As cidades hoje são planejadas a partir da perspectiva dos seus planos diretores, orientados pelo Estatuto da Cidade (Lei Federal Nº 10.257/2001); dependendo das características das cidades, as suas leis ambientais não possuem integração com o regime urbanístico, havendo inclusive conflitos na legislação. Indicar áreas do solo urbano onde se poderão realizar usos e ocupações é uma situação complexa para o planejamento urbano e ambiental. Além disso, promover o ordenamento territorial, no que diz respeito aos municípios, é outra difícil tarefa quando se tem os interesses privados próximos aos gabinetes de técnicos das prefeituras municipais. Do ponto de vista das cidades, na questão ambiental, as leis federais, estaduais e municipais regem parâmetros e índices sem necessariamente ter a dimensão de sua adequabilidade, haja vista que as minutas dessas leis são, muitas vezes, consultadas e/ou copiadas de outros municípios. Diante disso, este trabalho tem o intuito de sistematizar um conjunto de parâmetros ambientais a serem considerados nos Planos Diretores dos municípios, aliando a política ambiental à política urbana. A fim de alcançar tal objetivo, buscou-se referenciar as relações da sociedade com a natureza nos ambientes urbanos e como que essa coexistência pode ser promovida de forma equilibrada pelos poderes públicos. Foi analisado de que forma o planejamento territorial e a gestão ambiental ocorrem em diferentes escalas e o processo paradoxo que a elas se impõe na vida real urbana Com o recorte para o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, foram selecionados onze municípios, a partir de critério estabelecido na metodologia, nos quais foram analisados o seu histórico de ocupação, as legislações urbanas e ambientais, e leitura paralela às legislações federais e estaduais, tanto no que se refere aos regimes urbanísticos, quanto às políticas ambientais. Percebeu-se nos municípios selecionados que aqueles onde os Planos Diretores eram denominados urbano-ambientais, no Plano Ambiental, haviam somente referências a zoneamentos ou equivalentes, relegando este tema a um segundo plano que não leva à uma política efetiva de integração ambiental e urbana. A partir disso, se estabeleceu um conjunto de 32 parâmetros considerados viáveis para a implementação junto ao Plano Diretor nos municípios, avançando nos instrumentos propostos pelo Estatuto da Cidade. Esses parâmetros constituem elementos ambientais que atingem diretamente o cotidiano das cidades e, sobretudo, a segurança das diferentes formas de vida existentes no espaço urbano, onde a relação da sociedade com a natureza ocorre de forma mais intensa. / Cities today are planned from the perspective of their master plans, guided by the City Statute (Federal Law No. 10.257/2001). Depending on the characteristics of cities, their environmental laws are not integrated with the urban regime, and there are also conflicts in the legislation. Indicating areas of urban land where uses and occupations can be made is a complex situation for urban and environmental planning. In addition, promoting spatial planning with regard to municipalities is another difficult task when one has private interests close to the offices of technicians of municipal municipalities. From the point of view of cities, in environmental matters, federal, state and municipal laws govern parameters and indices without necessarily having the dimension of their adequacy, since the drafts of these laws are often consulted and/or copied from others counties. Therefore, this work intends to systematize a set of environmental parameters to be considered in the municipal Master Plans, combining environmental policy with urban policy. In order to achieve this objective, it was sought to refer to the relations of society with nature in urban environments and how this coexistence can be promoted in a balanced way by the public authorities. It was analyzed how territorial planning and environmental management take place at different scales and the paradoxical process imposed on them in urban real life. With the cut for the State of Rio Grande do Sul, eleven municipalities were selected, based on criteria established in the methodology, which analyzed their occupation history, urban and environmental legislations, and reading parallel to federal and state legislations, both in terms of urban planning and environmental policies. It was noticed in the selected municipalities that those where the Master Plans were denominated urban-environmental, in the environmental plane, had only references to zoning or equivalent, relegating this subject to a second plane that does not lead to an effective policy of environmental and urban integration. From this, a set of 32 parameters considered viable for the implementation with the Master Plan in the municipalities was established, advancing in the instruments proposed by the City Statute. These parameters constitute environmental elements that directly affect the daily life of cities and, above all, the safety of the different forms of life existing in urban space, where the relationship of society with nature occurs more intensely.

Em seu habitat natural as algas estão sujeitas a ação simultânea de vários fatores, como radiação (fotossinteticamente ativa e ultravioleta), temperatura, salinidade e disponibilidade de nutrientes, entre outros. A variação desses fatores no ambiente natural ocorre de forma coletiva e uma rápida resposta do organismo é determinante pra sua sobrevivência. Neste trabalho foram conduzidos experimentos relacionados aos efeitos da variação nos parâmetros ambientais sobre a macroalga Gracilaria domingensis. Três linhagens cromáticas dessa espécie foram cultivadas no mar, em diferentes épocas do ano (estações chuvosa e seca). Os dados fotossintéticos e bioquímicos foram acessados em uma escala de tempo referente às variações observadas durante o período de luz do dia e em uma escala referente às variações observadas em semanas. Os resultados obtidos a partir de análises dos parâmetros fotossintéticos, conteúdo pigmentar, concentração de glutationa, concentração de aminoácidos tipo micosporina, conteúdo tecidual de carbono, nitrogênio e fósforo, teor de lipídeos e ácidos graxos e rendimento do ágar mostraram alterações no perfil bioquímico e fisiológico da macroalga. Essas alterações foram correlacionadas com os fatores abióticos e sugerem alterações no metabolismo como uma das estratégias de aclimatação da espécie. / In their natural habitat algae are exposed to simultaneous action of various factors, as radiation (photosynthetically active radiation and ultraviolet), temperature, salinity, nutrient availability and others. The variation in these factors in the natural environment occurs collectively and the algae capability for quick response is determinant for survival. In this work, studies related to the effects of environmental variation on the macroalgae Gracilaria domingensis were performed. Three chromatic strains were cultivated in the sea, at different times of the year (dry and rainy seasons). Biochemical and photosynthetic responses were accessed on a daylight time scale and on a week time scale. The reached results for photosynthetic parameters, pigment content, glutathione concentrations, mycosporine-like amino acids concentrations, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus tissue content, lipids and fatty acids levels and agar yield, revealed the altered biochemical and physiological profile of macroalgae. These changes were environment related and suggest metabolism changes as a strategy used by this organism to acclimate.

Human exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) through diets (e.g., fish and rice) is a global health concern. Although MeHg exposure through fish consumption has long been considered the major route of mercury health risks, studies concerning the long-term changes in MeHg exposure from fish remain lacking. In sharply contrast to the fish MeHg issue, the presence of MeHg in rice has only been reported recently and its implications on MeHg exposure, albeit probably important, are still in infancy. Focusing on the discrepancies in the studies of MeHg exposure through fish and rice consumption, this study was aimed to assess the MeHg exposure of human infants through consumption of rice cereals and to evaluate the long-term changes in fish MeHg. The presence of MeHg in rice prompted the studies on MeHg concentrations and bioaccessibility in rice cereals and potential infant dietary exposure to MeHg through cereal consumption, which is believed to be the first of its kind. The analysis of a variety of infant cereals sampled from the common markets in the United States and China showed that the concentrations of MeHg in the cereals ranged from 0.07 to 13.9 µg/kg with a mean of 1.61 µg/kg. On the basis of these MeHg concentrations, the daily intake of MeHg through rice cereal consumption for infants was estimated to be 4-122% of the reference dose (RfD). The MeHg bioaccessibility in the cereals, determined using an in vitro digestion method, ranged from 25 to 74% with a mean of 48±16%. A further examination on these results, however, revealed the occurrence of MeHg re-adsorption during extraction steps, which leads to the underestimation of MeHg bioaccessibility and warrants cautions to be exercised when using these procedures to evaluate bioaccessibility in general. The long-term changes in fish MeHg were investigated through conducting a comprehensive data analysis on datasets for the Everglades, a well-studied aquatic ecosystem for Hg contamination. The results showed a clear decline of MeHg in mosquitofish in the Everglades during the past two decades, which was probably related to changes in environmental conditions (e.g., periphyton, dissolve organic matter, and sulfate) instead of mercury deposition.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24455号 / 理博第4954号 / 新制||理||1707(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 中野 伸一, 教授 木庭 啓介, 教授 中務 真人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

La caractérisation des paléoenvironnements et paléoclimats des milieux continentaux du Néogène africain est un enjeu majeur pour comprendre l’émergence du rameau humain. La première partie du travail présente un état des lieux des connaissances dans ce domaine, mais aussi des avantages et des points faibles des marqueurs paléoenvironnementaux habituellement utilisés. Elle met ainsi en exergue la nécessité de développer de nouveaux marqueurs afin de documenter les paléoclimats, et plus particulièrement la paléosaisonnalité. Les marques de croissance squelettiques (MCS) des vertébrés ectothermes (poissons et tortues) sont présentées comme nouveau marqueur potentiel. D’une part, le but de ce travail est de déterminer la significativité du signal déposé par les MCS au sein d’un organisme et la capacité de ces structures à enregistrer un signal environnemental. D’autre part il vise à évaluer leur conservation dans les restes fréquents des dépôts du Néogène africains et à proposer des critères pour une meilleure exploitation de ce matériel. Ainsi, dans la deuxième partie, un large spectre de pièces squelettiques d’un spécimen de Polypterus bichir est analysé pour évaluer l’homogénéité intra-individuelle du signal enregistré par les MCS. La troisième partie présente la mise en place et le déroulement d’une étude expérimentale menée en conditions de température, photopériode et alimentation contrôlées. Elle a pour but de tester l’impact de ces facteurs dans le contrôle de la croissance de deux actinoptérigyens (Polypterus senegalus et Auchenoglanis occidentalis) et d’un chélonien pleurodire (Pelusios castaneus). La dernière partie présente une étude de restes fossiles de siluriformes, de Polypterus sp., de Lates sp. et de Pelusios sp. provenant des affleurements Mio-Pliocène du Tchad. Outre les conseils d’échantillonnage et de préparation de ces restes, de premières pistes d’interprétation des signaux observés sont proposées. / The paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic characterization of continental environments from the Neogene of Africa is a major concern for the understanding of the emergence of the human lineage. The first part of this work presents a state of art of the knowledge on this field, and of the advantages and drawbacks of the paleoenvironmental proxies commonly used. It highlights the need to develop new proxies to document paleoclimates, and especially paleoseasonality. Ectothermic vertebrates (fish and turtles) growth marks (GM) are presented hereafter as a potential new proxy. On one hand, this work aims at ascertaining the significance of the signal left by GM within an organism and their efficiency in recording an environmental signal. On the other hand, it aims at evaluating their preservation in remains frequently found in African Neogene outcrops and at proposing criteria for their optimal use. Thus, in the second part, a wide array of skeletal pieces from one specimen of Polypterus bichir is analyzed to assess intra-individual homogeneity of GM signal. The third part introduces the set up and the progress of an experimental study led in controlled conditions of temperature, photoperiod and feeding. It aims at testing the impact of each factor on growth control in two Actinopterygii (Polypterus senegalus and Auchenoglanis occidentalis) and one pleurodiran Chelonii (Pelusios castaneus). The last part of this work presents a study of fossil remains of catfishes, Polypterus sp., Lates sp. and Pelusios sp. from Chadian Mio-Pliocene outcrops. Besides sampling and preparation advices, prelimininary paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic interpretations are proposed.

A análise exergética é aplicada ao corpo humano a fim de determinar o comportamento exergético padrão do corpo e do seu sistema respiratório para um indivíduo saudável em diferentes condições ambientais e intensidades de atividade física. Para isso, são calculadas as taxas de exergia destruída e as eficiências exergéticas do pulmão e do corpo como um todo para diferentes altitudes, períodos de aclimatação, temperaturas, umidades relativas e intensidades de atividade física. São utilizados modelos do corpo e do sistema respiratório disponíveis na literatura, assim como um modelo exergético do corpo. Para a análise exergética do sistema respiratório é proposto um modelo exergético baseado no modelo de transferência de calor e massa presente na literatura. A análise exergética é aplicada a dois volumes de controle: o corpo e o sistema respiratório, que compreende as vias aéreas e os pulmões. No primeiro volume de controle ocorre transferência de exergia para o ambiente através de convecção e radiação, assim como fluxos de exergia através da respiração e evaporação, além da geração de exergia pelo metabolismo exergético. No volume de controle relativo ao sistema respiratório, os fluxos de exergia estão associados ao ar inspirado e expirado e ao sangue venoso e arterial. A transferência de exergia ocorre através do calor gerado pelo metabolismo e do trabalho dos músculos respiratórios. Há também uma variação da exergia relativa ao metabolismo exergético do pulmão. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a eficiência exergética do pulmão diminui com a altitude e atividade física, enquanto a do corpo aumenta para ambos os parâmetros. Com relação à aclimatação, o período no qual as eficiências exergéticas são máximas é a partir de vinte dias. No que diz respeito à variação da temperatura e da umidade relativa, observa-se que quanto maior a intensidade da atividade física, menor a temperatura próxima do conforto. Nota-se que as eficiências do corpo e do pulmão têm comportamentos distintos, sendo o corpo mais influenciado pela intensidade da atividade física, enquanto o sistema respiratório é mais suscetível a alterações das condições ambientais. / Exergy analysis is applied to human body in order to determine the exergy behavior pattern of the body and its respiratory system for a healthy subject under different environmental conditions and physical activity intensities. In order to do so, destroyed exergy rate and exergy efficiencies are calculated for different altitudes, acclimatization periods, temperatures, relative humidities and exercise intensities. An integrated model of the body and its respiratory system and an exergy model of the body are utilized. To perform the exergy analysis of respiratory system, an exergy model based on that available in literature is proposed. Exergy analysis is applied to two control volumes: the human body as a whole and the respiratory system, which comprises the lungs and the airways. In the first control volume, the exergy rate transferred to the environment due to convection and radiation is considered, as well as the exergy flow rate associated with respiration and transpiration and the internal exergy generation caused by the exergy metabolism. In the second one, the exergy rates and flow rates are associated with the venous blood and the inspired air in the inlet and the arterial blood and expired air in the outlet. An internal exergy variation due to the exergy metabolism of the lung, an exergy transfer associated with the metabolism of the lung and the work performed by the respiratory muscles were also taken into account. The results indicate that the exergy efficiency of the lung decreases as the altitude and exercise intensity increase, while the exergy efficiency of the body increases for both parameters. Regarding acclimatization period, the greatest exergy efficiencies are obtained after twenty days. Concerning temperature and humidity variations, the higher the activity level, the lower the thermal comfort temperature. It is also possible to observe distinct behaviors between body and lung. The body is more influenced by the physical activity intensity, while the respiratory system is more affected by environmental parameters.

Cette recherche porte sur l’exploration et la qualification des dispositifs évolutionnaires appliquées à la conception architecturale. Ici, ce sont les qualités environnementales et plus particulièrement les qualités solaires passives de l’enveloppe de l’édifice qui guideront le processus évolutionnaire. Nous nous attachons plus particulièrement aux phases initiales de la conception, et nous cherchons à spécifier un outil d’assistance favorisant et stimulant une conception créative. Après avoir établi et structuré une connaissance sur les processus de conception, sur la créativité, sur les qualités thermiques et sur les méthodes évolutionnaires, nous proposons un outil prototypal, fondé sur un algorithme génétique et implanté dans un logiciel de type modeleur. Celui-ci a été expérimenté dans le milieu pédagogique, et nous a conduit à caractériser les modalités de création et de conceptualisation de la forme architecturale dans le cadre d’une instrumentation évolutionnaire.Ainsi nous notons le basculement cognitif d’une pensée implicite vers une pensée explicite comme caractéristique fondamentalement de l’instrumentation générative. De plus nous insistons sur l’importance de l’indétermination signifiante comme composante essentielle de la création. Enfin nous proposons la notion de « trans-forme » comme élément caractéristique d’une pensée du processus et de la multiplicité. Cette « meta-forme » serait issue de la description des conditions de mise en forme à travers la paramétrisation des comportements aux limites et des modalités d’émergence / This research tackles the exploration and the qualification of evolutionary mechanisms applied to the architectural design. Here, it is the environmental qualities and more particularly the passive solar qualities of the envelope of the building that will guide the evolutionary process. We become attached more particularly to the initial phases of the conception, and we try to specify a aided digital tool of facilitating and stimulating a creative design. Having established and structured the knowledge on the processes of conception, on the creativity, on the thermal qualities and on the evolutionary methods, we propose a prototypal tool, based on an genetic algorithm and implanted in a modeller software. This one was experimented in the educational environment, and led to us to characterize the modalities of creation and conceptualization of the architectural shape within the framework of an evolutionary instrumentation.So we note the cognitive fall of an implicit thought towards an explicit thought as a main characteristic of the generative tools. Furthermore we insist on the importance of the significant indecision as essential constituent of the creation. Finally we propose the notion of "transform" as characteristic element of a thought of the process and the multiplicity. This "meta-shape" would arise from the description of the conditions of shaping through the parameterisation of the behaviours at the limits and from modalities of emergence

A análise exergética é aplicada ao corpo humano a fim de determinar o comportamento exergético padrão do corpo e do seu sistema respiratório para um indivíduo saudável em diferentes condições ambientais e intensidades de atividade física. Para isso, são calculadas as taxas de exergia destruída e as eficiências exergéticas do pulmão e do corpo como um todo para diferentes altitudes, períodos de aclimatação, temperaturas, umidades relativas e intensidades de atividade física. São utilizados modelos do corpo e do sistema respiratório disponíveis na literatura, assim como um modelo exergético do corpo. Para a análise exergética do sistema respiratório é proposto um modelo exergético baseado no modelo de transferência de calor e massa presente na literatura. A análise exergética é aplicada a dois volumes de controle: o corpo e o sistema respiratório, que compreende as vias aéreas e os pulmões. No primeiro volume de controle ocorre transferência de exergia para o ambiente através de convecção e radiação, assim como fluxos de exergia através da respiração e evaporação, além da geração de exergia pelo metabolismo exergético. No volume de controle relativo ao sistema respiratório, os fluxos de exergia estão associados ao ar inspirado e expirado e ao sangue venoso e arterial. A transferência de exergia ocorre através do calor gerado pelo metabolismo e do trabalho dos músculos respiratórios. Há também uma variação da exergia relativa ao metabolismo exergético do pulmão. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a eficiência exergética do pulmão diminui com a altitude e atividade física, enquanto a do corpo aumenta para ambos os parâmetros. Com relação à aclimatação, o período no qual as eficiências exergéticas são máximas é a partir de vinte dias. No que diz respeito à variação da temperatura e da umidade relativa, observa-se que quanto maior a intensidade da atividade física, menor a temperatura próxima do conforto. Nota-se que as eficiências do corpo e do pulmão têm comportamentos distintos, sendo o corpo mais influenciado pela intensidade da atividade física, enquanto o sistema respiratório é mais suscetível a alterações das condições ambientais. / Exergy analysis is applied to human body in order to determine the exergy behavior pattern of the body and its respiratory system for a healthy subject under different environmental conditions and physical activity intensities. In order to do so, destroyed exergy rate and exergy efficiencies are calculated for different altitudes, acclimatization periods, temperatures, relative humidities and exercise intensities. An integrated model of the body and its respiratory system and an exergy model of the body are utilized. To perform the exergy analysis of respiratory system, an exergy model based on that available in literature is proposed. Exergy analysis is applied to two control volumes: the human body as a whole and the respiratory system, which comprises the lungs and the airways. In the first control volume, the exergy rate transferred to the environment due to convection and radiation is considered, as well as the exergy flow rate associated with respiration and transpiration and the internal exergy generation caused by the exergy metabolism. In the second one, the exergy rates and flow rates are associated with the venous blood and the inspired air in the inlet and the arterial blood and expired air in the outlet. An internal exergy variation due to the exergy metabolism of the lung, an exergy transfer associated with the metabolism of the lung and the work performed by the respiratory muscles were also taken into account. The results indicate that the exergy efficiency of the lung decreases as the altitude and exercise intensity increase, while the exergy efficiency of the body increases for both parameters. Regarding acclimatization period, the greatest exergy efficiencies are obtained after twenty days. Concerning temperature and humidity variations, the higher the activity level, the lower the thermal comfort temperature. It is also possible to observe distinct behaviors between body and lung. The body is more influenced by the physical activity intensity, while the respiratory system is more affected by environmental parameters.

No description available.

Background: One of the biggest threat of our time is the environmental impact caused by humans, for example thru emissions of greenhouse gases. The manufacturing industry, of which the automotive industry is a part, stands for a big part of these emissions, and today companies have to face big challenges regarding measuring and reducing of their carbon footprint. To work in a successful way with the environmental impact of a manufacturing industry, process mapping and identification of environmental parameters need to be done. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to do a situation analysis by identify what parameters in a logistic flew between the activities unloading goods and assembly at Scania Oskarshamn. Furthermore, the report supposed to create and develop a model for calculation of the environmental impact of a logistic flew based on environmental parameters. Methodology: This report is a case study that have been performed at the Scania site in Oskarshamn. The report aim to create and develop a calculation model for calculation of the environmental impact of a logistic flew. Empirical material has been collected thru both interviews and by searching in Scania ́s own database. In order to create the model, a situation analysis was made by performing a process map and then environmental parameters was identified. Employers at Scania tested the calculation model, which is the result of this study, in order to secure the function of the model. Conclusions: A specific flew of goods between the activities unloading goods and assembly was identified and several environmental parameters was detected and grouped in the three categories; energy use, resource consumptions and waste. Calculations are performed in CO2 equivalents according to the global warming potential named by UN in the Kyoto protocol. This in order to enable comparisons between the different environmental parameters. The model is performed as an Excel model because this is the program that the company use for this types of calculations, and according to the author Excel is a program suitable for the kind of model making performed in this study. / Bakgrund: Ett av vår tids största hot är den miljöpåverkan som människan ger upphov till, bland annat genom utsläpp av växthusgaser i form av koldioxid. Den industriella industrin, av vilken fordonsindustrin är en del, står för en stor andel av dessa och enorma utmaningar ställs idag på företag att kunna mäta och reducera de klimatavtryck som verksamhet gör. För att på ett framgångsrikt sätt kunna arbeta med en verksamhets klimatavtryck behöver en kartläggning av dess processer och identifierande av miljöpåverkande parametrar göras. Syfte: Rapportens syfte är att utifrån en nulägesbeskrivning identifiera miljöpåverkande parametrar i logistikflödet mellan lossning och monteringslinorna i monteringsverkstaden hos Scania i Oskarshamn. Vidare ämnar rapporten att presentera en beräkningsmodell för miljöpåverkan i det utvalda logistikflödet hos Scania i Oskarshamn, med relevanta nyckeltal som baserats på identifierade miljöpåverkande parametrar. Genomförande: Denna rapport är en fallstudie som genomförts på Scanias avdelning för hyttillverkning i Oskarshamn. Målet med arbetet har varit att konstruera en modell för beräkning av den miljöpåverkan som ett logistikflöde ger upphov till. Empiriskt material har inhämtats både genom intervjuer och data sökning i Scanias egna databaser avseende emballage. För att kunna konstruera en modell har en processkartläggning genomförts, sedan miljöpåverkande parametrar identifierats för att till sist möjliggjort utvecklandet av en modell för miljöberäkning. Denna modell har sedan testats på en pilotgrupp bestående av anställda på fallföretaget samt andra examensarbetare som genomfört andra fallstudier på företaget. Slutsats: Ett specifikt flöde mellan lossning av gods och montering har identifierats och avgränsats i studien där ett flertal miljöpåverkande parametrar identifierats i studerat logistikflöde och dessa har delats in i tre grundtyper: Energiutnyttjande, resursförbrukning och avfall. Miljöberäkningar genomförs i CO2-ekvivalenter i enlighet med FN:s global warming potential för att möjliggöra jämförelser mellan de olika miljöpåverkande parametrarna. Modellen presenteras i Excell-format då detta dels är det verktyg som fallföretaget anser är det mest använda men också för att programmet i sig lämpar sig utmärkt för den typ av modellbyggande som förekommit i detta arbete.