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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Desenvolvimento de uma metodologia experimental para obtenção e caracterização de formulações de compostos de borracha EPDM / Development of experimental method for obtaining and characterization of EPDM rubber compound formulations

Palaoro, Denilso 24 February 2015 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T15:56:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Denilso Palaoro.pdf: 3446834 bytes, checksum: a842ffb16a48a459dc2b2e44efa303af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The rubber industry has a great role in many areas of the economy, such as automotive, construction, footwear industry, hospital, etc. Rubber products are produced from complex mixtures of different raw materials, both natural and synthetic sources. From an industrial point of view, a major difficulty is to develop a formulation that meets the particular product requirements. This work seeks to develop an experimental methodology to obtain EPDM rubber compounds, using experimental design techniques coupled with computer numerical optimisation. A fractional factorial design was used to design and analyse the experiments, with factors the contents of calcium carbonate, paraffinic oil and vulcanizing accelerator (weight fractions). Twelve properties were measured (six of original samples, three of heat aged and three of processing). Statistical analyses enabled to find regression models for the properties and the cost of the formulation. A computer program was developed to minimise the cost function, subject to constraints on the properties. The results showed that it was possible to obtain formulations of EPDM rubber compounds which can be optimized at low cost, for example, of US$ 2.02/kg a 2.43/kg, for use in hoses and pads at different manufacturing processes such as compression moulding, transfer or injection. Selected compositions were analysed by FTIR, SEM and TGA, regards to their chemical and structural characteristics. Compositions with low vulcanization accelerator contents contribute to form cross-links with many sulphur- sulphur between the carbon chains which can damage mechanical properties in the original cured and aged samples. Using higher accelerator content, better properties are achieved probably due to lower content of the same sulphur- sulphur cross-links between polymer chains. The EPDM compounds studied may be used in cushions, hoses products which can withstand to hot air environments. Thus, the present study provides an experimental and scientific technique that allows developing rubber compounds with increased efficiency and reliability in research and development, taking into account the cost of the material. / A indústria da borracha possui um papel significativo em diversas áreas da economia, tais como: indústria automobilística, construção civil, indústria calçadista, hospitalar, etc. Artefatos de borracha são produzidos a partir de misturas complexas de diversas matérias-primas, naturais e sintéticas. Na indústria, uma grande dificuldade é desenvolver uma formulação que atenda aos requisitos de determinado produto. Assim, neste trabalho, busca se desenvolver uma metodologia experimental para obtenção de compostos de borracha de etileno propileno dieno (EPDM), utilizando-se técnicas de planejamento de experimentos aliado com otimização numérica computacional. Foi utilizado um planejamento fatorial fracionado 33-1 (três níveis e três fatores), sendo os fatores: teor de carbonato de cálcio, teor de óleo parafínico e teor de acelerador de vulcanização. Foram medidas no total, 12 propriedades (seis originais, três envelhecidas e três propriedades de processos). A partir de estudos estatísticos foram obtidos modelos de regressão para as propriedades e para o custo da formulação. Um programa computacional foi desenvolvido para minimizar a função custo, sujeita às restrições nas propriedades. Os resultados mostraram que foi possível obter formulações de compostos de borracha EPDM otimizadas a um custo variando entre US$ 2,02/kg a 2,43/kg, para aplicação em mangueiras e coxins e em processos de transformação diversos, tais como, moldagem por compressão, transferência ou injeção. Composições selecionadas foram escolhidas e analisadas, por meio de FTIR, MEV e TGA, quanto às suas características químicas e estruturais. Composições com baixos teores de acelerador de vulcanização contribuem para formar ligações cruzadas com cerca de 4 a 7 átomos de enxofre entre as cadeias carbônicas, prejudicando as propriedades mecânicas no vulcanizado original e envelhecido. Com um teor maior de acelerador, melhores propriedades são obtidas, tendo em vista que um número elevado de ligações cruzadas com uma quantidade de átomos de enxofre inferior a 4 na cadeia são formadas. Os compostos de EPDM estudados podem ser utilizados em produtos de coxins e mangueiras para aplicações resistentes ao calor. Assim, esta pesquisa apresenta uma metodologia experimental, para a pesquisa e desenvolvimento de compostos de borracha EPDM, levando em conta o custo do material e restrições nas propriedades.
52

Obtenção e caracterização de compostos elastoméricos a base de EPDM carregados com barita para serem empregados na fabricação de vestimentas para proteção radiológica

Câmara, Jéssica Rodrigues 18 March 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jessica Rodrigues Camara.pdf: 4063408 bytes, checksum: d160fbb4a019fe268fcee175023d69fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-18 / In this work, it was studied the physical-mechanical properties of elastomers based on ethylene-propylene-diene monomer copolymer (EPDM) with barite addition, witch is a filler in powder form, opening way for application of these composites in the protection and shield against X radiation, in the form of aprons. These aprons come to substitute the elastomeric ones with lead filler in ergonomic and economically advantageous conditions. Elastomeric composites with different barite concentrations were studied: 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150phr (parts per hundred of ruber). Among the studied properties are distinguished: tensile strength, module strength, tear strength, compression set, hardness, fluid absorption, morphologic analysis, X-ray attenuation and equivalent thickness of attenuation in Pb. The results showed that all the compositions present a good dispersion of the filler in the matrix. It was observed that the increase of the barite concentration provokes an increase in the X-ray attenuation, equivalent thickness of attenuation in Pb, hardness, tensile strength, elasticity module, tear strength and in the compression set of composites, as well as a decrease in the oil absorption. / Neste trabalho estudou-se as propriedades dos elastômeros a base do copolímero de etilenopropileno-dieno monômero (EPDM) com a adição de barita, que é uma carga em pó, abrindo caminho para aplicação destes compostos na proteção e blindagem contra a radiação X, na forma de aventais, em substituição dos aventais a base de elastômero carregado com chumbo em condições. Foram estudados compostos elastoméricos com diferentes concentrações de barita: 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150phr (partes por 100 partes de borracha). Entre as propriedades estudadas destacam-se: resistência à tração, módulo sob tração, resistência ao rasgo, deformação permanente à compressão, dureza, absorção de fluído, análise morfológica, atenuação de raios X e espessura equivalente de atenuação em Pb. Os resultados mostraram que todas as composições apresentam uma boa dispersão da carga na matriz. Observou-se que com o aumento da concentração de barita há um aumento na atenuação de raios X, na espessura equivalente de atenuação em Pb, na dureza, na resistência à tração, no módulo de elasticidade, na resistência ao rasgo, na deformação permanente sob compressão dos compostos, bem como um decréscimo na absorção de óleo.
53

Modélisation du vieillissement thermique et mécanique d’une protection externe en EPDM de jonctions rétractables à froid / Modelling of thermal and mechanical ageings of an external protection of a cold shrinkable junction made of EPDM rubber

Ben Hassine, Mouna 29 October 2013 (has links)
L'objectif de cette thèse est l'étude des conséquences de la thermo-oxydation sur la structure chimique et le comportement mécanique d'un Ethylène Propylène Diène Monomère (EPDM). Afin de déterminer les modifications à différentes échelles structurales, quatre formulations modèles sont étudiées : la gomme pure, les matrices vulcanisées stabilisée et non stabilisée et l'élastomère industriel. L'ensemble des échantillons est vieilli entre 70 et 170°C dans l'air ou sous vide puis caractérisé par divers outils analytiques. La thermogravimétrie donne accès aux variations de masse résultant de l'incorporation d'oxygène et l'émission de composés volatils. L'analyse infrarouge permet de suivre les évolutions des espèces chimiques. Les essais de gonflement, de chromatographie et de spectrométrie mécanique permettent de calculer les nombres de coupures de chaînes et d'actes de réticulation à chaque instant. Sur la base de ces résultats, un modèle cinétique général de thermo-oxydation de la matrice EPDM est proposé et en partie validé. Les conséquences du vieillissement thermique sur le comportement mécanique de l'élastomère industriel sont mises en évidence par des essais de traction uniaxiale et de multi-relaxation à température ambiante et vitesse de déformation initiale de 10-3 s-1. L'impact du vieillissement thermique sur les propriétés ultimes et les réponses à l'équilibre et hors équilibre est examiné. Un critère prédictif de rupture basé sur la mécanique de la rupture est proposé. Enfin, le couplage vieillissement thermique - contrainte mécanique est étudié par des essais relaxation de contraintes continues entre 130 et 170°C dans l'air. Les modifications de la microstructure pendant le vieillissement thermique sont intégrées dans les équations constitutives du modèle mécanique macroscopique afin de proposer un outil de prédiction du comportement à long terme de l'élastomère industriel. La simulation numérique montre une bonne adéquation avec les résultats expérimentaux. / The aim of this work is to study the consequences of the thermal oxidation on the chemical structure and mechanical behavior of an Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer (EPDM). In order to determine the structural changes at different scales, four model formulations have been considered: free additive gum, stabilized and unstabilized vulcanized matrix and industrial rubber. All samples were aged between 70 and 170°C in air or vacuum and characterized by several analytical tools. Thermogravimetry gives access to weight variations due to oxygen grafting and volatile compounds release. Infrared analysis is used to follow chemical species evolutions. Swelling tests, chromatographic and mechanical spectrometry tests allow calculating the number of chain scission and cross-linking events at any time. Based on these results, a general kinetic model is proposed and partially validated for EPDM matrix thermal oxidation. The consequences of thermal ageing on the mechanical behavior of the industrial rubber are pointed out by monotonic tensile and stress relaxation tests at room temperature and a 10-3 s-1- initial strain rate. The impact of thermal ageing on ultimate properties and equilibrium and non-equilibrium response are examined. Finally, the coupling between thermal ageing and mechanical stress is studied by continuous stress relaxation tests between 130 et 170°C in air. The microstructural modifications during thermal ageing are introduced into the constitutive equations of the macroscopic mechanical model in order to propose a predictif tool of the long time behavior of the industrial rubber. The numerical simulation is in good agreement with experimental results.
54

Entwicklung und Charakterisierung von Elastomerkompositen auf Basis neuerer mikro- und nanoskaliger Füllstoffe

Uhl, Claudia 27 November 2007 (has links)
In der Dissertation wurden Nanokomposite mit unterschiedlichen Kautschuken (HNBR, EPDM, MAH-g-EPDM) als Basismaterial sowie diversen modifizierten Schichtsilikaten als Füllstoff hergestellt und charakterisiert. Untersucht wurden die sich ausbildenden Strukturen bzw. die Morphologie (Aggregation, mögliche Orientierungen), die mechanischen Eigenschafte (Verstärkungswirkung) sowie die Füllstoff-Füllstoff-Wechselwirkungen und die Polymer-Füllstoff-Wechselwirkungen.
55

[pt] ENVELHECIMENTO EM TEMPO REAL DA BORRACHA DE ETILENO-PROPILENO-DIENO DENTRO DA CAMADA DE REVESTIMENTO DOS CABOS DAS BOMBA ELETRO-SUBMERSÍVEL SOB CONDIÇÕES OPERACIONAIS REAIS / [en] REAL-TIME AGING OF ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-DIENE RUBBER INSIDE JACKET LAYER OF ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMP CABLES UNDER ACTUAL OPERATING CONDITIONS

FREDDY IGNACIO ROJAS RODRIGUEZ 19 May 2021 (has links)
[pt] O efeito do envelhecimento em tempo real nas propriedades mecânicas, químicas e cinéticas da borracha de copolímero de copolímero etileno-propileno-dieno não conjugado (EPDM) foi quantificado, após ser exposto a condições reais de operação no sistema artificial de elevação de petróleo, do campo de Peregrino (administrado pela Equinor Brasil Ltda.). A borracha EPDM foi coletada de parte da camada de proteção mecânica (Jacket) dos cabos de alimentação elétrica das bombas eletro-submersíveis (ESP). O estudo envolve amostras de 0, 2 a 4.8 anos e com profundidades que variam de 0, 760 a 2170 m abaixo do nível do mar. O envelhecimento foi acompanhado por estudos de técnicas de espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) assistida por reflexão total atenuada (ATR), microscópio eletrônico de MEV, juntamente com espectrômetro de dispersão de energia (EDX), analisador térmico simultâneo (STA), medição da fração de reticulação, dureza (escala Shore D), testes de tração uniaxial e testes de adsorção no fluido de proteção (Parker-fluido mais safe-Scan). A estabilidade da borracha EPDM foi estudada por métodos não isotérmicos como: Kissinger-Murray-White (KMW), Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW), Friedman (FR), análise cinética combinada (CKA) e correção da cinética combinada análise por isoconversão (CKA-ic). Uma oscilação de 5 por cento na energia de ativação aparente (E2 igual a 48 kJ/mol) durante a degradação térmica do material em N2, mostra uma reação que produziu uma ordem de reação (n igual a 0.93), um fator preexponencial (A igual a ln(40 /min-1)) e indica que o material não sofre ataque hidrolítico ou degradação por oxidação, comparando com os observada nos testes de envelhecimento na presença de água e compressão. Por outro lado, as propriedades do teste de tração uniaxial mostram sensibilidade à profundidade de as amostras, o que pode muito bem indicar degradação de áreas amorfas de EPDM, produto de altas temperaturas e pressões no depósito. / [en] The effect of aging in real time on the mechanical, chemical and kinetic properties of copolymer ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) was quantified, after being exposed to real operating conditions in the artificial petroleum lift system, from the Peregrino field. (managed by Equinor Brasil Ltda.). The EPDM rubber was collected from part of the mechanical protection cover (Jacket) of the electrical supply cables of the electro-submersible pumps (ESP). The study involves samples from 0, 2 to 4.8 years old and with depths ranging from 0, 760 to 2170 m below sea level. The aging was followed by studies of infrared spectroscopy techniques by Fourier transform (FTIR) assisted with attenuated total reflection (ATR), SEM electron microscope, along with energy dispersion X ray spectrometer (EDX), simultaneous thermal analyzer (STA), reticulation fraction measurement, hardness (Shore D scale), uniaxial traction tests and adsorption tests in the protection fluid (Parker-fluid plus safe-Scan). The stability of EPDM rubber was studied by non-isothermal methods such as: Kissinger-Murray-White (KMW), Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW), Friedman (FR), combined kinetic analysis (CKA) and correction of the combined kinetics analysis by isoconversion (CKA-ic). A 5 per cent oscillation in the apparent activation energy (E equal248 kJ/mol) during the thermal degradation of the material in N2, shows a reaction that produced a reaction order (n equal 0.93), a pre-exponential factor (A equal ln(40 /min-1)) and indicates that the material does not suffer hydrolytic attack or oxidation degradation observed in aging tests in the presence of water and compression. On the other hand, the properties of the uniaxial tensile test show sensitivity to the depth of the samples, which may well indicate degradation of amorphous areas of EPDM, a product of high temperatures and pressures in the deposit.
56

Jämförelse av alternativa fyllnadsmaterial till konstgräsplaner

Andersson, Amanda, Burström, Johanna, Dahlstrand, Gustaf, Lavenius, Axel, Lidbeck, Oscar, Trojanowski, Wiktor January 2017 (has links)
The use of artificial football pitches have expanded rapidly in recent years due to its substantial benefits over natural grass fields. Increased playing hours and decreased maintenance costs are often cited as the main benefits, but to achieve necessary performance rubber infill material is used. The environmental impact of this rubber infill has been studied, the migration of rubber infill granules was determined as Swedens second largest source of microplastic emissions (Magnusson K. et al, 2015). To circumvent the problems caused by rubber infill, alternative infill materials has been considered as a solution. This study aims to evaluate and compare several alternative infill materials already present on the market. The comparison is based on ten separate criteria. To gather the information needed for evaluation contact has been made with producers and industry experts, coupled with GC-MS and XRF analysis of three materials included in the comparison. The results found that at least three different alternative infill materials were more environmentally friendly, equal in play performance and comparable economically to EPDM rubber infill: Envirofill (Acrylic-coated sand), Safeshell (Walnut) and Geofill (Coconut-cork mix).
57

Radio-oxydation d'un élastomère de type EPDM lors d'irradiations faiblement ou fortement ionisantes :mesure et modélisation de la consommation de dioxygène

Dély, Nicolas 05 October 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Les polymères soumis à des rayonnements ionisants sont généralement irradiés en présence d'air et donc d'oxygène. Il se produit alors un phénomène de radio-oxydation conduisant à une consommation d'oxygène.<br />Le matériau étudié est un élastomère modèle de type EPDM (éthylène-propylène-1,4 hexadiène) constituant la matrice isolante de câbles de contrôle commande K1 présents dans les centrales nucléaires à eau pressurisée (REP).<br />Un dispositif spécifique a été conçu et élaboré durant cette thèse afin de mesurer de très faibles consommations d'oxygène avec une précision d'environ 10%.<br />Les rayonnements ionisants utilisés sont des électrons d'énergie 1 MeV et des ions carbone d'énergie 11 MeV par nucléon. Que ce soit lors d'irradiations aux électrons ou aux ions, l'influence de la pression d'oxygène sur la consommation d'oxygène a été étudiée dans un domaine très étendu : entre 1 et 200 mbar. Dans les deux cas, le rendement de consommation d'oxygène demeure constant entre 200 et 5 mbar puis diminue sensiblement pour les pressions plus basses. D'autre part, la consommation d'oxygène lors d'irradiations aux ions est quatre fois moindre qu'aux électrons. Ceci met en évidence le rôle de l'hétérogénéité du dépôt d'énergie à l'échelle nanométrique.<br />L'ajustement des résultats expérimentaux obtenus lors d'irradiations aux électrons avec le modèle cinétique homogène stationnaire général a permis d'extraire toutes les valeurs des paramètres cinétiques du mécanisme choisi de radio-oxydation. La connaissance de ces valeurs permettra à l'avenir de confronter nos résultats obtenus lors d'irradiations aux ions avec un modèle cinétique hétérogène pas encore développé jusqu'à présent.
58

Accelerated Aging Of Elastomers In Aqueous Media

Inaler, Ekrem 01 January 2007 (has links) (PDF)
EPDM (Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer)/PP (Polypropylene) based TPV (Thermoplastic Vulcanizate) was aged in a closed system at stabilized temperature and pressure at 80, 100 and 120oC in distilled water, detergent solution and shiner solution. The variation in properties of TPV upon aging were followed by using DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis), tensile testing, Shore A rubber hardness testing. DSC analysis indicated that percent crystallinity of PP component in TPV increased at 100oC whereas crystal structure was deformed at 120oC. In addition to this, hardness test showed that the hardness of TPV remained almost constant in distilled water aging except 120oC water aging but TPV became softer in detergent and shiner solution upon all aging temperatures used in this study. Tensile testing confirmed the hardness analysis that the loss in mechanical properties of TPV was observed except 100oC water aging. TGA analysis showed that percent crystallinity increase causes enhancement in degradation temperature of EPDM/PP blend in air. It is detected that TPV is quite resistant to 80oC aging, but TPV loses its resistance to preserve its characteristics at 120oC aging. It is also determined that aging media is as important as temperature to evaluate the performance of TPV. Moreover, it is decided that the rate of aging directly proportional to detrimental rate is arranged in an order from the slowest to the fastest as distilled water, detergent and shiner solution media.
59

Evaluation et amélioration du comportement à long terme d'élastomères pour une application isolateur électrique

Tomer, Namrata Singh 20 October 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Ce travail de thèse traite de l'étude du comportement à long terme de revêtements élastomères utilisés pour la protection de jonc central en époxy et fibres de verre pour l'isolateur électrique. Quatre formulations industrielles à base de polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) ou d'Ethylène Propylène Diène Monomère (EPDM) sont étudiées. Nous comparons l'évolution des propriétés des différentes compositions afin de mettre en évidence l'influence des constituants et celle de la matrice polymère sur le vieillissement. La charge de trihydrate d'aluminium a été identifiée comme étant le point critique de la formulation en présence des vapeurs d'acide nitrique. Les formulations à base PDMS sont peu sensibles aux vieillissements usuels (thermique et photochimique). Aucune oxydation n'est détectée après 10 000 heures d'exposition. La formulation à base d'EPDM présente à la fois une oxydation classique d'élastomère diénique, et des réactions de réticulation au cours des vieillissements photochimique et thermique. La technique de DSC-thermoporosimétrie est largement utilisée pour mettre en évidence les réactions de réticulation. Elle permet de déterminer la taille et la distribution des mailles du réseau polymère. Elle constitue une nouvelle approche de la réticulation des élastomères. Suite à cette étude nous pourrons retenir le meilleur outil pour caractériser rapidement la période d'induction avant dégradation et modification d'une propriété. Une importante sur-réticulation, au cours des vieillissements photochimique et thermique est observée pour les formulations siloxanes et EPDM. Une étude plus fondamentale sur les polysiloxanes non réticulés, non chargés est également proposée. Elle permet de mieux appréhender le comportement en vieillissement des silicones par rapport aux réactions de réticulation en particulier et d'étudier les relations structure-propriétés. Les PDMS ne s'oxydent pas mais se dégradent en donnant lieu à des réactions de réticulation et de scissions de chaînes au cours des vieillissements photochimique, ou thermique. Ils ne réagissent pas sous vapeur acide nitrique. En revanche les polysiloxanes avec une chaîne carbonée pendante s'oxydent et donnent lieu a des réactions de réticulation et de scissions de chaînes au cours de vieillissements photochimique, et thermique et se dégradent sous vapeur acide nitrique. Enfin, nous avons testé des nouvelles formulations stabilisées en présence de vapeurs acide nitrique et en vieillissement photochimique.
60

Modélisation du vieillissement thermique et mécanique d'une protection externe en EPDM de jonctions rétractables à froid

Ben hassine, Mouna 29 October 2013 (has links) (PDF)
L'objectif de cette thèse est l'étude des conséquences de la thermo-oxydation sur la structure chimique et le comportement mécanique d'un Ethylène Propylène Diène Monomère (EPDM). Afin de déterminer les modifications à différentes échelles structurales, quatre formulations modèles sont étudiées : la gomme pure, les matrices vulcanisées stabilisée et non stabilisée et l'élastomère industriel. L'ensemble des échantillons est vieilli entre 70 et 170°C dans l'air ou sous vide puis caractérisé par divers outils analytiques. La thermogravimétrie donne accès aux variations de masse résultant de l'incorporation d'oxygène et l'émission de composés volatils. L'analyse infrarouge permet de suivre les évolutions des espèces chimiques. Les essais de gonflement, de chromatographie et de spectrométrie mécanique permettent de calculer les nombres de coupures de chaînes et d'actes de réticulation à chaque instant. Sur la base de ces résultats, un modèle cinétique général de thermo-oxydation de la matrice EPDM est proposé et en partie validé. Les conséquences du vieillissement thermique sur le comportement mécanique de l'élastomère industriel sont mises en évidence par des essais de traction uniaxiale et de multi-relaxation à température ambiante et vitesse de déformation initiale de 10-3 s-1. L'impact du vieillissement thermique sur les propriétés ultimes et les réponses à l'équilibre et hors équilibre est examiné. Un critère prédictif de rupture basé sur la mécanique de la rupture est proposé. Enfin, le couplage vieillissement thermique - contrainte mécanique est étudié par des essais relaxation de contraintes continues entre 130 et 170°C dans l'air. Les modifications de la microstructure pendant le vieillissement thermique sont intégrées dans les équations constitutives du modèle mécanique macroscopique afin de proposer un outil de prédiction du comportement à long terme de l'élastomère industriel. La simulation numérique montre une bonne adéquation avec les résultats expérimentaux.

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