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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Vidal Angel Cobos Carrascosa - 2014.pdf: 972757 bytes, checksum: 55272ad11bc2ab41f00a44966fab6cea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-03 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Abiotic and biotic factors determine the species diversity along environmental gradients, but are not yet determined how these factors modulate changes in richness and ecological (functional) characteristics of communities along environmental gradients related to heterogeneity and amount of resources. There are studies which support that resources heterogeneity and/or resources amount influence the variations of animal diversity, but often, these studies do not distinguish clearly between these effects. On the other hand, species and ecological characteristics that coexist along environmental gradients should be affected by competition, niche overlap and/or environmental filters that influence the richness and functional redundancy (FR) of communities, and a greater niches heterogeneity and amount should promote functional differentiation among species. Because of their importance in ecosystems, their high diversity and close evolutionary relationship with plants at the Neotropics; I chose the arboreal ants as an object of study to test: 1) There is an increase in arboreal ants richness linked to an increase in the heterogeneity and amount of food and structural niches 2) The arboreal ants FR decreases with increasing heterogeneity and decreases with quantity of niches.Samples were taken in 42 plots of 100 m2 forming a heterogeneity and amount of resources gradient at Emas National Park, Mineiros, GO. After sampling and identification of organisms - plants and ants – I take nine functional characteristics measures for ants and a team of experts measured six variables of the community of woody plants. From the plots sampling, I got the ant richness and FR, and described biotic parameters related to heterogeneity and quantity of resources from the characteristics of the vegetation. Using the technique of PCA, I calculated the principal axes of environmental variables for the heterogeneity and amount of resources. These axes were related to arboreal ant richness and FR employing the Akaike criterion. Once the effect of heterogeneity and amount of resources was separated, the richness of ants was explained by the resources amount and the FR by the resources heterogeneity and amount. A greater amount of food and structural niches may encourage the coexistence of a large number of ant species possibly by a decreasing competitive exclusion and an improved distribution of resources among species. An increase in habitat heterogeneity and a decrease in food resources quantity may enable ant species to distinguished functionally, this may cause a decrease in FR; little diversification of structural resources and higheramount of food may promote that environment and competitive exclusion diminish the variety of functional features present in the community. / Os fatores abióticos e bióticos determinam a diversidade de espécies ao longo de gradientes ambientais, porém ainda não está determinado como esses fatores modulam as mudanças da riqueza e características ecológicas (funcionais) das comunidades ao longo de gradientes de heterogeneidade e quantidade de recursos. Existem estudos que apoiam que a heterogeneidade e/ou quantidade recursos influenciam as variações da diversidade animal, mas com frequência, estes estudos não separam com nitidez estes efeitos. Por outro lado, as espécies e características ecológicas que coexistem ao longo de gradientes ambientais devem ser afetadas pela competição, sobreposição de nichos e/ou filtros ambientais que influenciam a riqueza e redundância funcional (RF) das comunidades, e uma maior heterogeneidade e menor quantidadede nichos deve promover a diferenciação funcional das espécies. Devido sua importância nos ecossistemas, sua alta diversidade e a estreita relação evolutiva com as plantas nos Neotrópicos, escolhi as formigas arborícolas como objeto de estudo para testar se: 1) Existe um aumento da riqueza de formigas arborícolas ligado a um aumento na heterogeneidade e quantidade de nichos alimentares e estruturais 2) A RF das formigas arborícolas diminui conforme aumenta a heterogeneidade e diminui a quantidade nichos.Amostrei 42 parcelas de 100 m2que formam um gradiente de heterogeneidade e quantidade de recursosno Parque Nacional das Emas, Mineiros, GO. Após a amostragem e identificação dos organismos - plantas e formigas -, mensureinove características funcionais para as formigas e uma equipe de especialistas mensurou seis variáveis da comunidade das plantas lenhosas. A partir da amostragem das parcelas obtive a riqueza e RF das formigas, e descrevi parâmetros bióticos de heterogeneidade e quantidade de recursos a partir das características da vegetação. Usando a técnica da PCA, calculei os eixos principais das variáveis ambientais para a heterogeneidade e quantidade de recursos. Estes eixos foram relacionados com a riqueza e RF das formigasarborícolas mediante o critério Akaike. Uma vez separado o efeito da heterogeneidade e quantidade de recursos, a riqueza das formigas foi explicada pela quantidade de recursos e a RF pela heterogeneidade e quantidade de recursos. Uma maior quantidade de nichos alimentares e estruturais deve fomentar a coexistência de um maior número de espécies de formigas possivelmente por uma diminuição da exclusão competitiva e uma melhor divisão dos recursos entre as espécies. Um aumento na heterogeneidade do habitat e diminuição da quantidade de recurso alimentar deve permitirque as espécies de formigas se diferenciem funcionalmente, isto pode provocaruma diminuição da RF; pouca diversificação dos recursos estruturais e maior quantidade de alimento pode fomentar que o ambiente e a exclusão competitiva diminuam a variedade de características funcionais presentes na comunidade.

Orientador: Tadeu de Siqueira Barros / Resumo: Esta tese busca entender a estruturação de comunidades de riachos em paisagens modificadas enquanto contabiliza possíveis assincronias entre ambas. Logo, ela questiona os pressupostos de que (i) é necessário incluir características das paisagens passadas para alcançar uma abordagem mais completa dos fatores estruturadores das comunidades atuais e (ii) alternativamente, de que lapsos temporais nas respostas das comunidades devem ser considerados para compreender a total magnitude dos efeitos de uma dada mudança da paisagem. Além disso, são explorados condicionantes relacionados à caracterização do histórico da paisagem, ao tipo de descritor da comunidade e à complexidade do sistema ecológico. Em seu primeiro manuscrito, esta tese confirma tais pressupostos enquanto apresenta o primeiro registro de respostas tardias de insetos aquáticos em região tropical. Nele, eu demonstro que padrões nas comunidades poderiam ser mais bem compreendidos quando o histórico é descrito com mais de uma característica (e.g., média histórica e trajetórias de perda e ganho de cobertura florestal) e que a detecção de respostas tardias varia de acordo com os descritores de comunidades estudados. Em seu segundo manuscrito, um modelo teórico foi testado admitindo múltiplas relações simultâneas e, predominantemente, indiretas para o sistema de estudo. Neste, além daqueles pressupostos, foram confirmados caminhos causais pelos quais a cobertura florestal e usos dos solos estruturam as comunidades. Com os c... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This thesis aims to understand the assembly of stream communities in modified landscapes by accounting for possible asynchronies between the two. In this way, it questions the assumptions that (i) it is necessary to include past landscape characteristics to reach a more complete approach of the structuring factors of current communities, and that (ii), alternatively, one should consider time lags in community responses to encompass the magnitude of the effects of a certain landscape change. In addition, drivers related to the characteristics of landscape history, the type of community descriptor and the complexity of the ecological system are questioned. In its first manuscript, this thesis confirms those assumptions and shows the first record of delayed responses of aquatic insects in the tropical region. In that, I show that patterns in communities could be better understood when landscape history is described with more than one characteristic (e.g., historical mean and loss and gain trajectories of forest cover) and that the detection of delayed responses varies according to the community descriptors. In its second manuscript, a theoretical model was tested admitting multiple simultaneous, and predominantly, indirect relationships in the study system. Then, in addition to the previous assumptions, causal pathways by which forest cover and land uses structure communities were confirmed. With the paths, empirical evidence that aquatic insect community assembling is affected ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

L'urbanisation est un processus complexe tant par les mécanismes historiques, sociaux, économiques et environnementaux qu'il implique que par les multiples modifications qu'il provoque au sein des écosystèmes. Ainsi, les paysages urbanisés sont soumis à des changements spatialement et temporellement abrupts des conditions environnementales comme la température au sol et dans l'air, la fragmentation des habitats et les concentrations de divers polluants. Pourtant, malgré leur apparente inhospitalité pour la biodiversité, les milieux urbanisés sont de véritables écosystèmes où de nombreuses espèces, natives et invasives, sont capables de survivre et même de prospérer. L‟ « écosystème urbain » est désormais considéré comme un élément important du fonctionnement des environnements densément peuplés, de la santé et du bien être humain ainsi que de la conservation de la biodiversité. De manière plus fondamentale, l'urbanisation, au même titre que le changement climatique et les processus d'invasions biologiques, est une « expérience grandeur nature » nous offrant l'opportunité de comprendre les règles d'assemblage des communautés biologiques, les processus de sélection d'habitat et de dispersion ou encore les processus évolutifs d'adaptation et de diversification. Ce travail s'inscrit dans ce cadre de pensée en se proposant d'étudier les conséquences écologiques et évolutives de l'urbanisation à différents niveaux d'organisations biologiques chez les Formicidae. Cette thèse comprend 4 chapitres s'organisant autour des thèmes et questions suivants : Chapitre 1 : Urbanisation et communautés biologiques : Comment l'urbanisation affecte-t-elle la distribution des espèces à l'échelle du paysage ? Chapitre 2 : Urbanisation et dispersion par l'être humain : Conceptualisation et modélisation du rôle des activités humaines et des réseaux de transports dans la dispersion d'espèces. Chapitre 3 : Urbanisation et interactions biotiques : L'urbanisation affecte-t-elle les patrons de co-invasions d'un couple invasif hôte-parasite introduits indépendamment ? Chapitre 4 : Urbanisation et variations intraspécifiques : Les populations urbaines et rurales présentent-elles des différences de traits biologiques ? Nos résultats démontrent qu'en tant que changement multifactoriel, l'urbanisation affecte de manière complexe la composition des communautés biologiques en modifiant de manière idiosyncrasique la distribution des espèces natives et invasives. En effet, chacune des 7 espèces de fourmis étudiées était affecté par une combinaison unique de facteur environnementaux associés à l'urbanisation (p.ex. fragmentation des milieux ouverts, température de surface) mais également au climat (Chapitre 1, Gippet et al. 2016 Urban Ecosystems). Parce qu'ils concentrent des activités humaines, les paysages urbanisés sont le théâtre de multiples invasions biologiques. En effet, l'être humain déplace de nombreuses espèces, leur permettant de franchir des barrières biogéographiques mais aussi de se propager au sein des paysages. Afin de provoquer la discussion autour du concept de la dispersion des espèces par l'Homme, nous proposons un nouveau point de vue général centré sur les activités humaines (Chapitre 2, Partie 1, Gippet et al. soumis) ainsi qu'un modèle de propagation secondaire d'espèce invasive par les activités humaines : MoRIS, dont la principale innovation est d'utiliser la structure du réseau de transport pour influencer la direction des événements de dispersion (Chapitre 2, Partie 2, Gippet et al. In prep). La suite est à retrouver sur la version téléchargeable du manuscrit / Urbanization is a complex process involving simultaneous changes in several environmental conditions, including ground and air temperature (urban heat island effect), habitat fragmentation and chemical pollution. These changes are often associated with biodiversity loss and changes in ecosystems functioning. However, more than a sink for biodiversity, urban areas constitute true ecosystems where many native and alien species survive and even grow stable populations. The “urban ecosystem” is now considered as an important element in the functioning of densely populated environments, in human health and well-being, as well as in biodiversity conservation. More fundamentally, urbanization constitutes “real life experiment” offering ecologists an opportunity to better understand ecological and evolutionary processes over fine spatial and temporal scale. This thesis investigates ecological and evolutionary consequences urbanization at different biological organization levels using ants (Formicidae) as biological models. First, at the biological community level, we showed that native and alien ant responses to urbanization were species-specific as each species was affected by its own set of environmental changes associated with urbanization (e.g., fragmentation, ground temperature) and climate. Second, we explored the little studied process of human-mediated dispersal by (i) proposing a novel theoretical framework focusing on human activities rather than directly on species and (ii) developing an innovative simulation model of dispersal by transport in terrestrial landscapes, MoRIS (Model of Routes of Invasive Spread). Third, we investigated how urbanization affected novel biotic interactions between an alien ant species (Lasius neglectus), an alien ectoparasite fungus (Laboulbenia formicarum) and native ant species. We showed that urbanization impacted the size of L. neglectus colonies, which were smaller in urban area, as well as L. formicarum prevalence on L. neglectus, which was higher in urban areas. Finally, we investigated intraspecific variations between urban and rural conspecifics of an urban tolerant species: Lasius niger. We found that urban young queens were smaller and lighter, less stressed by high temperature and performed multiple mating more often than rural young queens. In common garden, colony founding success were globally similar but urban incipient colonies produced significantly less pupae (and consequently workers). We also found that workers produced in common garden experiments were more variable in size (higher head width variance in both inter- and intra-colony) in urban colonies than in rural colonies. No evidence for genetic differentiation between urban and rural populations was found, suggesting that gene flow was not disrupted between urban and rural populations. All our results converge to a renewed vision of ecological and potential evolutionary dynamics occurring in urban environments. Further investigation will be necessary to assess how ecological processes influence evolutionary trajectories in urban ecosystems, using both ecological (e.g. ant densities and abundances along the urban gradient) and genomic approaches (e.g. using “genotyping by sequencing” methods to identify genes responsible for adaptation to urbanization)

L’urbanisation transforme et fragmente le paysage en plus de changer son climat et d’induire une homogénéisation biotique mondiale, c’est-à-dire une perte de biodiversité inter-habitats. Qu’elles soient historiques ou contemporaines, naturelles ou humaines, les nombreuses perturbations au sein d’une ville compliquent l’étude des relations entre les plantes et leur environnement, mais l’originalité de cette thèse est de les décortiquer soigneusement à diverses échelles de temps et d’espace. Mes recherches visent à comprendre l’effet de l’urbanisation sur la diversité floristique et fonctionnelle des boisés. L’étude se déroule à Montréal et sur trois îles environnantes, au cœur de la région la plus peuplée du Québec. J’examine d’abord les changements temporels des communautés végétales d’un boisé, et identifie les processus en cause. La comparaison d’inventaires effectués au Bois-de-Saraguay (96 ha), avec ceux d’une étude similaire menée 30 ans plus tôt, a permis d’atteindre cet objectif. Je regarde ensuite s’il est possible de recourir aux ptéridophytes pour estimer l’intégrité forestière urbaine. À cette fin, la diversité ptéridologique a été répertoriée au sein de 82 boisés (paysage) et de 225 quadrats (microhabitats). Des variables révélatrices des perturbations ont servi à définir les niveaux d’intégrité. En troisième lieu, j’identifie les rôles des contraintes (filtres) associées à l’urbanisation et des processus sous-jacents dans l’assemblage des communautés de sous-bois. Pour ce faire, la diversité des plantes vasculaires de sous-bois a été recensée dans 50 boisés et 431 quadrats. Avec ces données, 18 aspects de la diversité taxinomique et fonctionnelle ont été examinés. Des filtres de grande (paysage) et fine (habitat) échelles ont été définis à partir de variables environnementales et spatiales. Mon dernier objectif consiste à dresser le portrait de la flore de l’aire d’étude. Mon analyse des communautés du Bois-de-Saraguay révèle qu’une homogénéisation fonctionnelle du sous-bois s’y est produite. Celle-ci résulte d’une réorganisation spatiale des populations dans laquelle des espèces similaires — comprenant les plantes ligneuses à fruits charnus et clonales — sont devenues dominantes. Selon mes résultats, ces changements ont commencé grâce à des événements de dissémination des espèces, puis en suivant les perturbations anthropiques en place. Mon analyse de la diversité ptéridologique montre qu’elle diminue dans les boisés perturbés par l’effet d’îlots de chaleur et par l’effet de lisières. Des niveaux d’intégrité du paysage forestier et des microhabitats peuvent donc être indiqués par les ptéridophytes. Mon analyse de la flore de sous-bois montre que les caractéristiques contemporaines des forêts, de la matrice urbaine et des habitats locaux représentent les trois catégories de filtres qui façonnent le plus d’aspects de la diversité végétale. L’histoire forestière influence peu d’aspects, hormis la présence de plantes exotiques par exemple. L’assemblage des communautés est principalement contrôlé par l’environnement et très secondairement par des processus spatiaux tels que la dissémination végétale. L’analyse des filtres révèle que les grands boisés sont riches en espèces, alors que les petits ou ceux de formes allongées favorisent les plantes clonales ou de grande taille. Les plantes se disséminant sans assistance se rencontrent davantage dans les boisés des zones faiblement urbanisées, les arbustes exotiques dans les zones résidentielles et les espèces à fruits adhésifs dans les zones fortement bâties. Les îlots de chaleur font chuter la diversité de traits fonctionnels. À petite échelle, la couverture arborée et arbustive influence fortement le type de diversité des sous-bois. De plus, mes inventaires dévoilent que les boisés étudiés sont très riches en plantes indigènes, qu’ils recèlent encore de nouvelles espèces pour le Québec, et ne comptent pas moins de 20 % de la flore provinciale. En somme, ma thèse milite en faveur de la conservation de l’ensemble des boisés urbains, même ceux de petite taille. / Urbanization transforms and fragments the landscape. It also changes its climate and induces a global biotic homogenization, namely a loss of between-habitat biodiversity. Whether historical or contemporary, natural or human, the numerous disturbances within a city make it difficult to study the relationships between plants and their environment. The originality of this thesis is to dissect them at various scales of time and space carefully. In this context, my main aim is to understand the effect of urbanization on the floristic and functional diversity of woodlands. My study takes place in Montreal and on three surrounding islands of the most populated region of Quebec. I first examine the temporal changes of communities in a forest park and identify the processes involved. The comparison of inventories carried out in the Bois-de-Saraguay (96 ha), with similar surveys conducted 30 years ago, made it possible to achieve this objective. Second, I consider the possibility of using pteridophytes to estimate the urban forest integrity. To this end, I recorded pteridological diversity among 82 woodlands (landscape) and 225 quadrats (microhabitats). I used metrics of disturbances to define the integrity levels. Third, I identify the roles of constraints (filters) associated with urbanization and underlying processes in the assembly of understorey communities. To this aim, I identified the diversity of understorey vascular plants in 50 woodlands and 431 quadrats. From these data, I examined 18 taxonomic and functional diversity aspects. I defined large (landscape) and fine (habitat) scale filters based on environmental and spatial variables. My final objective is to describe the flora of the study area. My analyses reveal that a functional homogenization occurred in the understorey communities of the Bois-de-Saraguay. This homogenization results from a spatial reorganization of communities in which species with similar traits — including woody plants with fleshy fruits and clonality — became dominant. According to my results, these changes began through species dispersal events, then following anthropogenic disturbances in place. Pteridological diversity decreases in woodlands disturbed by the heat island effect and by the edge effect, suggesting that this group of species is a good surrogate for urban forest integrity. My analyses of the understorey flora show that the contemporary features of forests, urban matrix and local habitats represent the three categories of filters that shape the most aspects of plant diversity. Forest history influences few aspects, apart from the presence of exotic plants for example. The assembly of communities is mainly controlled by the environment and secondarily by spatial processes such as plant dispersal. Analysis of the filters reveals that large woodlands are species rich, while small or elongated ones favor tall or clonal plants. Plants with unassisted dispersal are more common in forests located in weakly urbanized areas, exotic shrubs in residential areas, and adhesive-fruit species in highly built-up areas. Urban heat islands significantly reduced the diversity of functional traits. At the fine scale, tree and shrub cover strongly influences the type of understorey diversity. Finally, my inventories reveal that the studied forests are very rich in native plants. They still harbor unrecorded species for Québec and account for no less than 20% of the provincial flora. Overall, my thesis argues for the preservation of all the urban forests, even small ones.