Le droit de l’environnement est un droit relativement jeune, dont la filiation naturelle à l’intérêt général en a fait l’affaire exclusive des pouvoirs publics. Mais aujourd’hui, alors que « toute personne a le devoir de prendre part à la préservation et à l’amélioration de l’environnement » (article 2 de la Charte de l’environnement), il ne saurait rester cantonné dans les bastions du droit public. La tendance contemporaine à la contractualisation du droit, traversant de nombreuses branches, touche le droit de l’environnement qui y puise les ressources de son déploiement. A cette fin, parler de « contractualisation du droit de l’environnement » recouvre deux réalités. C’est, d’abord, constater que le droit de l’environnement investit le contrat, qu’il s’agisse de diversifier son objet environnemental ou laisser y proliférer des obligations environnementales. La stratégie est simple. Le droit de l’environnement se place dans le contrat. Et le contrat, tel un « cheval de Troie », le fait pénétrer dans l’enceinte des relations interindividuelles. Vecteur de diffusion du droit de l’environnement, le contrat en devient un outil de gestion favorisant sa réception par les individus. C’est, ensuite, remarquer que le contrat agit sur le droit de l’environnement. Son action est, en premier lieu, créatrice de droit. A cet égard, la contractualisation recoupe, pour une part, l’hypothèse du droit négocié portant une dimension collective dans l’élaboration du droit et soulève, pour une autre part, la question débattue du potentiel normatif du contrat individuel, qui paraît pleinement se déployer en matière environnementale. L’action du contrat est, en second lieu, réformatrice. Une profonde mutation structurelle du droit de l’environnement est en effet à l’oeuvre, posant les fondations d’un ordre juridique environnemental, dont l’architecture glisse « de la pyramide au réseau ». Un tel changement de physionomie s’accompagnerait d’un changement de philosophie, vers un droit du développement durable. Mais c’est davantage au soutien d’un développement durable du droit de l’environnement que la dynamique de contractualisation trouvera sa pertinence. Dans le contrat et par le contrat, le droit de l’environnement prend de l’envergure : il rayonne et il s’impose, prêt à relever le défi de sa « modernisation ». / Environmental law is a relatively young law. Due to its natural filiation to public interest, it was exclusively governed by the public authorities. But today, while "everyone has the duty to participate in the conservation and in the improvement of the environment" (article 2 of the Charter for the environment), it could not remain quartered in the realm of public law. The contemporary trend to the law contractualization, crossing lots of branches, concerns environmental law which draws from it the resources of its deployment. To this end, speaking about "contractualization of the environmental law" covers two realities. It is, at first, to notice that environmental law moves into the contract, whether it is a question of diversifying its environmental object or of letting proliferate environmental obligations there. The strategy is simple. Environmental law takes place in the contract. And the contract, like a Trojan horse, makes it penetrate the enclosure of the interpersonal relations. Like a vehicle for dissemination of environmental law, the contract becomes one management tool favoring its reception by individuals. It is, then, to notice that the contract acts on environmental law. In this connexion, the contractualization overlaps, for one part, the hypothesis of the negotiated law carrying a collective dimension in the elaboration of the law, and for another part, that of the spontaneous law revealing the normative potential of the individual contract. A profound structural transformation of environmental law is at work, putting the foundations of an ecological public order, the architecture of which slides "from the pyramid to the network". Such a change of face comes along with a change in philosophy, towards a sustainable development law. But it is more in the support of a sustainable development of environmental law that the dynamics of contractualization will find its relevance. In the contract and by the contract, environmental law expands: it shines and it stands out, ready to take up the challenge of its "modernization".

Orientador: Luiz Antonio Soares Hentz / Banca: Euclides Celso Berardo / Banca: Élcio Trujillo / Resumo: O estudo busca apresentar o regime geral da responsabilidade ambiental, destacando as três diferentes espécies de responsabilidades derivadas de condutas ou atividades lesivas ao meio ambiente (civil, administrativa e penal), conforme a previsão do art. 225, §3º, da Constituição Federal, e defendendo, em especial, o acolhimento, no direito pátrio, do novel instituto da responsabilidade penal da pessoa jurídica. Delineando o direito constitucional ambiental, com ênfase aos seus princípios e garantias, o estudo demonstra a ênfase dada à proteção do meio ambiente pelo ordenamento, destacando-se sua condição de bem jurídico relevante, constitucionalmente protegido. São demonstrados, também, os critérios gerais de diferenciação dos conceitos jurídicos de obrigação, de responsabilidade e de dano, com a devida referência ao direito ambiental, passando-se, então, ao cerne do estudo, com a análise do regime geral da responsabilidade ambiental (civil, administrativa e penal) gerada pela prática de condutas ou atividades lesivas ao meio ambiente. É analisada, ainda, a Lei n. 9.605/98, que prevê e disciplina a responsabilidade ambiental em nível infraconstitucional, concluindo-se, então, pela necessidade de efetivação da ampla proteção já outorgada pelo ordenamento jurídico brasileiro ao meio ambiente, propugnando-se pelo respeito ao direito posto e pela superação das controvérsias doutrinárias que geram insegurança e incerteza. / Abstract: This study aims to present general regime of the environmental responsibility derivative of harmful conducts or activities to the environment, dividing it in three most relevant aspects (civil, penal, administrative), according to the prevision of the Federal Constitution, art. 225, §3rd, focusing especially on the acceptance, in the Brazilian law, of the penal liability of the legal entity. It outlines the environmental constitutional law, with emphasis on its principles and guarantees, highlighting, evidently, the election done by the constituent in relation to the environment, leading it to the condition of a relevant constitutionally protected judicial asset. The study also shows general criteria to the differentiation of judicial concepts of obligation, responsibility and harm, also taking them to the environmental law. The crucial part of this work is then reached, with the analysis of the general regimes of the civil, penal and administrative responsibilities yielded by the practice of harmful conducts or activities to the environment. It analyzes, too, the act n. 9.605/98, which disciplines the environmental responsibility in a infra-constitutional level, coming to the conclusion of the need of effectiveness of the wide protection already granted by the Brazilian law to the environment, standing up for the respect to the law in effect and for the overcoming of the doctrinal controversies which generate judicial insecurity and uncertainty. / Mestre

El presente estudio tiene por finalidad determinar de qué manera la regulación de la subsanación voluntaria como eximente de responsabilidad en la Ley N° 27444, Ley del Procedimiento Administrativo General ha afectado la seguridad jurídica y la protección al medio ambiente, respecto de las actividades de la industria manufacturera. De acuerdo a ello, en el presente estudio se expone de manera general la potestad sancionadora de la Administración Pública; definición y elementos de las infracciones administrativas; los eximentes de responsabilidad administrativa, la subsanación voluntaria como eximente de responsabilidad, las obligaciones ambientales aplicables a los titulares de la industria manufacturera, entre otros. Asimismo, para determinar el efecto mencionado, se ha evaluado la normativa y las resoluciones emitidas por el Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental (OEFA), en el sector industria manufacturera, desde el año 2017 al 2019. Verificándose una afectación negativa tanto a la seguridad jurídica como a la protección al medio ambiente, respecto de las actividades de la industria manufacturera. Motivo por el cual, se recomienda la modificación de la Ley 27444, Ley del Procedimiento Administrativo General y el Reglamento de Supervisión del OEFA. / The purpose of this study is to determine how the regulation of voluntary remedy as an exemption from responsibility in the Law 27444, Law of General Administrative Procedure has affected the legal security principle and the protection of the environment, regarding of the activities of the manufacturing industry. Therefore, this research exposes about the sanctioning power of the Public Administration; the definition and elements of administrative infractions; exemptions of administrative responsibility, the voluntary remedy as a responsibility exemption, the environmental obligations applicable to the holders of the manufacturing industry, and others. Also, to determine the aforementioned effect, the regulations and resolutions issued by the Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental (OEFA), in the manufacturing industry sector from 2017 to 2019, have been evaluated in this study. Verifying a negative impact on both legal security principle and environmental protection, regarding of the activities of the manufacturing industry. Accordingly, it´s recommended the modification of the Law 27444, Law of General Administrative Procedure and the Supervision Regulation of the OEFA. / Trabajo de investigación

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_ag_me_fran.pdf: 660119 bytes, checksum: ff0ba988cb6d4b0410f985f5377bfe6d (MD5) / O estudo busca apresentar o regime geral da responsabilidade ambiental, destacando as três diferentes espécies de responsabilidades derivadas de condutas ou atividades lesivas ao meio ambiente (civil, administrativa e penal), conforme a previsão do art. 225, §3º, da Constituição Federal, e defendendo, em especial, o acolhimento, no direito pátrio, do novel instituto da responsabilidade penal da pessoa jurídica. Delineando o direito constitucional ambiental, com ênfase aos seus princípios e garantias, o estudo demonstra a ênfase dada à proteção do meio ambiente pelo ordenamento, destacando-se sua condição de bem jurídico relevante, constitucionalmente protegido. São demonstrados, também, os critérios gerais de diferenciação dos conceitos jurídicos de obrigação, de responsabilidade e de dano, com a devida referência ao direito ambiental, passando-se, então, ao cerne do estudo, com a análise do regime geral da responsabilidade ambiental (civil, administrativa e penal) gerada pela prática de condutas ou atividades lesivas ao meio ambiente. É analisada, ainda, a Lei n. 9.605/98, que prevê e disciplina a responsabilidade ambiental em nível infraconstitucional, concluindo-se, então, pela necessidade de efetivação da ampla proteção já outorgada pelo ordenamento jurídico brasileiro ao meio ambiente, propugnando-se pelo respeito ao direito posto e pela superação das controvérsias doutrinárias que geram insegurança e incerteza. / This study aims to present general regime of the environmental responsibility derivative of harmful conducts or activities to the environment, dividing it in three most relevant aspects (civil, penal, administrative), according to the prevision of the Federal Constitution, art. 225, §3rd, focusing especially on the acceptance, in the Brazilian law, of the penal liability of the legal entity. It outlines the environmental constitutional law, with emphasis on its principles and guarantees, highlighting, evidently, the election done by the constituent in relation to the environment, leading it to the condition of a relevant constitutionally protected judicial asset. The study also shows general criteria to the differentiation of judicial concepts of obligation, responsibility and harm, also taking them to the environmental law. The crucial part of this work is then reached, with the analysis of the general regimes of the civil, penal and administrative responsibilities yielded by the practice of harmful conducts or activities to the environment. It analyzes, too, the act n. 9.605/98, which disciplines the environmental responsibility in a infra-constitutional level, coming to the conclusion of the need of effectiveness of the wide protection already granted by the Brazilian law to the environment, standing up for the respect to the law in effect and for the overcoming of the doctrinal controversies which generate judicial insecurity and uncertainty.