This thesis have explored the functions of the protein Tissue Factor (TF), which together with its ligand coagulation factor VII/VIIa (FVII/FVIIa) forms a proteolytic complex that functions in initiation of blood coagulation and activation of cell signaling. In paper I, the mechanisms behind the observation that TF/FVIIa signaling protects cells from apoptosis were further investigated. Using cell culture models, we found that antiapoptotic signaling by TF/FVIIa requires signaling by the Insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-1R), as synthetic IGF-1R inhibitors and IGF1-R siRNA knock-down abolished the antiapoptotic effect of FVIIa. Furthermore, the IGF-1R translocated to the cell nucleus after FVIIa stimulation, implying a role in regulation of gene expression. Papers II and III describe the discovery that the Eph tyrosine kinase receptors EphB2 and EphA2 are proteolytically cleaved directly by TF/FVIIa. By using mass spectrometry and N-terminal Edman sequencing, the exact cleavage site was identified after a conserved arginine residue in the EphA2/EphB2 ligand binding domains, in agreement with the cleavage preferences of FVIIa. TF and EphA2/EphB2 co-localized in cancer cell lines and FVIIa potentiated ligand-dependent Eph signaling by increasing cytoskeletal remodeling and cell repulsion, demonstrating a novel proteolytical event that modulates Eph receptor signaling. In paper IV, expression of TF was investigated in colorectal cancer in both the stromal and tumor cell compartments by immunohistochemistry using an anti-TF-antibody developed and validated by the Human Protein Atlas project. In normal large intestine, TF was strongly expressed in the innermost pericryptal sheath cell layer lining the epithelium, in a cell population distinct from intestinal pericryptal myofibroblasts. We evaluated TF expression in two colorectal cancer materials, and found that TF was variably present in both the stromal and tumor cell compartments. TF expressed by pericryptal sheath cells was progressively lost after the adenoma-to-carcinoma transition and was a strong predictor of survival in rectal but not colon cancer patients independently of disease stage, histological tumor grade and age. In summary, this thesis demonstrates novel signaling mechanisms for the TF/FVIIa complex, and provides evidence of a hitherto unknown role of TF expressed by a specific population of stromal cells in colorectal cancer.

Dr. Eph Ehly is one of the most sought after choral conductors in the United States today. Ehly has conducted over seventy All-State choirs. However, no previous source outlines the fundamental principles of his philosophy and rehearsal techniques.This study was designed to capsulize Ehly's contributions. The writer produced a videotape entitled, "Eph Ehly: A Source of True Inspiration." This video captures Dr. Ehly's philosophy regarding the All-State choir experience and demonstrates his rehearsal techniques. The author attended three All-State festivals where Ehly was the guest conductor (Indiana, New York, and Oklahoma). The video contains rehearsals and performances and videotaped interviews with Dr. Ehly.The cornerstone of Ehly's approach is this: using music to express. There are three components to Ehly's philosophy: 1) the physical component, 2) the emotional component, and 3) the spiritual component. The writer identified four forms of the physical component: 1) handshake, 2) hug, 3) clapping, and 4) other spontaneous physical gestures. The writer identified eight aspects of the emotional component: 1) expressivity, 2) sensitivity to the world, themselves, and their own emotions, 3) sympathy, 4) reality of emotions, 5) creating mood, 6) building ensemble, 7) music as a reflection of life, and 8) awareness of a "sixth sense." In describing the spiritual component, two divisions were identified: 1) the development of character, and 2) reaching a level of spirit-awareness.The study also summarizes Ehly's rehearsal techniques by outlining his idiosyncratic approach to the treatment of traditional musical elements. The video presentation highlights nine technical concerns and demonstrates Ehly's approach to these common problems. The areas addressed are: 1) tone quality, 2) diction, 3) rhythm, 4) dynamics, 5) phrasing, 6) articulation, 7) breathing, 8) vowel modification, and 9) vibrato. The videotape is supported by a written document containing background information, a script of the video, a summary by the author, a representative list of programs from AllState choirs conducted by Dr. Ehly, and transcripts of the interviews with Dr. Ehly. Church musicians, professional conductors, educators, and students of conducting can all benefit from the opportunity to view and evaluate Ehly's approach. / School of Music

Membrane attachment of ephrin ligands plays an important role in Eph receptor activation. Membrane anchorage is thought to provide a clustering effect to ephrins that is necessary for stimulation of Eph receptor kinase activity. The presence of soluble A-type ephrin in conditioned media of numerous cultured cancer cell lines and normal endothelial cells prompted me to question the purpose of ephrin release. In this thesis I show that ephrin A1, a potent angiogenic factor, is released from several cancer cell lines and is a substrate for tissue transglutaminase, a multifunctional enzyme with the ability to form covalent crosslinks between substrate proteins. I show that tissue transglutaminase crosslinking primes soluble ephrin A1 to promote Eph A2 activity. These results suggest a role for soluble A-type ephrins in promoting Eph receptor activity at distant sites and also indicate that ephrin A1 may be acting as a soluble angiogenic factor during tumor neovascularization.

Membrane attachment of ephrin ligands plays an important role in Eph receptor activation. Membrane anchorage is thought to provide a clustering effect to ephrins that is necessary for stimulation of Eph receptor kinase activity. The presence of soluble A-type ephrin in conditioned media of numerous cultured cancer cell lines and normal endothelial cells prompted me to question the purpose of ephrin release. In this thesis I show that ephrin A1, a potent angiogenic factor, is released from several cancer cell lines and is a substrate for tissue transglutaminase, a multifunctional enzyme with the ability to form covalent crosslinks between substrate proteins. I show that tissue transglutaminase crosslinking primes soluble ephrin A1 to promote Eph A2 activity. These results suggest a role for soluble A-type ephrins in promoting Eph receptor activity at distant sites and also indicate that ephrin A1 may be acting as a soluble angiogenic factor during tumor neovascularization.

An astonishing number of deaths and related disabilities are attributed to traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the United States per year. Due to the unforeseeable nature of TBI and its association with the sequelae of other neurological comorbidities, research is centered around the secondary responses of brain mechanisms proceeding the initial mechanical injury. Blood brain barrier disruption is a well described driver of this secondary injury response and predictive marker of prognosis following TBI. Although BBB disruption plays a role in subsequent edema, inflammation, and the overall TBI outcome, the molecular mechanisms responsible for its regulation remain to be investigated. A large family of receptor tyrosine kinases, known as Eph receptors, that are important for axon growth and guidance embryonically and early-postnatally have been implicated in brain insults. Previous findings have shown that Eph expression is upregulated at the mRNA and protein level immediately following TBI. Moreover, ablation of Eph receptors on endothelial cells (ECs) revealed improved blood flow to the lesioned cortex in knockout (KO) mice compared to wild type (WT). Based on these results, we hypothesize that Eph receptors negatively regulate BBB permeability leading to neural dysfunction and motor deficits following TBI. To investigate this hypothesis, we characterized the temporal profile of the BBB, evaluated the EC-specific effects of Eph receptors, and used RNA sequencing to assess the cell-specific contributions following TBI in WT compared to KO mice. Our results show that EC-specific loss of Eph expression ameliorated BBB permeability at 6hr, 1-, 4-, and 7-days post injury (dpi) correlating with improved motor function at 7- and 14-dpi. Furthermore, mechanistic studies revealed increased mRNA expression of Tie2, Ang1, and the tight junction proteins Zona Occludens and Occludin in KO mice compared to WT. As well as, connection with neuronal processes. Based off of these findings, we utilized a soluble Tie2 inhibitor to elucidate the influence of Eph receptors on the Tie2/Ang pathway, and their role in mediating the effects seen. Tie2 inhibition of the KO mice revealed similar BBB disruption and lesion volume as WT 1dpi, attenuating the previous protection KO mice demonstrated. Future studies are necessary to understand other pathways that may be implicated in Eph receptor influence on endothelial cells such as inflammatory mediators and neurovascular crosstalk. This data provides evidence that Eph receptors negatively mediate EC response through downstream signaling of the Tie2/Ang pathway and may be a means of therapeutic target in the future. / Ph.D. / Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) impact millions of individuals each year in the United States, making it a significant cause of death and disability. Furthermore, TBI has been linked to other comorbidities such as Alzheimers Disease, mood disorders, and epilepsy. Since the primary impact of a TBI cannot be predicted or prevented, research focuses on the secondary injury response as a therapeutic target to improve the outcomes following brain insult. Blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a well described consequence of TBI and has been correlated to a worse prognosis. The BBB normally provides a barrier between the circulating blood and the brain as protection and to maintain homeostasis. It is understood that decreased BBB integrity leads to subsequent edema, inflammatory response, and glial excitotoxicity, however, the mechanisms regulating this response remain to be investigated. Recent focus has been on a family of receptor tyrosine kinases, Eph receptors, that are unregulated following brain injury. Utilizing a mouse model, we can manipulate the temporal and spatial expression of Eph receptors to understand their role in the secondary injury cascade. Findings indicated that ablation of Eph receptors specifically on endothelial cells (ECs) resulted in preservation of BBB integrity at 1-, 4-, and 7- days following injury. Based on these results, we hypothesize that Eph receptor signaling on ECs negatively mediates BBB function and recovery following TBI. To test this hypothesis, we performed a comparative analysis between wild type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice on the expression of genes integral to BBB integrity, functional motor deficits, and loss of tissue in the lesion site following injury. We discovered significant decreases in lesion volume correlating with improvements in motor function in the KO mice compared to the WT. Moreover, KO mice showed increased expression of genes important for BBB maintenance such as Occludin and Tie2. To further discern the mechanism for these effects, we blocked Tie2 in the KO mice and observed similar negative prognostic indicators as in the WT. Future studies are warranted to understand the downstream signaling of Eph receptors on the Tie2 pathway. This data provides evidence that Eph signaling influences the BBB negatively following TBI through the Tie2 pathway and may be exploited for therapeutic means in the future.

Bourse de maîtrise du Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central GRSNC, (2009,2010) Bourse d’études supérieures du Canada Frederick Banting et Charles Best, IRSC Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada, (2011) / EphA7 est un membre de la famille des récepteurs à tyrosine kinase Eph, qui régulent l’adhérence et la motilité cellulaires. EphA7 est hautement conservé chez les vertébrés et largement exprimé durant l'embryogenèse, en particulier pendant le développement du SNC. Dans le cerveau adulte, EphA7 est transcrit principalement dans l'hippocampe, avec de faibles niveaux d'expression ailleurs. Nous avons cartographié sa distribution dans le cerveau du rat et de la souris adultes, par hybridation in situ et immunohistochimie en microscopie photonique et électronique. Les deux méthodes montrent une distribution de marquage très cohérente. Le signal le plus fort a été observé dans l’hippocampe, avec des niveaux moins élevés dans l’habénula, le striatum, l’amygdale, les cortex cingulaire, piriforme et entorhinal, ainsi que le cervelet. Au niveau ultrastructural, dans l’hippocampe, l’immunoréactivité d’EphA7 a été localisée dans le cytoplasme des cellules granulaires (gyrus dentelé) et pyramidales (CA1 et CA3) en ordre décroissant d’intensité. Dans le neuropile de CA1, des épines dendritiques et des prolongements astrocytaires, souvent périsynaptiques, ont été les éléments le plus fréquemment marqués. Plus rarement, nous avons aussi rencontré des dendrites et des terminaisons axonales immunopositives. La localisation préférentielle d’EphA7 dans les épines dendritiques et les prolongements astrocytaires périsynaptiques est conséquente avec un rôle de ce récepteur dans la plasticité synaptique / Abstract: EphA7 is a member of the family of Eph receptor tyrosine kinases, which regulate cell adhesion and motility. EphA7 is highly conserved in vertebrates and widely expressed during embryogenesis, especially during the development of the CNS. In the adult brain, EphA7 is transcribed mainly in the hippocampus, with low expression levels elsewhere. We have mapped its distribution in the adult brain of rat and mice by in situ hybridization and by immunohistochemistry in light and electron microscopy. Both methods show very consistent labelling distribution. The strongest signal was observed in the hippocampus, but modest levels were detected in the habenula, striatum, amygdala, the cingulate, piriform and entorhinal cortex, and the cerebellum. At the ultrastructural level, in the hippocampus, EphA7 immunoreactivity was localized in the cytoplasm of granule (dentate gyrus) and pyramidal cells (CA1 and CA3) in descending order of intensity. In the neuropil of CA1, dendritic spines and astrocytic processes, often perisynaptic were the most frequently labelled. More rarely, we also observed immunopositive dendrites and axon terminals. The preferential localization of EphA7 in dendritic spines and perisynaptic astrocytic processes is consistent with a role of this receptor in synaptic plasticity

EphA7 est un membre de la famille des récepteurs à tyrosine kinase, Eph, qui assume plusieurs rôles durant le développement du système nerveux central. Par ailleurs, il continue d’être fortement exprimé dans le cerveau adulte, notamment dans les régions reconnues pour leur grande plasticité synaptique, telles que l’hippocampe et le cervelet. Par hybridation in situ, nous avons cartographié la distribution de l’ARNm d’EphA7 dans le cerveau de rats et souris adultes. Les couches pyramidales du CA1 et CA3 et granulaire du gyrus dentelé de la formation de l’hippocampe ont montré le plus fort marquage. Un niveau d’ARNm d’EphA7 plus modéré a été observé dans l’habenula, le striatum, l’amygdale, le cervelet et le cortex cingulaire, piriforme et entorhinal. Quant à la protéine détectée par immunohistochimie, elle était fortement exprimée dans le neuropile de l’hippocampe et la couche des cellules de Purkinje du cervelet. En microscopie électronique, dans toutes les couches de l’hippocampe et du cervelet examinées, des épines dendritiques, des dendrites, des axones non-myélinisés, des terminaisons axonales et quelquefois des prolongements astrocytaires constituaient les éléments immunopositifs. Comme on pouvait déjà le voir en microscopie photonique, les corps cellulaires des cellules pyramidales et granulaires de l’hippocampe ainsi que des cellules de Purkinje du cervelet montraient aussi du marquage, surtout intracellulaire. L’analyse quantitative a révélé la localisation préférentielle d’EphA7 dans des dendrites et épines dendritiques. La majorité des épines marquées formaient des synapses asymétriques (excitatrices) avec des terminaisons axonales non marquées. La double localisation préférentielle d’EphA7 dans les dendrites ainsi que les densités post-synaptiques des épines dendritiques est compatible avec l’hypothèse d’un rôle d’EphA7 dans le maintien ou la fonction de certaines synapses du SNC adulte. / EphA7 is a member of the Eph receptor tyrosine kinase family. It plays multiple roles during central nervous system development. In adult brain, EphA7 is still strongly expressed in certain regions, notably regions known to undergo active synaptic plasticity, such as the hippocampus and cerebellum. To examine the regional and cellular localization of EphA7 in adult brain, we used in situ hybridization as well as immunohistochemistry for light and electron microscopy. By in situ hybridization, the strongest signal was in hippocampus, notably the main cell layers of CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus, and in cerebellar cortical Purkinje cells. However, moderate mRNA levels were found in habenula, striatum, amygdala, cingular, piriform and entorhinal cortex and in the cerebellar cortex. After immunoperoxydase labeling, EphA7 appeared enriched in the neuropil layers of CA1, CA3 and DG as well as in Purkinje cell somata of the cerebellar cortex. In all examined layers of hippocampus and cerebellum, dendritic spines, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals and some astrocytic leaflets were immunopositive for EphA7. Neuronal cell bodies of pyramidal, granular and Purkinje cells also showed some immunoreactivity, which was mainly intracellular. EphA7-labeled dendritic spines and dendrites represented the most frequently labeled components. The vast majority of labeled dendritic spines established asymmetric synapses with unlabeled axon terminals and thus displayed features of excitatory synapses. The dual preferential localization of EphA7 in dendrites and in the post-synaptic densities of dendritic spines provides morphologic evidence in support of the hypothesis that EphA7 plays a key role in adult CNS synaptic maintenance or function.

Les Erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte (EPH) sont la plus grande famille de récepteurs tyrosine kinase. Leurs ligands, les éphrines (EFNs), sont aussi des molécules exprimées à la surface cellulaire. Les EPH/EFNs sont impliqués dans de nombreux processus biologiques. L'hypertension artérielle (PA) est une maladie chronique qui, aujourd'hui, est devenue un problème médical critique dans le monde entier et un enjeu de santé publique. La découverte de nouvelles thérapeutiques de l'hypertension sont d'une grande importance pour la santé publique. Jusqu’à tout récemment, il existe seulement quelques études concernant le rôle de l’axe EPH/EFNs sur la fonction des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLV). Dans nos études précédentes, nous avons montré qu'EPHB6 et EFNB1, de concert avec les hormones sexuelles, régulent la PA. Dans la présente étude, nous avons constaté que les différents membres de la famille EPH/EFN peuvent réguler soit positivement, soit négativement, la contractilité des CMLV et la PA: tandis que EPHB4 et EFNB2 appartiennent à la première catégorie, EFNB1, EFNB3 et EPHB6 appartiennent à la deuxième. In vivo, des souris males, mais non pas des femelles, porteuses d’une mutation EPHB4 (KO) spécifique du muscle lisse présentent une PA diminuée, comparée aux souris témoins (WT). Les CMLV de souris EPHB4 KO, en présence de testostérone, ont montré une contractilité réduite lors de la stimulation par la phényléphrine (PE). Au niveau moléculaire, la phosphorylation de la protéine kinase II dépendante de Ca2+/calmoduline et de la kinase de la chaine légère de la myosine (CLM) est augmentée, tandis que la phosphorylation de la kinase de la CLM est réduite dans les CMLV KO lors de la stimulation par PE, par rapport au WT CMLV. Cela fournit une base moléculaire à la réduction de la PA et de la contractilité des CMLV chez les souris EPHB4 KO. EFNB2 est le ligand majeur de l’EPHB4. Comme attendu, les souris EFNB2 KO spécifique du muscle lisse avaient un phénotype de PA semblable, quoique non identique, aux souris EPHB4 KO. Les souris mâles EFNB2 KO, mais pas femelles, sous régime régulier ou riche en sel, présentent une PA réduite, par rapport à leurs homologues WT. Au niveau cellulaire, les CMLV des souris KO ont montré une contractilité réduite lors de la stimulation par PE par rapport aux témoins WT. Une région de l’acide aminé (aa) 313 à l’aa 331 dans la partie intracellulaire d’EFNB2 est essentielle pour la signalisation inverse qui régule la contractilité des CMLV, selon des études de mutation-délétion. Dans une étude de génétique humaine, nous avons identifié, dans le gène EFNB2, six SNP qui étaient associées significativement au risque d'hypertension artérielle, de façon dépendante du sexe, ce qui corrobore nos résultats chez les souris. En revanche, la délétion du gène EFNB3 (KO) chez les souris femelles aboutit à une PA élevée et à une augmentation des résistances des petites artères in vivo, améliore la contractilité des petites artères ex-vivo et augmente la contractilité des CMLV in vitro. Les souris mâles KO ont une PA normale, mais la castration conduit à une augmentation significative de la PA dans les souris KO, mais pas dans les souris WT. Les CMLV des souris KO femelles ont montré une phosphorylation accrue de la CLM et une phosphorylation réduite de la kinase de la CLM, ce qui fournit à nouveau une base moléculaire aux phénotypes de PA et de contractilité des CMLV observés. Ce changement de signalisation est attribuable à une protéine adaptatrice Grip1. En effet, dans une étude d'association pan génomique par le Consortium International pour la Pression Sanguine, un SNP dans le gène GRIP1 a approché le seuil de significativité de la valeur p pour son association avec la pression diastolique. Nos recherches, pour la première fois, ont révélé que EPH/EFNs sont de nouveaux composants dans le système de régulation de la PA. Les membres de la famille EPH/EFN peuvent agir comme des forces Yin et Yang pour régler finement le tonus des vaisseaux pour assurer l'homéostasie de la PA et de sa régulation. Ces effets de EPH/EFNs dépendent du sexe et des niveaux d’hormones sexuelles. À partir de ces nouvelles connaissances, nous pourrions développer une nouvelle thérapie personnalisée pour l’hypertension artérielle, utilisant des antagonistes d'hormones sexuelles ou des thérapies de remplacement d'hormones sexuelles, selon les niveaux d'hormones sexuelles des patients et les mutations dans les gènes de l'EPH/EFN. / Erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte (EPH) kinases are the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Their ligands, ephrins (EFNs), are also cell surface molecules. Ephs/EFNs are implicated in many biological processes. Hypertension is a chronic medical condition of high arterial blood pressure (BP). New hypertension therapeutic treatments are of great importance for public health. Until recently, there are only a few studies related to the role of EPHs/EFNs in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) function. In our previous studies, we have found that EPHB6 and EFNB1 function in concert with sex hormones to regulate BP. In the present investigation, we found that different EPH/EFN family members can either positively or negatively regulate the VSMC contractility and BP: while EPHB4 and EFNB2 belong to the former category, EFNB1, EFNB3 and EPHB6, the latter. In vivo, male but not female smooth muscle-specific EPHB4 knockout (KO) mice presented decreased BP, compared to WT controls. VSMCs from EPHB4 KO mice in the presence of testosterone showed reduced contractility. EFNB2 is the major ligand of EPHB4. As expected, smooth muscle-specific EFNB2 KO mice had a similar although not identical BP phenotype as EPHB4 KO mice. Male but not female EFNB2 KO mice on regular or high-salt diet presented reduced BP, compared to WT counterparts. At the cellular level, the KO VSMCs showed reduced contractility compared to WT controls. In a human genetic study, we identified in the EFNB2 gene six SNPs that were significantly associated with hypertension risk in a sex-dependent way, corroborating our findings in mice. On the other hand, EFNB3 gene KO in female mice resulted in elevated BP and small artery resistance in vivo, enhanced small arterial contractility ex vivo, and augmented VSMC contractility in vitro. Male KO mice had normal BP, but castration led to significant BP elevation in KO but not in WT mice. VSMCs from female KO mice showed heightened MLC phosphorylation and reduced MLC kinase phosphorylation. This signaling change was mediated through an adaptor protein Grip1. Indeed, in a genome-wide association study by the International Consortium for Blood Pressure, an SNP in the GRIP1 gene approached the significant threshold p-value for its association with diastolic BP. Our research for the first time revealed that EPHs/EFNs are novel components in the BP regulation system. Members of the EPH/EFN family may act as Yin and Yang forces to finely tune the vessel tone for BP homeostasis and regulation. Such effects of EPHs/EFNs depend on sex and sex-hormone levels. Based on this new knowledge, we could develop novel personalized hypertension therapy using sex hormone antagonists or sex hormone replacement therapy, depending on the sex hormone levels of the patients and mutations in EPH/EFN genes.

EphA7 est un membre de la famille des récepteurs à tyrosine kinase Eph, qui régulent l’adhérence et la motilité cellulaires. EphA7 est hautement conservé chez les vertébrés et largement exprimé durant l'embryogenèse, en particulier pendant le développement du SNC. Dans le cerveau adulte, EphA7 est transcrit principalement dans l'hippocampe, avec de faibles niveaux d'expression ailleurs. Nous avons cartographié sa distribution dans le cerveau du rat et de la souris adultes, par hybridation in situ et immunohistochimie en microscopie photonique et électronique. Les deux méthodes montrent une distribution de marquage très cohérente. Le signal le plus fort a été observé dans l’hippocampe, avec des niveaux moins élevés dans l’habénula, le striatum, l’amygdale, les cortex cingulaire, piriforme et entorhinal, ainsi que le cervelet. Au niveau ultrastructural, dans l’hippocampe, l’immunoréactivité d’EphA7 a été localisée dans le cytoplasme des cellules granulaires (gyrus dentelé) et pyramidales (CA1 et CA3) en ordre décroissant d’intensité. Dans le neuropile de CA1, des épines dendritiques et des prolongements astrocytaires, souvent périsynaptiques, ont été les éléments le plus fréquemment marqués. Plus rarement, nous avons aussi rencontré des dendrites et des terminaisons axonales immunopositives. La localisation préférentielle d’EphA7 dans les épines dendritiques et les prolongements astrocytaires périsynaptiques est conséquente avec un rôle de ce récepteur dans la plasticité synaptique / Abstract: EphA7 is a member of the family of Eph receptor tyrosine kinases, which regulate cell adhesion and motility. EphA7 is highly conserved in vertebrates and widely expressed during embryogenesis, especially during the development of the CNS. In the adult brain, EphA7 is transcribed mainly in the hippocampus, with low expression levels elsewhere. We have mapped its distribution in the adult brain of rat and mice by in situ hybridization and by immunohistochemistry in light and electron microscopy. Both methods show very consistent labelling distribution. The strongest signal was observed in the hippocampus, but modest levels were detected in the habenula, striatum, amygdala, the cingulate, piriform and entorhinal cortex, and the cerebellum. At the ultrastructural level, in the hippocampus, EphA7 immunoreactivity was localized in the cytoplasm of granule (dentate gyrus) and pyramidal cells (CA1 and CA3) in descending order of intensity. In the neuropil of CA1, dendritic spines and astrocytic processes, often perisynaptic were the most frequently labelled. More rarely, we also observed immunopositive dendrites and axon terminals. The preferential localization of EphA7 in dendritic spines and perisynaptic astrocytic processes is consistent with a role of this receptor in synaptic plasticity / Bourse de maîtrise du Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central GRSNC, (2009,2010) Bourse d’études supérieures du Canada Frederick Banting et Charles Best, IRSC Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada, (2011)

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