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Strategic planning and its alignment with the budgeting process in selected national government departmentsMatshidza, Namadzavho Violet 11 1900 (has links)
M. Tech. (Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / South African government departments, through the relevant executing authority, are required to develop strategic plans in terms of the Public Service Amendment Act (Act No. 30 of 2007) and Public Finance Management Amendment Act (Act No. 29 of 1999). In terms of Treasury Regulation, 2005 section 6, the government departments are further required to comply with budgetary requirements. The key question in this research was to what extent is the strategic planning process aligned to the budgeting process. In light of the research question, the research objective was to investigate the alignment of the strategic planning and budgeting processes in the selected national government departments.
In order to achieve the aforementioned research objective, structured questionnaires were distributed to 300 senior managers in the selected government departments of which 203 were completed and retrieved. The government departments that participated in the study were selected using the non-probability convenient sampling technique. A quantitative approach was followed, in which case a survey was used to garner data, which were analysed using statistical analytical methods, such as the means, standard deviations, exploratory factor analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis.
The five factors of strategic planning were extracted from the strategic planning questionnaire data and were coined strategic analysis and assessment (SAA), environmental impact assessment (EIA), goal setting (GS), responsibilities and resource allocation (RRA), and information system (IS). Correlation analysis indicated that there was a positive relationship between the five factors of the strategic planning process and the budgeting process. The regression analysis results confirmed the existence of a predictive relationship between the five factors of strategic planning and the budgeting process. The conclusion from this finding confirmed the alignment of strategic planning with the budgeting process in the selected national government departments.
The internal consistency of the measuring instrument was tested by means of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, while its validity was measured using face validity, content validity, construct validity, convergent validity and predictive validity.
In spite of the positive correlation and regression analyses, recommendations were made to improve the strategic planning and budgeting processes.
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Experimental and Life Cycle Analysis of a Solar Thermal Adsorption Refrigeration (STAR) Using Ethanol - Activated CarbonKarki, Bipin 31 May 2018 (has links)
No description available.
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[pt] DO DESCARTÁVEL AO EFÊMERO: A REDUÇÃO DO IMPACTO AMBIENTAL NO DESIGN DE ESPAÇOS DO ACONTECIMENTO / [en] FROM DISPOSABLE TO EPHEMERAL: REDUCING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON HAPPENING S SET DESIGNSUZANE DE QUEIROZ RIBEIRO 14 April 2020 (has links)
[pt] O objetivo principal da dissertação é o exame da potencialidade criativa do
design de espaços de curtos períodos de fruição do público na elaboração e
implantação de soluções rumo a redução do seu impacto ambiental. A atividade
foco da pesquisa será designada como design de espaços do acontecimento, uma
atividade comumente chamada cenografia, mas que transborda os palcos.
Intensificada no final do séc. XX, tal atividade se torna cada vez mais potente no
ambiente contemporâneo da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Identifica-se, contudo, um
paradoxo no que tange a dinâmica de criação e construção desses espaços e o
ciclo de vida dos materiais utilizados. A extensa gama de materiais geralmente
especificados nessas construções apresenta inúmeras propriedades favoráveis,
como facilidade de manuseio e transporte, resistência estrutural, flexibilidade e
leveza, além de diversificadas qualidades estéticas. Por outro lado, tais materiais
apresentam também uma durabilidade infinitamente maior do que os curtos
períodos de uso aos quais são submetidos. Observa-se necessário evidenciar o
eufemismo que mascara a realidade não efêmera, mas essencialmente
descartável dessas construções, através da análise de suas durações e de sua
cadeia criativa-produtiva. Serão apresentados e analisados casos referência que
se constituem como protótipos de soluções para a aproximação da criação e
construção dos espaços do acontecimento aos valores inerentes aos ciclos
efêmeros biológicos da natureza. Conclui-se que é necessário e possível
encontrar novas soluções menos agressivas com o meio ambiente a partir da
problematização de cada etapa da cadeia criativa-produtiva da atividade, assim
como também que a inserção dos projetos em sistemas pré e ou pós existentes
a ele, resultam em possibilidades de caminhos rumo a uma descontinuidade
sistêmica da atividade e a redução do seu impacto ambiental. / [en] The main objective of this dissertation is the examination of the creative
potentiality at the elaboration and implantation of solutions within set design for
public enjoyment through short periods, in towards the reduction of their
environmental impact. The focus activity of this research will be designated as
happening s set design. This area of activity is commonly called in Brazil
scenography, but it doesn t specific apply to spaces out of the stage. Intensified at
the end of the 20th century, this activity becomes increasingly powerful in the
contemporary environment of the city of Rio de Janeiro. However, there is a
paradox regarding the creation and construction dynamics of these spaces and the
life cycle of the materials. The extensive range of materials generally specified in
these constructions has numerous favorable properties, that includes friendly
handling and transportation, structural resistance, flexibility and light weight, in
addition to a diversity of aesthetical qualities. On the other hand, such materials
also have infinitely longer durability than the short periods of use to which they are
subjected. It is necessary to point out the euphemism that masks the nonephemeral but essentially disposable reality of these constructions, through the
analysis of their durations and their creative-productive chain. We will present and
analyze reference cases that constitute as prototypes of solutions for the
approximation of the creation and construction of the spaces of the event to
inherent values of nature biological ephemeral cycles. The conclusion is that it is
necessary and possible to find new solutions less aggressive to the environment
through each stage problematization of the creative-productive chain, as well the
insertion of the projects in pre and post existing systems to it, result in possibilities
of new paths towards a systemic discontinuity of the happening s set design and
the reduction of its environmental impact.
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An ecological assessment of the Holsloot River, Western Cape, South AfricaLe Roux, Anso 25 July 2013 (has links)
Human related activities have influenced the rivers of the southern Western Cape since
as early as the 1700’s. As there is no detailed information available on ecological status
of the Holsloot River, a tributary of the Breede River, this study aimed to gain insight into
the effect of impacts associated with human activities on the habitat integrity of this river.
The study intended to understand how seasonal changes, catchment characteristics
and events are reflected in the ecological status of habitats along the river by applying
bio-monitoring and river health measurements at selected sites in the upper, middle and
lower reaches of the Holsloot River and compare the results to that of an undisturbed
reference site. Results obtained in this study are compared with data gathered in
2008/2009 to determine if the ecological status of the river had changed in the period
between the two sampling times. The study included assessment of the ecological
status of the river based on standard bio-monitoring protocol (SASS5, IHI, IHAS and
VEGRAI) as well as in situ water quality analysis (pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical
conductivity and total dissolved solids).
The construction of the instream Stettynskloof Dam changed the configuration of the
riparian zone and river channel in the upper catchment area. Agricultural- and other
human related activities, with consequent water abstraction, non-point-source pollution,
loss of riparian vegetation, as well as dense stands of alien invader plants influence flow
patterns and affects river ecology, especially in the dry summer months. Providing
sufficient stream flow and adequate water levels, human related activities can create a
larger variety of habitat types available that can support larger biodiversity and higher
productivity. The level of inundation and stream flow, influenced by water abstraction as
well as irrigation return-flow from extensive drainage systems especially in the dry
months, contribute to the loss of biodiversity in the middle and lower reaches of the
river. Where the upper reaches of the river are largely natural with few modifications, the
habitat integrity deteriorates in the middle reaches so much so that ecosystem
functioning are collectively impaired in lower reaches due to human related impacts.
Sensitive macro-invertebrates found at lower seriously impacted parts of the river
however, were in all probability washed down from lower impacted upstream habitats
and may expectedly be able to again occupy habitats downstream if water quality and
habitat availability improves. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)
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Comparative analysis of environmental impact assessment compliance by two developers in the Northern Cape province, South AfricaShubane, Mahlatse Juddy 06 1900 (has links)
The study was undertaken to investigate the following: limiting factors faced by the developers in complying with the EIA conditions and to determine whether the various developers comply with the conditions. The study was undertaken by use of questionnaires, site visits, meetings, photographs, group interviews. Trained fields assistants were also used to administer the questionnaires in order to collect data.
Data from two sites were collected between 2012 and 2014 and were intentionally collected in order to provide information regarding the implementation of mitigation measures. The collected data was subjected to SAS (statistical software). Chi-square test for independence was performed in order to compare the differences (Snedecor & Cocharen, 1978) between the two sites.
Based on the results of the study, it is therefore recommended that competent authorities should consider drafting and supplying follow-up guidelines and these guidelines should also apply to all the relevant role players involved. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)
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Effects of wastewater effluent on macrobenthic infaunal communities at Christies Beach, South AustraliaLoo, Maylene G. K. (Maylene Geok Kuan) January 2001 (has links) (PDF)
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-154) Aims to determine the effects of an outfall discharging secondarily treated wastewater effluent on benthic communities at Christies Beach with the specific objectives of: characterising the physical, biological and chemical environment of Gulf St Vincent and the study area region; ascertaining the extent to which effluent outfall has affected the macrobenthic infaunal community structure; characterising the structure of macrobenthic infaunal communities in the near shore water of the Adelaide metropolitan coast; and, determining the functional response through measurements of sediment community respiration to these changes.
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The adequacy of project based EIA for a complex coastal development : the Glenelg/West beach studyQuinn, Jason Matthew. January 2001 (has links) (PDF)
Bibliography: leaves 85-91.
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Effects of wastewater effluent on macrobenthic infaunal communities at Christies Beach, South Australia / Maylene G K Loo.Loo, Maylene G. K. January 2001 (has links)
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-154) / xvii, 171 leaves ; ill. (some col.), maps ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Aims to determine the effects of an outfall discharging secondarily treated wastewater effluent on benthic communities at Christies Beach with the specific objectives of: characterising the physical, biological and chemical environment of Gulf St Vincent and the study area region; ascertaining the extent to which effluent outfall has affected the macrobenthic infaunal community structure; characterising the structure of macrobenthic infaunal communities in the near shore water of the Adelaide metropolitan coast; and, determining the functional response through measurements of sediment community respiration to these changes. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Environmental Biology, 2001
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A spatial decision support system for groundwater abstraction impact assessment and licensingBasson, F. C. (Frederick Christoffel) January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Water resources in South Africa are limited and groundwater plays an important role in
supporting basic human needs, sustaining ecosystems and enabling industrial and agricultural
development. Sound management practices are necessary to ensure sustainable development
of water resources. All groundwater usage must be licensed in compliance with the National
Water Act of 1998. A Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) can be used to assist in the
groundwater usage licensing process of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
(DWAF).
The main aim of this study was to develop a SDSS, named Groundwater Abstraction &
Licence Evaluation Tool (GALET), that could assist in the process of allocating water use
licences and determining the local impact of abstraction, based on existing theory and data.
The development was done within ArcView 3.2 using the scripting language Avenue. The
Sandveld, an arid stretch of land along the west coast of South Africa that is heavily impacted
by groundwater abstraction, was the chosen study area. The data collected for this study
included existing borehole, recharge, rainfall and geological information.
GALET proved to be capable of calculating essential information needed to evaluate
groundwater abstraction, which included drawdown in the water table, zone of influence and
the possible effects on features such as rivers and wetlands. Targeted potential users regarded
GALET as a useful tool in the process of licensing and groundwater abstraction impact
assessment and plans are under way to implement GALET or a derivative thereof at the
DWAF regional offices. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Waterhulpbronne in Suid-Afrika is beperk en grondwater speel 'n belangrike rol in die
ondersteuning van basiese menslike behoeftes, volhouding van ekosisteme asook industriële
en landbou-ontwikkeling. Betroubare bestuurspraktyke is noodsaaklik om die volhoubare
ontwikkeling van waterhulpbronne te verseker. Alle grondwatergebruik moet volgens die
Nasionale Waterwet van 1998 gelisensieer word. 'n Ruimtelike Besluitnemings
Ondersteuning Stelsel (RBOS) kan as 'n hulpmiddel gebruik word in die lisensiëringsproses
van die Departement van Waterwese en Bosbou.
Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om 'n RBOS, genoem Groundwater Abstraction &
Licence Evaluation Tool (GALET), te ontwikkel wat as hulpmiddel gebruik kan word in die
allokeringsproses van watergebruiklisensies en die bepaling van die impak van
grondwateronttrekking op die omgewing, gebaseer op bestaande teorie en data. Die
ontwikkeling is in ArcView 3.2 met die programmeringstaal Avenue gedoen. Die Sandveld,
'n ariede streek aan die weskus van Suid-Afrika wat onderhewig is aan grootskaalse
grondwateronttrekking, is gekies as die studie area. Die data wat vir hierdie studie ingesamel
is sluit bestaande boorgat, grondwateraanvulling, reënval en geologiese inligting in.
GALET was in staat om belangrike inligting aangaande die evaluering van
grondwateronttrekking te bereken, o.a. die daling van die grondwatervlak, die impaksone en
die moontlike effekte op landvorms soos riviere en vleilande. Die teikengroep potensiële
gebruikers het GALET as 'n nuttige hulpmiddel in die proses van lisensiëring en
grondwateronttrekking impakbepaling beskou en planne is onderweg om dit of 'n aangepaste
program by die streekskantore van die Departement van Waterwese en Bosbou te
implementeer.
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Land degradation in Mhondoro (Zimbabwe) : an environmental assessment of communal land uses and resource management practiceTichagwa, Cornelius Gibson 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: When land loses its intrinsic qualities or suffers a decline in its capabilities it is said to be
degraded. Land degradation manifests itself in various forms such as deforestation, soil
erosion, land, air and water pollution. In the context of sustainable development land
degradation has become one of the world's major concerns. Now, more than ever before,
it has become urgent to carry out empirical studies on the nature and extent of land
degradation and to come up with appropriate responses to the problem.
In much of the developing world communal natural resource management practices are
common. It is often assumed that communal exploitation of common property resources
such as woodlands, pastures, water sources and wildlife inevitably leads to land
degradation. This is due to the belief that humankind would seek to derive maximum
benefit from common pool resources without incurring any costs towards the
conservation of those resources.
This study was an environmental assessment of the impacts of communal land-use
systems and common property resources management practices in the Mhondoro
communal lands of Zimbabwe. The area has been subject to human settlement for over a
century and is regarded as a typical representation of a well-established communal land
management system. Several methods were used to make the assessment. These included
the following: a questionnaire survey; interviews with key informants; soil and vegetation
traverses and field measurements; tree density counts in demarcated plots; calculation of
the population density and livestock density for the study area; completion of an
environmental evaluation matrix and a communal projects sustainability index checklist;
and analysis of geo-referenced time-lapse aerial photography covering a fifteen year
period (1982-1997).
It was established that serious land degradation had occurred in Chief Mashayamombe's
ward in Mhondoro. Degradation manifested itself in the form of soil erosion and stream
sedimentation, woodland depletion, pasture degradation and wildlife habitat destruction. Communal land-use and natural resource management practices are only partially to
blame for this state of affairs. The fragile nature of the sandy soils of the uplands, the
sadie soils of the vlei areas, combined with the fairly high rainfall amounts (annual
average 750mm) make the area prone to soil erosion. Rainfall intensity tends to be high
in the area and when the rain falls on the poorly vegetated, and highly erodible soils
erosion occurs. The land has become severely stressed due to over-utilisation; a
population density of 93 people per km2 and livestock density of 110 cattle per km2 were
recorded. The land available for communal settlement in the area has been limited in
extent. Due to the general poverty of the communal farmers the replacement of nutrients
into the cultivated soil has not kept pace with the deteriorating condition of the land.
Contrary to popular misconceptions, communal area residents have shown concern for
environmental conservation through fallowing their fields, gully reclamation efforts,
grazing schemes, woodland preservation and tree growing practices. Remedial and/or
mitigatory measures for the environmental recovery of the area could adopt some of these
well-established practices and incorporate them in a whole-catchment management
strategy.
Key words
Land degradation, environmental degradation, pollution, environmental assessment,
common property resources, communal land uses, sustainable resources management,
sustainability indicators, soil erodibility, soil erosivity / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wanneer grond sy intrinsieke waarde verloor of 'n afname in sy vermoë toon, kan gesê
word dat die grond gedegradeer is. Gronddegradasie manifesteer in verskeie vorme, soos
ontbossing, gronderosie, grond, lug en water besoedeling. Gronddegradasie het binne die
konteks van volhoubare ontwikkeling wêreldwyd van besondere belang geword. Nou, meer
as ooit vantevore, is dit noodsaaklik om empiriese studies uit te voer aangaande die aard en
omvang van gronddegradasie, en om vorendag te kom met toepaslike reaksies tot die
probleem.
Gemeenskaps natuurlike hulpbron bestuur praktyke is algemeen in die ontwikkelende
wêreld. Daar word dikwels veronderstel dat uitbuiting van gemeenskaplike eiendoms
hulpbronne deur die gemeenskap, soos woude, weivelde, waterbronne en wild,
onvermeidelik lei na gronddegradasie. Hierdie aanname het ontwikkel as gevolg van die
oortuiging dat die mensdom daarna sal streef om maksimum voordeel te trek uit
gemeenskaplike hulpbronne, sonder om enige koste aan te gaan ten opsigte van die
bewaring daarvan.
Hierdie studie behels 'n omgewings evaluering van die impakte van gemeenskaps
grondgebruik sisteme en gemeenskaplike eiendoms hulpbron bestuur praktyke in die
Mhondoro gemeenskaplike grond van Zimbabwe. Die area word al vir meer as 'n eeu deur
mense bewoon, en word beskou as 'n tipiese voorbeeld van 'n gevestigde gemeenskaps
grondbestuur sisteem. Verskeie metodes is toegepas met die evaluering, en sluit in: 'n
vraelys opname; onderhoude met sleutel segspersone; grond en plantegroei opnames en
veldopnames; boom digtheidstelling in afgebakende persele; berekening van bevolkingsen
veedigtheid vir die studiegebied; opstelling van 'n omgewing evaluerings matriks en 'n
gemeenskap projek volhoubaarheids indeks kontroleerlys; en 'n analise van geo-referenced
time-lapse lugfoto's wat strek oor 'n tydperk van 15 jaar (1982-1997).
Daar is vasgestel dat ernstige gronddegradasie voorkom in Hoofman Mashayamombe se
wyk in Mhondoro. Degradasie word gemanifesteer in die vorm van gronderosie en stroom
sedimentasie, uitputting van woude, weiveld degradasie en die verwoesting van wild
habitatte. Gemeenskaps grondgebruik en natuurlike hulpbron bestuurspraktyke is net gedeeltelik verantwoordelik vir die stand van sake. Gronderosie vind plaas ook as gevolg
van die sensitiewe aard van die sanderige grond van die hoogland, die sodic grond van die
vlei areas, in kombinasie met redelike hoë reënval (gemiddeld 750mm per jaar). Reënval
intensiteit in die area is geneig om hoog te wees, en erosie vind plaas wanneer reën val op
die hoogs erodeerbare grond wat met yl plantegroei bedek is. Die grond verkeer onder
geweldige druk as gevolg van oorbenutting; 'n bevolkingsdigtheid van 93 mense per km2
en veedigtheid van 110beeste per km2 is aangeteken. Die grond beskikbaar vir vestiging
van gemeenskappe word in omvang beperk. Die vervanging van grondvoedingstowwe in
bewerkte grond hou nie tred met die agteruitgang in die kondisie van die grond nie, as
gevolg van die algemene armoede van die gemeenskapsboere.
Inwoners van die gemeenskapsarea , teenstrydig met algemene wanopvattings, toon
besorgdheid ten opsigte van omgewingsbewaring deur die grond braak te lê, donga
herwinnings pogings, wei velds planne, bewaring van woude en praktyke ten opsigte van
die groei van bome. Remediërende en/of versagtende maatstawwe vir die herstel van die
omgewing kan van hierdie gevestigde praktyke inkorporeer in 'n bestuursstrategie wat die
hele opvangsgebied insluit.
Sleutelwoorde
Gronddegradasi e, omgewingsde gradasi e, besoedeling, omgewingsassessering,
gemeenskaplike eiendoms hulpbronne, gemeenskaplike grondgebruik, volhoubare
hulpbron bestuur, volhoubaarheids aanwysers, grond erodeerbaarheid, grond verwering.
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