Following his assassination in September of AD 96, Domitian was penalized with post-mortem memory sanctions. These kind of sanctions are often portrayed by both modern scholars and ancient historians as being implemented relatively uniformly in all of the cases of emperors who were subject to these sanctions. This applies both to the actual body of sanctions which were implemented by the senate, and the enthusiasm with which the populace followed them. While there is some commonality in the levying of sanctions between all condemned individuals, it is important to understand the differences between them in order to comprehend how each was viewed in his own time. In the case of Domitian, the senate punished him with heavy sanctions, and the people obeyed them. However, there is not the same evidence of mob violence against his images by the people, which would prove a dislike for him outside of the political elite. By investigating the evidence for these sanctions in the ancient literary sources, as well as the physical evidence from both inscriptions and sculpted likenesses, a more clear picture than previously presented can be created of the public perception of his reign. Also, this thesis evaluates the kind of messages that Nerva wanted to send by the way in which he condemned Domitian. Nerva’s history as loyal to the Flavians seems to conflict with his succession on the same day as the murder and the sanctions he put in place against his predecessor. The way in which he chose to deal with the memory of his predecessor is demonstrative of his successful attempt at distancing himself from the previous dynasty. Therefore, a study of the sanctions can both provide information about the perception of the condemned, which has since been lost, and also illustrate the policies of the next regime. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / In Ancient Rome, when an emperor or political figure was assassinated, often the Roman senate would levy sanctions against anything which recalled the memory of the condemned individual, for example, inscriptions and portraits. Some of these sanctions were voted for the emperor Domitian following his assassination in AD 96. By examining the physical evidence of these sanctions in the case of Domitian, some information can be gleaned about the execution of this kind of legislation in general, and how it was specifically done in the case of Domitian. By examining the ancient literary accounts, inscriptions, and sculpted likenesses of this emperor, the extent of these sanctions, as well as the motivations of those ordering them and carrying them out, can be established. In particular, the motivations of his successor, Nerva, in establishing these laws and the sentiments of the people towards Domitian are considered.

Le recensement provincial est une institution centrale de l’Empire romain. Né avec le Principat, il était destiné à estimer les ressources humaines et matérielles des territoires sous domination romaine, et s’est imposé comme la clé de voûte de la fiscalité provinciale. Néanmoins, il demeure mal connu. Cette situation vient de la faiblesse numérique des sources et de leur nature. En dehors de l'Égypte, les cens provinciaux sont essentiellement connus grâce à des inscriptions dédiées aux sénateurs et chevaliers ayant participé à ces opérations. Pour étudier le recensement à l'échelle de l'empire, il nous donc a paru nécessaire de diversifier les points de vue et de ne pas nous limiter à l'approche la plus fréquemment adoptée dans les études consacrées au census, l'analyse prosopographique. Bien que cette dernière s'impose comme la plus naturelle étant donné la nature de la documentation qui nous est parvenue, elle limite le champ d'étude aux seules provinces dans lesquelles sont attestés des censiteurs impériaux et peine à rendre compte de la logique d'ensemble de l'institution comme des modalités selon lesquelles l'information était collectée. Notre objectif était d'écrire une histoire fiscale et politique du recensement, mais aussi une histoire de ses procédures et non pas seulement de ses agents. Nous avons donc choisi d’élargir l’angle d’approche et d'inclure dans notre corpus toutes les sources littéraires, papyrologiques et juridiques susceptibles de nous éclairer sur cette institution. La première partie est consacrée aux aspects fiscaux et tente de comprendre le fonctionnement de l’impôt provincial. Dans quelles mesures le recensement se prêtait-il à la collecte des informations nécessaires à la levée des tributa ? La deuxième s'intéresse au déroulement des opérations dans les diverses provinces. Notre objectif est d'identifier les différents niveaux de collecte de l'information tout en rendant compte des différences régionales dont témoignent les sources. Au coeur de cette partie se trouve une réflexion sur la complémentarité entre le niveau local et le niveau provincial et sur les documents qui étaient produits aux divers échelons. Enfin, nous abordons dans un troisième temps les aspects institutionnels et politiques afin de comprendre dans quelles mesures cette institution était caractéristique du nouveau régime qui vit le jour avec Auguste. Cette partie est également consacrée à l'étude des relations entre les agents en charge des opérations et les provinciaux qui y étaient soumis. / The provincial census is a key institution of the Roman Empire. Instituted by the first Princeps, Augustus, it was aimed at estimating the human and material resources of the territories which were under Roman control, and thus proved to be a cornerstone of the Roman fiscal system. Nevertheless, it remains mostly unknown to this date, which can be explained by the lack of sources and by their nature: apart from Egypt, provincial censuses are mostly attested through inscriptions dedicated to senators and knights who took part in these operations. In this dissertation, we chose to tackle the subject from novel perspectives and not to limit ourselves to the prosopographic approach that remains so far the most frequently adopted one. Despite its relevance given the nature of the sources, it restricts the study to the provinces in which census officials are known, and fails to give a comprehensive idea of the institution and of the methods through which information was collected. Our goal was not only to write a fiscal and political history of the census, but also to describe its process and identify its agents. To this end were included into our corpus all the literary, papyrological and juridical sources that might improve our understanding of this institution. Firstly, we focused on the two main provincial taxes, i.e. tributum soli and tributum capitis, in order to describe the fiscal system at work in the provinces and to identify the criteria on which these tributa were imposed. Secondly, we studied the way information was collected during the census. Our goal was to unravel the levels (local, provincial) through which data transited, their interactions, and the documents each one of them produced. At the same time, we wanted to emphasize the differences that existed between provinces, and to explain them. Finally, we addressed the institutional and political aspects of the provincial census: to what extent was this institution representative of the new regime that appeared with Augustus, and an opportunity for the provincials to initiate a dialog with the Princeps through his representatives?

The question of ‘the Pictish language’ has been discussed for over four hundred years, and for well over two centuries it has been the subject of ceaseless and often heated debate. The main disagreement focusing on its linguistic categorisation – whether it was Celtic, Germanic (using modern terminology) or whether it belonged to some more exotic language group such as Basque. If it was Celtic then was it Brittonic or Goidelic? The answer to such questions was of some importance in ascertaining to whom the Scottish past belonged. Was it to immigrant Irish, conquering Germanic peoples or native Britons? The twentieth century saw the normalising of the view that it was closely related to Brittonic with some erudite scholars maintaining that another, non-Celtic language, was also spoken in Pictland. The debate subsequently shifted to focusing on just how close was the relationship between Pictish and Neo-Brittonic. Was Pictish simply a northerly dialect variant of the latter or was it indeed a more distinct and perhaps conservative form, evolving independently in an area outwith Roman power and linguistic influence? Recently, as the field of Pictish studies was subjected to both linguistic and historical scrutiny, discussions have become significantly more sophisticated, but the core question remains, as to whether Pictish distinctiveness merits the label ‘dialect’ or ‘language’, as the Venerable Bede himself stated. This thesis will investigate this core issue by providing an overview of previous thinking and scrutinising the evidence for early divergence. It is intended as groundwork for much needed further studies into this field.

As one of many other distinct painting styles that appeared on ceramics throughout the Guatemalan Lowlands of the Late Classic Period (AD 600-900), the Red Background vases represented the economic reach of the owner into local and foreign courtly culture. Supernatural processions, playful hieroglyphic texts, and the distinctive red background circulated on vases, plates, and bowls in order to perform prestige and the elite identity in public feasts. The diverse narrative content of these vessels reveals the importance of mytho-historic origin stories and supernatural identities to the prevailing political order, while the unique hieroglyphic texts link the style and its imagery to the royal court of Pa’ Chan. However, the lack of context for most of these vases thwarts a straightforward understanding of their role in Maya society as objects from a specific geographic place with archaeological provenience. Despite this inability to embed the Red Background vases within a robust archaeological framework, the production and circulation of a visually distinct style by a named community still indicates that the creators of these objects wished to communicate a unique artistic identity through an intersection of formal qualities. Refocusing the question of agency through the lens of the final product reveals that these works acted as part of a larger campaign to create the typical courtly trappings of master artisan production and public social feasting with representatives of other powerful polities. This Master’s Thesis aims to examine the current corpus of almost sixty vases in order to describe how the Red Background style manifests. In addition, my study explores the tendency of many polychrome styles to link a specific royal court with the artistic product through hieroglyphic emblems. I conclude that the unique Pa’ Chan emblem takes this extroverted statement of belonging to a higher level, providing an emic classification of the vase where the text comprises a social category of art that performs identity through its distinct visuals. / text

Why do some religious movements succeed and spread, while others, seemingly equally popular and successful at a certain time, ultimately fail? It is from this starting point that this thesis approaches religious success or failure in the Roman Empire: exploring a new analytical method for understanding religious change: network theory. The thesis forms two parts. Part I sets out the theoretical frameworks. The focus of network theory is on the processes by which innovation spreads: how interconnectedness facilitates change. Although some innovations might be ‘superior’, viewing success or failure as the result of interplay between inherent qualities of a religious movement and the structure of the social environment in which it is embedded means it is possible to reduce value judgements about superiority or inferiority. The discussion then turns to religious change. The key point is that sociologists of religion can explain something of the processes of religious conversion (or ‘recruitment’) and the success or failure of a religious movement through an analysis of social interactions. Finally, I explain how I shall use networks both as a heuristic approach and a practical modelling technique to apply to the epigraphic data, and detail some of the previous application of networks to archaeological test cases. Part II applies these methods to the epigraphic data of three religions. In Chapter Four, I examine the cult Jupiter Dolichenus, arguing that the previous explanations for the success of the cult are untenable, showing from the epigraphy that the cult spread through a strong-tie network of Roman military officials. In Chapter Five, I look at the development of Jewish identity in the Diaspora, showing that, during the second century AD, Diaspora Jews began to actively display their Jewish identity in their epitaphs. I argue that this re-Judaization represents the ‘activation’ of an ethno-cultural network, as a response to the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem and the crushing of the Bar Kokhba rebellion; the visible remains of the rabbinic reforms. In Chapter Six, I discuss the cult of the ‘Highest God’, Theos Hypsistos, taking Mitchell’s argument further to suggest that the huge increase in the dedications during the second-third centuries is not simply a reflection of the epigraphic habit, but rather, that the cult of Hypsistos was swelled by the Gentile god-fearers, as a result of the changes happening within Judaism itself at this time.

No description available.

No description available.

La présente recherche porte sur le dieu de la guerre des Grecs anciens, Arès. La communauté historienne s’entend pour affirmer qu’Arès était un dieu de second ordre et un dieu mal aimé par les Grecs de l’époque. Les investigations des historiens du XXe siècle sont axées sur les documents littéraires et elles ne font que reformuler, dans la majorité des cas, le contenu de ceux-ci. Alors, afin de bénéficier d’un regard nouveau sur le dieu, on a étudié Arès au travers les documents épigraphiques pour corroborer ou non nos présentes connaissances. Le dieu de la guerre tel que présenté dans les écrits littéraires est-il le même que celui qui est véhiculé dans l’épigraphie de l’époque? La réponse à cette question nous permettra d’établir si nos connaissances actuelles sont valables et elle les complètera. La recherche épigraphique s’effectue en cinq étapes. D’abord, on voit si le côté militaire d’Arès était également prédominant au sein des inscriptions. Ensuite, on porte une attention particulière aux documents épigraphiques pouvant démontrer un Arès mal aimé. Le tout se poursuit avec la mise en relation du dieu et des anciens serments. Enfin, on termine avec une approche plus géographique qui nous permet de définir deux foyers importants du dieu de la guerre, soit la cité de Métropolis et l’île de Crète. À la suite de ce parcours on a déterminé que l’appréciation et l’importance que les Grecs accordaient à ce dieu n’était pas unanime. Le ressentiment des Grecs variaient selon les individus et les lieux. On a aussi été capable d’établir des faits au sujet d’Arès : son domaine d’action prédominant restait le militaire dans les inscriptions; il était un réel dieu, présent, respecté et loué; il possédait d’importants lieux de culte à Lato et Métropolis. Compte tenu d’une redéfinition notable du profil d’Arès, une révision des sources littéraires propres à Arès s’impose ainsi qu’une évaluation complète de toutes les autres sources (iconographique, archéologique, numismatique, épigraphique, etc.). / This study talks about the god of war for the ancient Greeks, Ares. The historical community asserts that Ares was a god of second order and unloved by the Greeks of this period. Investigations of historians of XXe century are focus on literary sources and they simply restate, in most cases, the content of them. To gain a new perspective on the god, Ares was studied through the epigraphic documents to corroborate or not our present knowledge. We want to know if the Ares, as presented in the literature, has been the same as that was transmitted in the ancient Greek epigraphy. The answer to this question will help us to see if our current knowledge is right and deepening it. The epigraphic research is done in five steps. First, we determine whether the military side of Ares was also predominant in the inscriptions. Then we pay a specific attention to documents that propose an unloved Ares in the epigraphy. After, we establish some links between the former oath and Ares. Finally, we close the epigraphic study with a geographic approach who allows us to determine two important sites that belong to the god of war, the city of Metropolis and the island of Crete. Through this process we were able to determine the appreciation and the importance, which the Greeks gave to this god, were not unanimous. The resentment of the Greeks varied among individuals and places. We were also able to establish some facts about Ares : his dominant sphere remained the military in the inscriptions; he was a reel god, present, respected and praised; he possessed important places of worship in Lato and Metropolis. In conclusion, we redefine Ares profile, so it would be interesting that a research reviews the literacy sources about him. Furthermore, an evaluation of all the sources (iconographic, archaeological, numismatic, epigraphic etc…) would also be appropriated.

Dès la fin du Ier s. ap. J.-C., la population de Rome avoisine le million d’habitants. À cette époque, Auguste planifie la conquête des contrées septentrionales. L’approvisionnement du peuple de l’Vrbs et des armées est une préoccupation de premier ordre et le ravitaillement en huile d’olive, produit indispensable au quotidien romain, devient un enjeu de taille. La province de Bétique réunit toutes les conditions nécessaires pour accueillir une production d’huile à grande échelle, grâce à son climat optimal et aux conditions d’exportation idéales que lui offrent ses cours d’eau navigables. C’est ainsi que l’huile produite dans le Bassin du Guadalquivir et transportée dans les amphores globulaires Dressel 20 alimentera tout l’Occident romain entre le Ier et le IIIe s. ap. J.-C. Si ce phénomène économique majeur est relativement bien appréhendé du point de vue des sites de consommation, la question de la production de l’huile et des amphores en Bétique a été longtemps délaissée.Les ateliers de potiers d’amphores à huile (Dressel 20 et Dressel 23), installés sur les berges du Guadalquivir et du Genil, sont indéniablement les meilleurs témoins de l’intensité de l’oléiculture dans la région, en raison de l’ampleur des vestiges occasionnés par cette industrie potière. En tant qu’activité subsidiaire de l’oléiculture spéculative, l’évolution de la fabrication d’amphores est donc le reflet fidèle de celle de ce secteur économique. Cette étude microrégionale, consacrée aux ateliers de la vallée du Genil, constitue une approche détournée pour parvenir à appréhender le développement de l’oléiculture à caractère spéculatif. Elle vise à analyser la dynamique économique des ateliers d’amphores à huile de ce territoire, à comprendre les interactions existantes entre la production industrielle d’huile, le développement de l’industrie potière et les conséquences de ces activités sur l’environnement.Cette thèse qui s’inscrit dans une perspective archéo-historique, repose à la fois sur un travail documentaire et sur une analyse globale des faits matériels mis en évidence lors d’enquêtes de terrain. Les campagnes de prospections conduites dans la zone étudiée et la fouille de l’atelier de potiers de Las Delicias ont permis un renouvellement considérable des connaissances grâce à la collecte de nombreuses données inédites. La caractérisation des ateliers qui découle du classement et de l’analyse de ces données a permis d’aborder un certain nombre de problématiques relatives à l’organisation du travail, aux procédés de fabrication et aux différentes activités connexes à la production des amphores à huile.De plus, la richesse épigraphique qui caractérise l’amphore Dressel 20, a permis de corréler les observations archéologiques d’ordre structurel et topographique avec les marques de fabrique à caractère onomastique et toponomastique. L’étude épigraphique poussée des estampilles des différents centres de production a ainsi permis de retracer l’histoire de chaque atelier, en identifiant les acteurs de la production, les stratégies et les modes de gestion mis en place par ces derniers.Cette approche multiscalaire, partant de l’analyse de chaque atelier, pour ensuite passer à la mise en corrélation des résultats obtenus à l’échelle de la vallée, et rejoindre enfin la sphère de l’oléiculture, a permis de mettre en regard l’histoire sociale avec l’histoire des techniques, et ainsi retracer tout un pan de l’histoire socio-économique de la Bétique romaine. / From the end of the 1st century BC, the population of Rome is close to one million inhabitants. At this time, Augustus plans the conquest of the northern regions. The supply of the people of the Vrbs and the armies is a prime concern and the refuelling of olive oil, essential product of the Roman daily, becomes a major challenge. The province of Betica combines all the conditions necessary to accommodate large-scale oil production, thanks to its optimal climate and the ideal export conditions offered by its navigable waterways. Thus the oil produced in the Guadalquivir Basin, transported in the Dressel 20 globular amphorae, will feed the entire Roman West between the 1st and the 3rd centuries. Although this major economic phenomenon is relatively well understood from the point of view of consumption sites, the question of the production of oil and amphorae in Betica has long been neglected.The oil amphorae potters' workshops (Dressel 20 and Dressel 23), located on the banks of the Guadalquivir and Genil, are undeniably the best witnesses to the intensity of olive growing in the region, due to the magnitude vestiges caused by this pottery industry. As a subsidiary activity of speculative olive growing, the evolution of amphora production is therefore a faithful reflection of this economic sector. This microregional study, devoted to the workshops of the Genil valley, is an indirect approach to apprehend the development of speculative olive growing. It aims to analyse the economic dynamics of oil amphorae workshops in this region, to understand the existing interactions between industrial oil production, the development of the pottery industry and the consequences of these activities on the environment.This thesis, which is part of an archaeo-historical perspective, is based at the same time on a documentary work and on a global analysis of the material facts highlighted during field investigations. The archaeological surveys conducted in the study area and the excavation of the Las Delicias potters' workshop have allowed a considerable renewal of knowledge thanks to the collection of many brand-new data. The characterization of the workshops resulting from the classification and analysis of these data made it possible to address a number of issues relating to the organization of work, the manufacturing processes and the various activities related to the production of oil amphorae.In addition, the epigraphic richness that characterizes the Dressel 20 amphora has made it possible to correlate archaeological observations of structural and topographical order with onomastic and toponomastic stamps. The in depth epigraphic study of the stamps of the different production centres thus made it possible to trace the history of each workshop, identifying the actors of the production, the strategies and the management methods put in place by the latter.This multiscalar approach, starting from the analysis of each workshop, then moving on to the correlation of the results obtained at the valley scale, and finally joining the sphere of olive growing, made it possible to confront the social history with the history of techniques, and thus trace a whole section of the socio-economic history of the Roman Betica.

Cette thèse étudie les modes d'organisation et de financement des concours (agônes) de la cité d'Athènes aux époques hellénistique et impériale (de ca. 320 av. J.-C. jusqu'au milieu du IIIe siècle ap. J.-C.). Elle propose un corpus rassemblant toutes les sources, majoritairement épigraphiques, systématiquement traduites et commentées (Volume I), une synthèse historique et analytique sur la question (Volume II), des annexes et illustrations (Volume III).L'étude porte d'abord sur les formules institutionnelles retenues par les Athéniens pour encadrer l'organisation des concours théâtraux, musicaux et gymniques. Elle est consacrée au premier chef à l'agonothésie, charge civique créée au début de l'époque hellénistique et qui se maintint jusque sous l'Empire. Nous avons défini et établi le domaine de compétence et d'action des agonothètes athéniens, ainsi que leurs évolutions, en étant attentif à la périodisation propre à l'histoire de cette fonction comme à celle de la cité. L'athlothésie, magistrature spécifique aux Panathénées et maintenue à l'époque hellénistique, ainsi que la chorégie, réapparue au Ier siècle ap. J.-C., moins bien attestées, font l'objet de la même enquête. Les tâches liées à ces charges, souvent sous-estimées, entraînaient en fait une implication personnelle importante de la part des titulaires.Un examen attentif de la question montre que, contrairement à l'idée généralement admise, le financement des concours ne reposaient pas exclusivement sur la générosité des agonothètes. Au moins jusqu'au début de l'époque impériale, la cité devait fournir l'essentiel des sommes nécessaires. Enfin, une étude d'histoire sociale s'intéresse à l'identité et au milieu des agonothètes, à la place de l'agonothésie dans la carrière d'un citoyen, ainsi qu'à la façon dont leurs concitoyens appréciaient l'exercice de cette charge ; elle apportait à celui qui l'exerçait une popularité certaine, et souvent l'octroi d'honneurs publics.Cette thèse offre une monographie sur l'organisation des concours athéniens pendant six siècles, ce qui permet d'apprécier ses évolutions sur le temps long, dans un espace géographique et politique cohérent. Elle montre l'importance des enjeux entourant la vie agonistique de la cité d'Athènes, qu'ils soient d'ordre institutionnel, culturel, économique ou politique. / This doctoral thesis examines the modalities of organizing and financing the contests (agônes) taking place in the city of Athens in Hellenistic and Imperial periods (from 320 BC until the middle of the 3rd century AD). It consists of a comprehensive corpus gathering all the available evidence (mostly inscriptions), with a French translation and a specific commentary (Volume I) ; a historical and analytic synthesis on the topic as a whole (Volume II) ; and appendixes and illustrations (Volume III).This study first aims at a definition of the institutions Athenians chose to create at the head of the civic contests. It mostly deals with agonothesia, a civic office created at the beginning of the Hellenistic period and was maintained until the Roman Empire. We have defined the fields of expertise and of actions of the Athenian agonothetes and their evolutions, paying a specific attention to both the history of this office and of the city. A similar inquiry has been carried on about athlothesia, a magistracy concerned only with Panathenaia, and choregia, which was recreated in the 1st century AD (both of them being well less known than agonothesia). The tasks implied by these offices, often overlooked, reveal a very important personal involvement from the office-holders.Contrary to what is generally assumed, the agonothetes did not fund the contests exclusively from their own pockets, as a close examination shows. At least until the Imperial period, the city continued to provide most of the money needed. Finally, a social study investigates on who were the Athenian agonothetes and which milieu they were coming from ; it scrutinizes the importance of agonothesia in a public career, and the perception of this office by the average fellow-citizens. Agonothesia usually brought popularity to its holder, and quite often motivated public honors from the city.This thesis is a monography on the organization of Athenian games throughout six centuries, which allows a study on the long term, in a coherent space, geographically and politically. It shows the importance of the agonistic life in Athens, notably from institutionnal, cultural, economical and political points of view.