental e direcionar o mercado da construção civil a novos rumos na sustentabilidade. / The present paper aims to develop models of informative tables containing attributes of technical and environmental performance of civil construction products for glass wool ceiling and flat roofs waterproofing. Standards were studied for Environmental Declaration (ISO 14000 standards) and a survey of requirements which demand specific attributes for building materials in the environmental certification systems for buildings LEED BD + C 2009, AQUA Residential and performance standard NBR 15.575: 2013 - Part 1. The research was developed with productive agents articulating the demands of designers and industrial segments of the mentioned products. Attributes which influence on building environmental quality were selected: content and type of recycled; packaging and product disposal; maker and product certifications. Attributes that influence the environmental quality of the building were selected: toxicity; content of volatile organic compounds; presence of carcinogenic substances; percentage in the composition and type of recycled content; disposal of product and packaging; certifications of the product and the manufacturer. Attributes that influence the technical performance of the equipment for safety, functionality and durability were selected for each type of product: reaction to fire; properties that affect the tightness, maintenance, thermal and acoustic performance; warranty terms and durability. The combination of these attributes allow, from the early stages of the design process, exercise of analysis and data interpretation for specifying suitable materials to the building needs and its users. The model presented, called as Environmental Table, favors to the dynamics involved in constructive chain information, progressing with the market knowledge about the subject and its technological innovations. The Environmental Table presents a simplified communication proposal and through reference encourages responsible and conscious specification, it can increase environmental education and direct the civil construction market to new ways in sustainability.

Summary Environmental issues have become increasingly more important the last decade. It is of great importance to reduce emissions of green house gases (GHG) and the transport sector contributes to a large part of GHG emissions. The transport sector is the only sector that actually has increased the emissions during the last decade. This is a result of a growing economy and an increased demand of both carriages of passengers as well as freight transports. To reduce GHG emissions there is a need of smart, effective logistics solutions and new technologies. This thesis will contain a review of Åkers Sweden AB’s outbound logistics of rolls. The aim of this thesis is to identify environmental improvements without increasing further costs. A questionnaire for environmental evaluation of transport suppliers will also be developed in this thesis. Initial question formulations of this thesis are:   1. What are the environmental effects of the different modes of freight transports that are used in the case of Åkers Sweden AB? Are there any environmental improvements possible to establish without increasing costs? 2. How can distributors be evaluated regarding environmental effects?   Emissions and energy use of Åkers Sweden AB’s transports is calculated with the calculation model NTMcalc version 1.9.9. This model is developed by the Network for Transport and Environment (NTM). Examined modes of transport are road, rail and sea transports. Both theory and result in this thesis demonstrate that rail transports should be preferred to road transports from an environmental point of view. A disadvantage of rail transports is longer transport time in most cases. Longer transport time contribute to higher capital cost of goods during transit. Another disadvantage is that rail transports are limited between terminals or that customers have an industrial railway track. That leads to an increased need of reloading and handling costs. Potential alternative with less impact on the environment has been developed. This involves less impact than current alternative. The new alternative will decrease freight costs by 37 %. However, an increased capital cost by 84 % has been identified due to additional transportation time that is required for the alternative suggested. Transport costs are poorly connected to the real cost on the society. Governments throughout the world need to encourage transport buyers to choose more environmentally adapted alternatives by using management control measures. Also, a questionnaire for environmental evaluation of transport suppliers has been developed. It contains questions of the environmental organisation of the company, how they work with education of staff and reporting of environmental effects. / Sammanfattning Under senare tid har miljöfrågor fått en alltmer framträdande roll i samhällsdebatten. Det är av största vikt att reducera alla utsläpp av växthusgaser och transportsektorn står för en betydande del av dessa. Transportsektorn är den enda samhällssektorn som ökat utsläppen av växthusgaser under senare år. Detta till följd av en växande ekonomi och ett ökat behov av både person- och frakttransporter. För att reducera utsläppen krävs smarta, effektiva lösningar och ny teknologi. Detta examensarbete kommer att innehålla en fördjupning av Åkers Sweden AB:s utgående distribution av valsar. Målet är att försöka hitta en distributionslösning som är mer miljövänlig än nuvarande alternativ, men samtidigt inte dyrare. Även ett förslag till miljöbedömning av transportleverantörer kommer att utvecklas i detta examensarbete. Detta arbete syftar att svara på följande frågeställningar:   1. Vilken miljöpåverkan har de olika typer av frakttransporter som används av Åkers Sweden AB? Kan ett mer miljövänligt alternativ utvecklas utan att kostnaderna ökar? 2. Hur kan transportleverantörer utvärderas ur ett miljöperspektiv?   Utsläpp och energiförbrukning vid Åkers Sweden AB:s transporter beräknades med hjälp av kalkylverktyget NTMcalc version 1.9.9. Denna modell är utvecklad av Nätverket för Transporter och Miljön (NTM). De transportslag som undersöks är väg- sjö- och järnvägstransporter. Både teori och resultat i denna rapport visar att järnvägstransport bör föredras ur ett miljöperspektiv framför vägtransport. Nackdelen med järnvägstransporter är att de oftast har en längre transporttid under framförallt kortare transporter. En längre transporttid ger högre kapitalbindning i produkter under transport. En annan nackdel är att järnvägstransporter är bundna mellan terminaler eller är beroende av att kunden har industrispår. Därmed krävs omlastning vilket leder till att hanteringskostnader ökar. I detta examensarbete har ett mer miljövänligt alternativ har utvecklats. Detta alternativ har en betydligt mindre miljöpåverkan än i nuvarande situation. Fraktkostnaden minskar med 37 % i det nya alternativet. Eftersom transporttiden ökar, stiger kapitalkostnaden för det nya alternativet med 84 %. Transportkostnader speglar sällan den totala kostnaden de har för samhället. Regeringar runt om i världen behöver med hjälp av ekonomiska styrmedel uppmuntra transportköpare att välja ett miljövänligare alternativ. Ett formulär för miljöbedömning av transportleverantörer har även utvecklats. Detta innehåller frågor kring hur företaget arbetar med miljöorganisation, utbildning av personal och rapportering av miljöpåverkan.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

L’économie de marché est classiquement basée sur la vente de produits. Pourtant, au cours des dernières décennies, la compétitivité accrue dans une économie mondialisée et la raréfaction des ressources a conduit les entreprises industrielles des pays développés à réorienter leurs offres de produits par l’intégration de services. Le concept de Système Produit-Service (SPS) fait référence à cet ensemble commercialisable de produits et services, capables de répondre ensemble à un besoin utilisateur. Les SPS soulèvent beaucoup d’intérêt pour la réduction des pressions environnementales parce qu’ils font évoluer le paradigme classique de production et consommation de masse vers de nouveaux mécanismes de création de valeur. La recherche sur les SPS accorde beaucoup d’importance à leur « potentiel » pour la réduction des impacts environnementaux ainsi qu’à la nécessité de concevoir les SPS comme des ensembles « intégrés » de produits et services. Néanmoins, un important manque de réel support à la conception et à l’éco-conception de SPS est à noter. Cette thèse cherche à combler ce manque en proposant un cadre conceptuel pour la conception intégrée de SPS. Son rôle est d’assister l’intégration de produits et de services durant la conception de SPS jusqu’aux phases les plus détaillées en permettant la communication entre les ingénieurs produits et les concepteurs de services. Un cadre pour la conception intégrée de SPS est proposé, basé sur une approche système et permettant sa modélisation multi-vues. Un cadre d’évaluation environnemental lui est couplé pour évaluer, au cours de la conception, les impacts environnementaux générés durant le cycle de vie du SPS. L’applicabilité du cadre conceptuel est testée sur un cas industriel de SPS pour la fourniture d’énergie pneumatique. / Classical business economy is based on the sale of products. However, during the last decades, the increasing competition in the globalized economy and the resources rarefaction has led manufacturing companies in developed countries to re-orient their business towards integration of services in their product offers.The Product-Service System (PSS) concept is used to depict the resulting marketable set of products and services capable of jointly fulfilling a user’s need. PSS raise many interests for the reduction of the environmental pressure because they evolve the classical paradigm of mass production and consumption towards new mechanisms of value creation.In the PSS research field, a strong emphasis is put on their “potential” for decreasing the environmental impacts and on the necessity to design PSS as “integrated” sets of products and services. However, there is an important lack of effective support for PSS design and eco-design.This thesis aims at filling this gap by proposing a conceptual framework for PSS integrated eco-design. Its role is to support integration of products and services during PSS design until the most detailed phases by allowing communication between product engineers and service designers.A framework for PSS integrated design is proposed based on a system-based approach and allowing multi-views system modelling. An environmental evaluation framework is coupled to evaluate during design the environmental impacts generated over the PSS life cycle. The applicability of the conceptual framework is tested on an industrial case of a pneumatic energy delivery PSS.

Nowadays, the water streams located in urban areas have been targeted by several environmental measures that ended up modifying their natural features. These water streams have changed into sewage channels and any intervention over them is not considered shocking by the society anymore. The lack of information and knowledge on the environmental quality of these water streams makes the situation even worse. Aiming to help solving those problems, the Brazilian legislation rules that the population must participate in several stages of the water resources monitoring process. However, It is noticed that, despite the fact of being participation, It does not possesses qualification to achieve the environmental improving actions required for a consequent improving of life quality. It is in this context that the Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Rivers, mentioned in this study as PARs, arise as a tool for an integrated analysis of the ecosystems through an easy, simple and fast to apply methodology, consisting of a visual inspection responsible for gathering the physical features of the watercourse under assessment. PARs are thought-out to be simple tools for participatory watercourses assessment. This study aims proposing the use of a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Physical Environment Aspects as an instrument of social participation in environmental quality of superficial watercourses inserted in urban regions evaluation, using as a case study the locality of Arroio Laranjeiras in the city of Candelária-RS, Brazil. In order to achieve the target, 10 volunteers were mobilized, all of them linked with the town s politics or members of groups with action of preservation of urban watercourses. In relation of the application of the protocol, by the volunteers, in 3 previously defined points according with the soil using and occupation by different social ranks and access facility, It was possible to check that human actions and urbanization cause negative impacts over Arroio Laranjeiras. Considering that the evaluated watercourse characteristics are different from the ones used in the model protocol It was certified that the utilized protocol needs adaptations. The using of Rapid Bioassessment Protocols showed itself as an important tool of social participation in the environmental evaluation of urban watercourses and also as an important instrument of Environmental Education, considering that it induces to a reflection about many subjects related to environmental quality of watercourses. Bringing to an end, It was notice that this instrument can still be useful not only in the environmental evaluation, but also in the identification of the environmental degradation causes and consequent pursuit by solutions. / Nos dias de hoje, os cursos d água inseridos em zonas urbanas têm sido alvo de diversas intervenções ambientais que modificam suas características naturais. Eles passaram a ser reconhecidos como canais de esgoto e qualquer intervenção de recobrimento não é mais reconhecida como impactante pela sociedade. A falta de informações sobre a qualidade ambiental desses cursos d água agrava ainda mais a situação. Visando auxiliar na resolução desses problemas, a legislação brasileira prevê a participação social em várias etapas do processo de gestão de recursos hídricos. No entanto, percebe-se que embora havendo participação, essa não possui a devida qualificação para realizar as ações de melhoria ambiental necessárias para um consequente aumento da qualidade de vida. Neste contexto, surgem os Protocolos de Avaliação Rápida de Rios (PARs) como instrumentos de análise integrada dos ecossistemas, através de uma metodologia fácil, simples e de rápida aplicação que, por meio de uma inspeção visual, capta as características físicas do curso d água em avaliação. Os PARs são considerados ferramentas simplificadas de avaliação ambiental participativa. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo propor a utilização de um Protocolo de Avaliação Rápida dos Aspectos Físicos do Meio, como ferramenta de participação social na avaliação da qualidade ambiental dos cursos d água superficiais inseridos em zonas urbanas, tendo como estudo de caso o Arroio Laranjeiras na cidade de Candelária-RS. Para atingir o objetivo foram mobilizados 10 voluntários, ligados ao meio político municipal ou integrantes de grupos com ações em preservação dos cursos d água urbanos. Com relação à aplicação do protocolo, pelos voluntários, em 3 pontos previamente definidos de acordo com as características de uso e ocupação do solo por diferentes classes sociais e facilidade de acesso, foi possível verificar que as atividades antrópicas e a urbanização geram impactos negativos no Arroio Laranjeiras. Considerando que as características do curso d água em avaliação são diferentes das do protocolo utilizado como modelo, constatou-se que o protocolo utilizado nesta pesquisa necessita de adequações. O uso do Protocolo de Avaliação Rápida mostrou-se como importante ferramenta de participação social na avaliação ambiental do curso d água em avaliação e ainda como importante instrumento de Educação Ambiental, considerando que este induz a uma reflexão sobre diversos temas relacionados com a qualidade ambiental de cursos d água. Por fim, verifica-se que esta ferramenta ainda pode ser útil não apenas na avaliação ambiental, mas na identificação das causas de degradação ambiental e posterior busca por soluções.

Afin d’aider les concepteurs à considérer l’environnement dans leur projet de conception de produit, tout en minimisant le temps consacré à cette démarche, une évaluation environnementale simplifiée utilisable dès la phase de conception préliminaire a été définie. La démarche proposée vise à intégrer les règles « Design for Environment » (DfE) au plus tôt dans la conception des produits, en proposant une méthode d’évaluation qui traduit ces règles DfE en indicateurs. Pour mener à bien ce travail de thèse, il nous a fallu construire une base des données des Règles DfE, établir une méthode de choix des règles en fonctions du contexte du projet de conception, établir les règles de calcul des indicateurs liés aux règles DfE et mettre en place des représentations adaptées pour l’interprétation des résultats lors de projets de conception. L’objectif ici est de guider le concepteur au plus tôt vers un bon compromis, par des estimations simples. Cette approche est nécessaire afin d’éviter des modifications significatives à la fin des études détaillées et ainsi de nombreuses boucles essais/erreurs en conception. Une étude de cas permet d’illustrer la démarche proposée. / To help designers to consider the environmental issues for their product design project (green concepts and other sustainable and environmental strategies) and to minimize the time spent with this approach, a simplified environmental assessment usable during the preliminary design stage has been developed.The proposed approach aims to integrate the "Design for Environment" rules (DfE rules) early in the product design while proposing a method that translates these rules into DfE indicators (quantitative value).To carry out this work, we had to: firstly build a database of DfE rules, secondly establish a method to choose these rules in the context of the design project objectives, thirdly establish calculation formula for the indicators

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Face à atual crise no setor pesqueiro mundial surgiram novas abordagens e estratÃgias para a gestÃo da pesca, tais como gestÃo ecossistÃmica, gestÃo compartilhada e unidades de conservaÃÃo marinha. A pesca artesanal, sobretudo na RegiÃo Nordeste, apresenta importÃncia incontestÃvel na produÃÃo de pescado e geraÃÃo de renda. Dentro deste arcabouÃo de novas possibilidades da gestÃo, este estudo objetivou prioritariamente avaliar os sistemas de pesca utilizados nos municÃpios de Aracati e Icapuà â CE, definindo aqueles que apresentam maior eficiÃncia na captura dos principais recursos pesqueiros segundo os aspectos econÃmicos e ambientais. O objetivo secundÃrio de maior relevÃncia consistiu na elaboraÃÃo de uma proposta de gestÃo para a pesca na regiÃo, baseado nos recentes conceitos citados anteriormente. Para isso, entre 2005 e 2009, foram realizados 312 controles do desembarque das frotas motorizadas e a vela, 25 entrevistas abertas e aplicaÃÃo de 238 questionÃrios. Os resultados evidenciaram que: os sistemas de pesca que empregaram embarcaÃÃes a vela demonstraram melhor desempenho econÃmico e ambiental em relaÃÃo aos sistemas de pesca operados por embarcaÃÃes a motor; a pesca realizada por embarcaÃÃes a vela corresponde Ãs caracterÃsticas da pesca artesanal, que consiste na distribuiÃÃo de renda, geraÃÃo de mais postos de trabalho, seguranÃa alimentar e uso mÃltiplo do ecossistema, permitindo que os recursos explotados nÃo sejam sobrecarregados por um esforÃo de pesca excessivo; o futuro da pesca realizada por embarcaÃÃes motorizadas està comprometido devido aos altos custos fixos e variÃveis de operaÃÃo e a atual baixa produtividade na plataforma continental dos municÃpios de Aracati e Icapuà / Given the current global crisis in the fishing sector new approaches and strategies for fisheries management have arised, such as ecosystem management, co-management and marine protected areas. Artisanal fisheries, mostly in the Northeast Brazil, have an undeniable importance for fish production and rent. Within this framework of new management possibilities, this study aimed primarily to evaluate the fishing systems carried out in Aracati and Icapuà counties, Cearà State, by defining those at the highest efficiency in catching their foremost fishing resources from the economic and environmental viewpoints. The secondary objective of greater importance was the development of a management proposal for the regional fisheries, based on the above-mentioned recent concepts. To this end, in the period from 2005 through 2009, 312 fish landings by the sail and motorized fleets were statistically controlled, 25 open interviews were made and 238 questionnaires applied. The results showed that: sailboat fisheries display a better economic and environmental performance than the motorboat fisheries; the fishing performed by sail boats correspond to the artisanal fisheries characteristics, as concerns income distribution, generating many jobs, food safety and multiple uses of the ecosystem. This way resources can be exploited but not burdened by an excessive fishing effort; the future of motorized fishing is threatened by the high fixed and variable operational costs and by the current low productivity in the continental shelf of Aracati and Icapuà counties

Le droit de l’urbanisme actuellement en Chine, prend vraiment en compte les objectifs de la protection environnementale ? C’est en s’appuyant d’abord sur la réforme du système de la propriété foncière publique que la thèse entend répondre, concrètement à cette question, en s’appuyant sur un système dual : propriété foncière étatique et collective. Il s’agit une analyse initiale, plutôt macro-vision, le parcours des réformes foncières (un lien direct d’évolution de l’urbanisation) et les utilisateurs de terres. En général, en Chine, l’État reste le seul propriétaire réel de tous les terrains et par délégations, les gouvernements locaux gèrent eux aussi l’utilisation de terres. Suscité par un grand intérêt, ce dernier ne remplit pas leur rôle et la dégradation environnement au cours de l’urbanisation poursuit…À partir de cette observation, on traite son administration. Il s’agit précisément qui sont les acteurs et au sein de ces-ci comment les pouvoirs se partagent. Les structures d’urbanisme manquent de transparence et d’indépendance, les diversités des organes ont des ambitions d’une protection complète mais des conflits apparaissent. Dans sa deuxième partie, plutôt micro-vision, on constate les règlementations d’urbanisme, les procédures et les démarches de cette prise en compte. En effet, on constate que le volume de règles a pris une extension inquiétante et sa refonte, au nom de la cohérence, l’accessibilité et de l’intelligibilité du droit, devient urgente. En privilégiant ensuite des analyses procédurales, ce travail interroge la mise en œuvre concrète de cette prise en compte : la procédure d’évaluation environnementale et la procédure de participation. Ceux-ci s’appuient sur le fait que, la rapide urbanisation entraîne une reconfiguration de l’espace urbain et divers intérêts surmontent, la dégradation de l’environnement jointe à l’importance de l’urbanisation est devenue un défi majeur de gouvernance. Les peuples sont plus en plus sensibles aux questions qui concernent l’habitat, le bien-être et la citoyenneté, le gouvernement devrait changer leurs méthodes. À partir de différents angles d’observation- historique, politique, administratif,juridique et social- la recherche se propose de déterminer dans quelle mesure qu’il y aura une meilleure protection environnementale dans le droit de l’urbanisme. Cependant, les réformes sont envisagées et un triple problème surgit : celui de l’harmonisation et de la cohérence entre les règlements, celui de la clarté du droit au nom de l’efficacité et de la sécurité juridique, celui de l’amélioration de la procédure. Contrairement aux idées reçues,le gouvernement a une intention d’accorder une importance à cette question, ce qu’il manifeste par sa constance à conduire des innovations et des réformes dans la matière. Le fait est, pour le moment, la planification, au lieu d’être un moyen de la protection, est mise au service de la croissance d’économie. Faute de réglementation plus efficace, la prise en compte reste encore très limitée. / This thesis aims to answer the question that if the law of planification of China, really takes account of the objectives of environmental protection. The answer is based on, first of all, the reform of system of land ownership. This thesis cracks the problemby two approaches: the state and collective property right. The first part of the analysisis macro-perspective, i.e., the course of land reform (direct link of the development ofurbanization) and the land users. In general, the state remains the sole owner of all the land and delegates the local governments to manage the use of land in China. However, the high interest undermines their roles, and degradation of environment in the process of urbanization continues. Based on this observation, we analyzed their administration, i.e., who are exactly the actors and how the powers are shared. The lack of transparency and independence is in its structure, i.e., they have ambitions to have a good protection but the conflict appears frequently. In the further part, micro-vision was employed. We focused on the regulations of planification, procedures and formalities that is deeply involved. In fact, we find that the volume of law was expanded and a need of consolidation is urgent for the coherence, accessibility and understanding of law. Then it follows the analysis of two procedures: the procedure of environmental assessment as well as participation. These procedures are the practical implementation of the consideration of the environment. The fact is that rapid urbanization resulted in a reconfiguration of the urban space, and the appearance of avariety of interests. The degradation of environment, coupled with the importance of urbanization has become a challenge to governance. People realized more and more issues related to housing, welfare and citizenship. This forces the government to change their policies and acts.From different points of views- historical, political, administrative, legal andsocial- this research determines how a better environmental protection can play in law of planification. The reforms are envisaged, and there are still problems: the harmonization and consistency of the regulations, the clarity of the law for his efficiency and law security, the improvement of the process. Contrary to what isreceived, the government has intention to solve this question, as demonstrated by hisconsistency to innovation and reform in the field. At the present, planification, rather than a method of protection, works for the growth of the economy. Due to the lack of effective regulation, the real consideration of environment is still very limited.