Global ETD Search

1	Analysis of gene expression in normal and neoplastic keratinocytes O'Shaughnessy, Ryan Francis Lucas January 2000 (has links) No description available. 572.8
2	Does the cytoskeleton manipulate the auxin-induced changes in structure and motility of the endoplasmic reticulum? Dean, Seema January 2004 (has links) The variations in ER structure and motility under different stages of cell development remain largely unexplored. Here, I observe ER structure and the changes that take place in this structure over time in growing and non-growing live epidermal cells of the pea tendril. The ER was labelled by green fluorescent protein, fused to the KDEL-ER retention signal and confocal scanning laser microscopy was used to localize the fluorescent signal. I found both the structure and motility of growing cells to be different to non-growing cells. The growing cells had a more open arrangement of the cortical ER, fewer lamellae and showed greater tubular dynamics, while the non-growing cells had a denser arrangement of the cortical ER network, with more lamellae and less tubular dynamics. Furthermore, these differences in the cortical ER structure and dynamics were due to growth as, the ER in non-growing cells showed characteristics similar to those seen in growing cells when these cells were induced to grow by the exogenous application of auxin. These changes in ER structure and dynamics were dependant on both the microtubules and actin cytoskeleton networks. ER structure motility cell development epidermal cells
3	Caractérisation d'une accession d'Arabidopsis affectée dans la libération du mucilage / Characterisation of an Arabidopsis accession affected in mucilage release Saez Aguayo, Susana 03 December 2012 (has links) Les cellules épidermiques des téguments des graines d’Arabidopsis thaliana, espèce myxospermique, libèrent un halo de mucilage polysaccharidique lors de leur imbibition. Les polysaccharides du mucilage sont produits et accumulés au cours du développement de la graine, selon un processus de différenciation déjà largement décrit (Western et al. 2006). Au laboratoire, une mutation naturelle a été mise en évidence chez l’accession Djarly, dont les graines ne libèrent pas de mucilage au cours de leur imbibition. Le clonage positionnel a démontré que le locus affecté chez Djarly code pour un inhibiteur de pectine méthylestérase (PMEI6). Les PMEIs exercent un contrôle négatif sur l’activité des pectines méthylestérases (PME), enzymes qui déméthylestérifient les homogalacturonanes, par la formation d’un complexe PME-PMEI (Di Matteo et al., 2005 ; Hothorn et al., 2004). Des études génétiques, cytologiques et biochimiques ont prouvé que PMEI6 régule la méthylestérification des homogalacturonanes du mucilage et des parois cellulaires distales des cellules épidermiques de la graine retardant la libération du mucilage séminal. L’expression de PMEI6 dépend des régulateurs de transcription GLABRA2 et MUM1. L’activité PME dans les cellules épidermiques des graines est aussi modulée par la subtilisine serine protéase AtSBT1.7, et le phénotype additif du mutant pmei6 atsbt1.7 indique que PMEI6 régule d’autres PMEs. Djarly fait partie d’un groupe de vingt accessions, dont les graines flottent à cause de modifications des propriétés du mucilage séminal. Ces accessions portent au moins dix mutations indépendantes, qui affectent au moins 4 locus différents. Cette étude nous a permis de proposer que la modification des propriétés du mucilage est impliquée dans l’adaptation à l’environnement local, permettant la dispersion à longue distance des graines par l’eau. / Upon imbibition, the myxospermous seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana, form a mucilage from hydrated polysaccharides released from the epidermal cells of the seed coat. These polysaccharides are produced and accumulated during seed development in a differentiation process that has been described in detail (Western et al. 2006). A screen of Arabidopsis accessions identified Djarly as a natural mucilage mutant affected in mucilage release on imbibition. The locus defective in Djarly was identified by map-based cloning as encoding a pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI6). Theseproteinaceous inhibitors negatively control the activity of pectin methylesterases (PME), enzymes that demethylesterify HG, through the formation of a PME-PMEI complex (Di Matteo et al., 2005; Hothorn et al, 2004). Genetic, cytological and biochemical studies demonstrated that PMEI6 regulates methylesterification of homogalacturonans present in mucilage and the outer cell wall of seed coat epidermal cells. Delayed seed mucilage release in pmei6 mutants results, therefore, from the reduced level of homogalacturonan methylesterification. Expression of PMEI6 required the transcription regulators GLABRA2 and MUM1. PME activity in seed coat epidermal cells is also modulated by the subtilisin serine protease AtSBT1.7, and the additive phenotype of pmei6 atsbt1.7 mutants indicates that PMEI6 regulates different PMEs. Djarly is one of twenty accessions where seeds float due to modifications of mucilage properties. At least ten independent mutations are responsible for the mucilage modifications in these accessions, affecting at least 4 different loci. This study has led us to propose that these mucilage modifications are local adaptations that allow longdistance seed disperal on water. Cellules épidermique Teguments de la graine Mucilage Libération Epidermal cells Seed coat Mucilage Release 572.82
4	An investigation into the mechanism of toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles Sharma, Vyom January 2011 (has links) The wide scale use of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) in the world consumer market has resulted in likelihood of exposure to human beings. The present study was aimed to assess the in vitro and in vivo interactions of ZnO NPs in the mammalian system and to elucidate the possible mechanism of their toxicity. Our in vitro results using human epidermal cells (A431), primary human epidermal keratinocytes and human liver cells (HepG2) demonstrated that cells exposed to ZnO NPs exhibit a decrease in cell viability which was independent of NP dissolution. ZnO NPs also induced oxidative DNA damage as evidenced by an increase in the Fpg sensitive sites. The reactive oxygen species triggered a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in the ratio of Bax/Bcl2 leading to apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway. In addition, ZnO NPs induced phosphorylation of JNK, P38 and P53ser15. The results from our in vivo studies using a mouse model showed that ZnO NPs induce lipid peroxidation, oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in liver which further confirmed our in vitro findings. The data from the present study provide valuable insights into the cellular interactions of ZnO NPs and the underlying molecular mechanism of their toxicity. The results also stress the need for a comprehensive environmental health and safety assessment of engineered nanomaterials to ensure safer nanotechnology based products. 615.9
5	Analyse multi-échelles et modélisation de la croissance foliaire chez Arabidopsis thaliana : mise au point et test d’un pipeline d’analyses permettant une analyse intégrée du développement de la cellule à la pousse entière / Multi-scale analysis and modeling of shoot growth in Arabidopsis thaliana – : development and testing of a pipeline of analysis methods enabling an integrative analysis of the development from cell to shoot scale Lievre, Maryline 15 December 2014 (has links) Ce travail est basé sur le constat du manque de méthodes permettant l'analyse intégrée des processus contrôlant le développement végétatif d'Arabidopsis thaliana dans les études phénotypiques multi-échelles. Un phénotypage préliminaire de la croissance foliaire de 91 génotypes a permis de sélectionner 3 mutants et des variables d'intérêt pour une étude plus poussée du développement de la pousse. Un pipeline de méthodes d'analyses combinant techniques d'analyse d'images et modèles statistiques a été développé pour intégrer les mesures faites à l'échelle de la feuille et de la pousse. Des modèles multi-phasiques à changements de régime semi-markovien ont été estimés pour chaque génotype permettant une caractérisation plus pertinente des mutants. Ces modèles ont validé l'hypothèse selon laquelle le développement de la rosette peut être découpé en une suite de phases de développement, pouvant varier selon les génotypes. Ils ont aussi mis en évidence le rôle structurant de la variable «trichome abaxial», bien que les phases de développement ne puissent être entièrement expliquées par ce trait. Un 2nd pipeline d'analyses combinant une méthode semi-automatique de segmentation d'images de l'épiderme foliaire et l'analyse des surfaces de cellules par un modèle de mélange de lois gamma à paramètres liés par une loi d'échelle a été développé. Ce modèle nous a permis d'estimer la loi du nombre de cycles d'endoréduplication. Nous avons mis en évidence que cette loi dépendait du rang de la feuille.Le cadre d'analyses multi-échelles développé et testé durant cette thèse devrait être assez générique pour être appliqué à d'autres espèces végétales dans diverses conditions environnementales. / This study is based on the observation of a lack of methods enabling the integrated analysis of the processes controlling the vegetative development in Arabidopsis thaliana during multi-scale phenotypic studies. A preliminary leaf growth phenotyping of 91 genotypes enabled to select 3 mutants and different variables of interest for a more in depth analysis of the shoot development.We developed a pipeline of analysis methods combining image analysis techniques and statistical models to integrate the measurements made at the leaf and shoot scales. Semi-Markov switching models were built for each genotype, allowing a more thorough characterization of the studied mutants. These models validated the hypothesis that the rosette can be structured into successive developmental phases that could change depending on the genotype. They also highlighted the structuring role of the ‘abaxial trichomes' variable, although the developmental phases cannot be explained entirely by this trait. We developed a second pipeline of analysis methods combining a semi-automatic method for segmenting leaf epidermis images, and the analysis of the obtained cell areas using a gamma mixture model whose parameters of gamma components are tied by a scaling rule. This model allowed us to estimate the mean number of endocycles. We highlighted that this mean number of endocycles was function of the leaf rank.The multi-scale pipeline of analysis methods that we developed and tested during this PhD should be sufficiently generic to be applied to other plant species in various environmental conditions. Développement foliaire Analyse multi-Échelles Modèle de segmentation Hétéroblastie Arabidopsis thaliana Cellules épidermiques Shoot developpement Multi-Scale analysis Segmentation model Heteroblasty Arabidopsis thaliana Epidermal cells
6	An Anatomical Comparison of Wild Type and Homeotic Mutant Flowers of Clarkia tembloriensis Obrebski, Chelsea Elizabeth 14 November 2019 (has links) No description available. Botany Biology Anatomy and Physiology Clarkia tembloriensis Onagraceae homeotic mutant B-type mutation crinkle petal postgenital fusion redifferentiated epidermal cells trichome, stomata petals sepals SEM light microscopy
7	An investigation into the mechanism of toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Sharma, Vyom January 2011 (has links) The wide scale use of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) in the world consumer market has resulted in likelihood of exposure to human beings. The present study was aimed to assess the in vitro and in vivo interactions of ZnO NPs in the mammalian system and to elucidate the possible mechanism of their toxicity. Our in vitro results using human epidermal cells (A431), primary human epidermal keratinocytes and human liver cells (HepG2) demonstrated that cells exposed to ZnO NPs exhibit a decrease in cell viability which was independent of NP dissolution. ZnO NPs also induced oxidative DNA damage as evidenced by an increase in the Fpg sensitive sites. The reactive oxygen species triggered a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in the ratio of Bax/Bcl2 leading to apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway. In addition, ZnO NPs induced phosphorylation of JNK, P38 and P53ser15. The results from our in vivo studies using a mouse model showed that ZnO NPs induce lipid peroxidation, oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in liver which further confirmed our in vitro findings. The data from the present study provide valuable insights into the cellular interactions of ZnO NPs and the underlying molecular mechanism of their toxicity. The results also stress the need for a comprehensive environmental health and safety assessment of engineered nanomaterials to ensure safer nanotechnology based products. Zinc oxide Nanoparticles Toxicity Exposure Human health Cellular interactions Human epidermal keratinocytes Human epidermal cells Human liver cells Environmental health and safety Mouse model
8	Grip, slip, petals, and pollinators : linking the biomechanics, behaviour and ecology of interactions between bees and plants Pattrick, Jonathan Gilson January 2018 (has links) The ability to grip on petal surfaces is of crucial importance for the interactions between bees and flowers. In this thesis, I explore the biomechanics of attachment and morphological diversity of bee attachment devices, linking this to the behavioural ecology of bee interactions with flowers. Attachment devices come in two main kinds: claws or spines, and adhesive pads. Claw functioning is poorly described, particularly in terms of how their performance depends on body size, claw geometry, and surface roughness. Claw attachment performance was investigated using several insect species, each covering a large range of body masses. Weight-specific attachment forces decreased with body size, with claw sharpness seemingly playing a role. In bees there is considerable interspecific variation in tarsal claw morphology. This variation, and arolia presence/absence, was categorised for the large bee family Apidae. Cleft/bifid claws were shown to be present in the majority of the Apidae, often with differences between sexes and clades. Using Bombus terrestris, there was no evidence that cleft claws are important for pollen collection; however, I found that the inner tooth of cleft claws can act as a backup if the main tooth breaks. Although this may be one function of cleft claws, there are clearly other unresolved functions well worth further exploration. Investigations were undertaken to explore how petal surface roughness affects bee foraging behaviour. Lab-based foraging trials on B. terrestris visiting artificial flowers varying in slope, surface texture and sugar reward revealed a trade-off between the biomechanical difficulty of visiting and handling the ‘flowers’ and the quality of the reward offered. Flowers that were difficult to grip were often avoided even if they offered a higher reward. To further investigate reward preferences of bees, the effect of sucrose concentration on honey stomach offloading times was also explored. Although the majority of petals do have a rough surface, some have slippery petals. In the field, bumblebees avoided landing on slippery hollyhock petals in favour of the easy-to-grip staminal column. In contrast, honey bees, which are smaller and have larger adhesive pads, landed on both the staminal column and the petals. Slippery petals may be an adaptation to increase contact with plant reproductive structures. Grip is also important to allow the honey bee parasite Varroa destructor to climb on to their host. Attachment forces experiments found that V. destructor could support > 300 times their body mass on honey bees, giving them strong attachment even when bees attempt to remove them through grooming. A grooming-based device for treating V. destructor was tested in an apiary trial. The device was ineffective, providing valuable information for beekeepers considering using this product. In summary, this thesis improves our understanding of the biomechanics of attachment as well as identifying several important aspects of grip in bee-plant interactions.
9	Bases génétiques de la croissance hétérotrophe de l'hypocotyle en conditions optimales et sous stress abiotiques chez Medicago truncatula : contribution du nombre et de la longueur des cellules / Genetic bases of the heterotrophic growth of hypocotyl in optimal conditions and under abiotic stresses in Medicago truncatula : contribution of the number and length of the cells Youssef, Chvan 15 October 2015 (has links) La croissance hétérotrophe de l’hypocotyle est une étape clé pour la réussite de la levée. La présente étude est focalisée sur le déterminisme génétique de l’allongement de cet organe à l’obscurité chez Medicago truncatula en analysant le nombre et la longueur des cellules de l’épiderme, tissu gouvernant l’allongement des organes. Une grande variabilité génétique du nombre de cellules a été révélée dans les graines de 15 génotypes représentatifs de la diversité génétique de l’espèce. La stabilité de ce caractère dans des graines provenant de différentes productions suggère qu’il est sous contrôle génétique fort. Il a été montré que ce nombre de cellules, préétabli dans les graines, est le principal déterminant de la variation génotypique de la longueur de hypocotyle en conditions optimales de croissance. Par contre, l'élongation cellulaire devient le déterminant majeur des différences génotypiques observées sous stress abiotiques (basse température, déficit hydrique).Des loci contrôlant le nombre de cellules de l’épiderme et leur longueur maximale à basse température ont ensuite été identifiés dans une population de lignées recombinantes. Ceux ayant un impact sur l’élongation de l’hypocotyle à basse température ont été mis en évidence. Enfin, deux génotypes présentant un nombre de cellules similaire mais des capacités d’allongement cellulaire contrastées ont été plus finement comparés. Des protéines ayant un rôle dans la formation et l’organisation du cytosquelette et dans la modification des parois cellulaires ont été révélées en lien avec les différences d’allongeme / The heterotrophic growth of hypocotyl is a crucial process for successful seedling emergence. The present study is focused on the genetic determinism of its elongation in darkness in Medicago truncatula by analyzing the number and the length of cells of epidermis, the tissue controlling organ elongation.A large genetic variability of the epidermal cell number of the hypocotyl in seeds of 15 genotypes representative of the genetic diversity of the species was revealed. The stability of this trait in the seeds collected from different productions suggests it is under strong genetic control. This cell number was shown to be the main contributor of genotypic variation of hypocotyl length in optimal conditions. On the other hand, cell elongation becomes the major determinant of the genotypic differences observed under abiotic stresses (low temperature, water deficit).Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) controlling the number of epidermal cells and their maximal length at low temperature were then identified using a recombinant inbred lines population, and those impacting hypocotyl elongation at low temperature were highlighted.Finally, two genotypes sharing a similar cell number but contrasted capacities of cell elongation were compared more in detail. Proteins playing a role in the formation and organization of cytoskeleton and in the modification of the cell wall were revealed in connection with the differences in cellular elongation between genotypes. Moreover, differences in the cell wall sugar composition, in the degree of methylation of pectins and in a potential inhibito Croissance hétérotrophe Hypocotyle Stress abiotiques Cellules épidermiques Allongement cellulaire Variabilité génétique QTLs Protéome Sucres solubles Parois Heterotrophic growth Hypocotyl Abiotic streses Epidermal cells Cell elongation Genetic variability QTLs Proteome Soluble sugars Cell wall
10	The Characterisation of Putative Nuclear Pore-Anchoring Proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana Collins, Patrick January 2013 (has links) The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is perhaps the largest protein complex in the eukaryotic cell, and controls the movement of molecules across the nuclear envelope. The NPC is composed of up to 30 proteins termed nucleoporins (Nups), each grouped in different sub-complexes. The transmembrane ring sub-complex is composed of Nups responsible for anchoring the NPC to the nuclear envelope. Bioinformatic analysis has traced all major sub-complexes of the NPC back to the last eukaryotic common ancestor, meaning that the nuclear pore structure and function is conserved amongst all eukaryotes. In this study Arabidopsis T-DNA knockout lines for these genes were investigated to characterise gene function. Differences in plant growth and development were observed for the ndc1 knockout line compared to wild-type but gp210 plants showed no phenotypic differences. The double knockout line gp210 ndc1 was generated through crosses to observe plant response to the knockout of two anchoring-Nup genes. No synergistic affect from this double knockout was observed, suggesting that more, as yet unidentified Nups function the transmembrane ring in plants. The sensitivity to nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin B (LMB) was tested also for knockout lines, although growth sensitivity to the drug was not observed. Nucleocytoplasmic transport of knockout lines was measured in cells transformed by particle bombardment. To express fluorescent protein constructs actively transported through the NPC, localisation of protein determined the nucleocytoplasmic transport of the cell. The ndc1single knockout and the double knockout gp210 ndc1 exhibited decreased nuclear export. Further experiments in determining NDC1 localisation and identification of other Nups in the transmembrane ring sub-complex would bring a more comprehensive understanding to the plant NPC. Arabidopsis thaliana transformation insert transient expression epidermal cells root cells gene protein plant bolting flowering root growth knockout ndc1 gp210 At1g73240 At5g40480 SALK SAIL Columbia seed germination DNA sequencing light microscopy stereo-fluorescence microscopy DNA extraction cell nucleus cytoplasm nucleoplasm nuclear pore complex nucleoporin nuclear envelope putative nuclear pore-anchoring protein leptomycin B gene gun particle bombardment agrobacterium T-DNA fasciation rhodococcus fascians cross reverse genetics nucleocytoplasmic transport cross self synergistic silique transmembrane ring dihybrid pumilo homology domain protein GFP YFP RFP PCR homozygote heterozygote inhibition

Search results