The presentation presents the state of discussion for guidelines for TEI XML encoding of Ancient Egyptian text artefacts in Egyptology as of middle of 2016. It introduces Egyptological projects actively involved in the development of TEI encoding recommendations and online thesauri/ontologies. Special attention is paid to the TEI encoding of toponyms, personal names, relative and absolute dates, as well as language varieties and script varieties. Furthermore, the presentation introduces the current state of an EpiDoc Cheatsheet for Egyptology compiled by Daniel A. Werning, which gives recommendations for the encoding of traditional philological markup in Egyptology which, in turn, is largely conform to the EpiDoc Guidelines (v8.21). A specific topic, in this respect, is the adaptation of the TEI ‘regularization’ tag <reg> to the needs of Egyptology.

Cette thèse se donne pour but l'analyse de 159 inscriptions ottomanes relevées dans la ville de Tripoli de Libye (période 1555 - 1906). Cet ensemble épigraphique de grande valeur, quasiment inédit, permet d'éclairer l'histoire de la ville et de ses principaux représentants. Chaque inscription, monumentale ou funéraire, est étudiée d'un point de vue historique mais également matériel (décors, supports, écriture et paléographie). La langue (arabe ou parfois osmanli), le contenu et la forme font aussi l'objet d'une étude approfondie. Chaque inscription est analysée, traduite et commentée dans une fiche type (volume 1) ; les analyses des données sont regroupées dans le volume 2 ; les plans, cartes, photos et fac-similés occupent le volume 3. Ce travail met en lumière la richesse patrimoniale et épigraphique de Tripoli et de sa région et ouvre la voie à de nouvelles études et réflexions sur la Régence ottomane. / This dissertation aims at analysing 159 inscriptions from the city of western Tripoli dating from the Ottoman period (1555 - 1906). This epigraphic corpus, for the main part unpublished, stands out for his value, since it sheds more light on the history of the city and on its representatives. Each inscription, be it monumental or funeral, studied from an historical, as well as a material (decoration, media, writing and palaeography) context. The language (Arabic and sometimes Osmanli), the content and the form are thoroughly analysed. Volume 1 includes the corpus of the inscriptions, each of which is analysed, translated and annotated in a standard form. Volume 2 presents the analysis of the data. Finally, volume 3 contains the plans, maps, photos and facsimiles. This study highlights the heritage and epigraphic richness of Tripoli and its region ; it opens the way to new investigations on the Ottoman Regency.

Esta dissertação trata da interação entre linguagem escrita e figurativa, aproveitando um debate geral, mas concentra-se na experiência grega sobre o tema. Assim, partindo da compreensão antiga dessa aproximação, serão perseguidos os aspectos gráficos (que integravam conceitualmente escrita e desenho - como indica o verbo graphêin), presentes na cerâmica ática ornamentada do período arcaico. Questões sobre a articulação de fontes escritas e materiais na pesquisa arqueológica também serão tratadas. Estruturalmente, este texto se divide em questões teórico-metodológicas relativas à natureza da documentação e seu tratamento no campo da Arqueologia Histórica e Epigrafia; e as justificativas das delimitações espaço-temporais. Depois, uma discussão sobre o gráfico, de forma geral, caminhando para o caso grego. Por fim, a apresentação de questões gráficas e relacionadas, próprias da documentação selecionada; bem como um estudo de caso: as ânforas panatenaicas / This work deals with the interaction between written and figurative languages in the general debate, but concentrates in the Greek experience about this subject. Therefore, we will begin with the ancient understanding of this approach; the graphical aspects present at Attic decorated ceramics of the archaic period will be pursued (due to the fact that these graphical aspects conceptually included writing and drawing, as it is indicated by the verb graphêin). Questions about the relationship between written and material sources in the archaeological research will be also considered. Structurally, this text is divided in theoretical-methodological questions about the nature of the documentation discussed in the field of Historical Archaeology and Greek Epigraphy and the justifications of time and space limits. After that, it is also included a general debate over the graphic, restricting to the Greek example. Finally, there will be a presentation of graphical questions and the ones related to the chosen documentation, as well as a case study: the panathenaic amphorae.

This thesis considers the use of numismatic imagery in the Byzantine Empire during the period 610-867, with its main focus centred in the period 685-842. Though charting the iconographic trends and changes on the coinage of the period and the possible reasons behind them is the principal raison d’être of the thesis, it also tackles methodological issues such as the use and abuse of dies studies and ways of determining who decided what images appeared on coins. The main body of the text is arranged chronologically with the methodological issues appearing throughout. Exceptions to this format are the first chapter, which considers the economic context of coin circulation in the period and the gold purity of the coins of the period, and the third chapter, which considers the production at the mint of Cherson, which produced anonymous coins not identifiable by date, but still part of the context. Finally, the thesis contains two appendices, the first paper appendix presents a catalogue of the coins held at the Barber Institute of Fine Arts for the period 685-842, and the second CD-ROM appendix presents the data from the All That Glitters ... project, testing the purity of Byzantine gold coins with x-ray fluorescence.

This dissertation demonstrates that the presence of Latin basilissai, Catholic wives of the Byzantine despots of Morea, in Mystras between 1349, when the city became the seat of the Despotate, and 1460, when it was surrendered to the Turks, had an impact on the artistic and cultural production at court. These foreign women were agents of the ruling political and economic elites of Italian and Frankish courts, and expressed their agency by mediating their specific cultural and artistic traditions into the production of their adopted city. Art and cultural historical approaches, in which attention is focused on painted and sculpted details, inscriptions, archaeological remains, architectural design, and urban planning, are used to show that the Latin women were historical agents, whose presence can be detected in Mystras. A multidisciplinary analysis of case studies reveals cross-cultural motifs in the artistic production, demonstrating the relationship between pieces of evidence. The production of the workshops of Mystras expressed features that were, in some cases, responses to Constantinopolitan and Byzantine models, while, in others, autonomous and innovative, revealing complex cross-cultural references. Ultimately, this study shows that the particular cultural and artistic landscape of Mystras is indebted to exogenous cultures linked to these women.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo a análise do processo histórico que leva ao desenvolvimento de uma consciência democrática em Atenas no final do século V a.C. Para isto observa alguns processos concomitantes que confluem no despontar desta consciência democrática. Quais sejam: 1 - O desenvolvimento dos hábitos epigráficos em Atenas, em especial acerca da produção epigráfica e da organização destas inscrições enquanto hábitos arquivísticos. A relação da escrita com a organização da polis também faz parte deste processo. 2 - O desenvolvimento do conceito de democracia e sua relação com o termo demokratia. Esta investigação é feita através da análise tanto da literatura quanto da epigrafia. 3 – O desenrolar de uma disputa política entre oligarcas e seus opositores, associado ao desejo do fim da guerra do Peloponeso que era almejado pela maioria dos atenienses, mas por motivos diversos. Durante este processo há uma disputa pela autoridade das propostas dos grupos concorrentes. Esse critério gira em torno da ancestralidade da constituição ateniense indicada por cada grupo. As argumentações que procuram justificar a ancestralidade de suas propostas levam a um entrelaçamento com os processos acima mencionados. Desta confluência surge o desenvolvimento de uma consciência democrática entre os opositores dos oligarcas extremistas, os demotikoi. / This work aims to analyze the historical process that leads to the development of a democratic awareness in Athens at the end of the Fifth century b.C. In order to do that it observes synchronous processes that converge in the rise of such democratic awareness. Those processes being: 1 – The development of the epigraphical habits in Athens, specialy concerning the epigraphical production and its organization, developing in archival practices. The association between writing and the administration of the polis is also a part of this process. 2 – The development of the concept of democracy and its connection with the term demokratia. This investigation is done through the analysis of literature as well as epigraphy. 3 – The meanders of a political dispute between oligarchs and their opposition. This dispute is connected with a general desire to end the Peloponesian War, although each group for its own reasons. During this process there is a challenge of ancestry of the proposed, and purported, ancestral constitution of each group. The debate for the right to call their propositions as “the” ancestral constitution ends up entwining with the processes described above. From this convergence arose the development of a democratic awareness among the opposition of the oligarchs, the demotikoi.

La calligraphie en Égypte et en Syrie à la période mamlouke en général, et singulièrement l’aspect formel des inscriptions monumentales et mobilières, extrêmement nombreuses pour cette période, demeurent sous étudiés. En se concentrant sur la fin du sultanat mamlouk (1468-1517), qui offre un corpus important et diversifié d'inscriptions monumentales et mobilières (principalement des objets et équipements militaires en métal) de qualité calligraphique, cette recherche vise à replacer ce corpus dans le contexte de la pratique et de la théorie calligraphique de la période mamlouke circassienne. Il s'agit donc d'une étude à la fois socio-historique et philologique, autant que morphologique et stylistique, s’appuyant sur une étude des différentes sources disponibles : historiques, biographiques, manuels de chancellerie, traités de calligraphie, documents de waqf, permettant de renouveler la vision de cette tradition calligraphique mamlouke. Un premier chapitre s’intéresse au milieu des calligraphes et au cadre de la pratique et de la transmission calligraphique au 15e siècle. La question de la théorie et de la terminologie des écritures est abordée dans un second chapitre. Les deux chapitres suivants sont consacrés à une étude morphologique et stylistique générale des inscriptions, puis à un cas d’étude : le complexe du sultan Qāniṣawh al-Ghawrī au Caire. Enfin, un catalogue du corpus des inscriptions sur lesquelles repose cette étude a été établi qui constitue une base de références pour l’étude de la production artistique à cette période. / Calligraphy in Egypt and Syria in the Mamluk period, generally speaking, and especially the formal aspect of the inscriptions on monuments and portable objects, quite numerous for this period, remain under-studied. Focusing on the late Mamluk period (1468-1517), which offers a large and diverse corpus of inscriptions on monuments and objects (mainly objects and military equipment made of metal), of calligraphic quality, this thesis aims at replacing this corpus in the context of calligraphic practice and theory in the Circassian Mamluk period. Thus, it is intended as both a socio-historical and philological study, and a morphological and stylistic study. It relies on the different sources available: historical and biographical sources, chancery manuals, calligraphic treatises, and waqf documents, allowing to reconsider our vision of the Mamluk calligraphic tradition. A first chapter presents the calligraphers’ milieu and the frame of the calligraphic practice and transmission around the 15th century. The issues of theoretical views and terminology of scripts is addressed in a second chapter. Then the following two chapters are dedicated to a stylistic general study of inscriptions, and to a case study: the complex of sultan Qāniṣawh al-Ghawrī in Cairo. Finally, a catalogue of the corpus of inscriptions used for this study is established which provides a referential basis for the study of art production during this period.

L’objectif de cette étude régionale est de mobiliser la documentation épigraphique locale pour tenter d’appréhender la société chypriote de l’époque hellénistique et les enjeux internes de l’administration lagide. Elle s’inscrit en cela dans la continuité des travaux récents dans le domaine des études chypriotes. L’intégration profonde de Chypre dans la koinè politique et culturelle hellénistique est l’une des principales conséquences de la domination lagide sur Chypre. Parmi les marqueurs importants de l’intégration de l’île dans ce milieu culturel commun, l’adoption de la rhétorique honorifique propre aux cités grecques est particulièrement significative. La mise en évidence d’une notabilité locale constitue un des enjeux principaux de cette étude. L’importance des traditions religieuses dans la société chypriote, l’implantation manifeste des Ptolémées et de leurs représentants dans les grands sanctuaires, invitent également à analyser en détail les relations d’emprise mutuelle décelées entre les cultes locaux et les souverains lagides. L’étude de la représentation honorifique des Ptolémées se révèle, sur ce point, capitale. La longue période hellénistique de Chypre semble in fine s’insérer de façon cohérente dans le système politique et administratif local, fondé de façon traditionnelle sur la coexistence d’un roi et de cités. Les modalités de la négociation entamée par les cités chypriotes avec le pouvoir lagide, si elles ne sont pas entièrement élucidées par la lecture du corpus épigraphique, relèvent d’une interprétation locale, ouverte et affirmée de la relation entre les poleis et les souverains à l’époque hellénistique. / This regional study focuses on Cypriot epigraphic evidence in order to understand the Hellenistic Cypriot society and the local issues of the Ptolemaic administration. The in-depth integration of Cyprus into the Hellenistic political and cultural koine is one of the major consequences of the Ptolemaic conquest. The adoption of common Greek honorific practices is one of the most evident indicators of this process. This study first highlights the presence and the activity of a local elite. The importance of religious traditions in Cyprus, the explicit presence of the Ptolemies and of their officials in the great sanctuaries of the island, encourage to study in detail the relations of reciprocal influence between Cypriot cult and the Ptolemaic kings. The numerous documents regarding the honorary representation of the Ptolemies in Cyprus is crucial. The epigraphical documentation shows the dialogue between local elites and the Ptolemaic administration. The long Hellenistic period of Cyprus seems in fine to fit into the local political and administrative system, traditionally based on the joint existence of king and cities. The subtleties of the negotiation initiated by the Cypriot cities with the Ptolemaic power, though they are not fully elucidated by the epigraphic evidence, prove to be the results of a local, open and self-aware interpretation of the relationship between the poleis and the Ptolemaic kings.

When does a 'continuum' become a divide? My research investigates the genetic relationship between Linear A and Linear B (henceforth LA, LB), two Bronze Age scripts attested on Crete and Mainland Greece and understood to have developed one straight out of the other. By using an interdisciplinary methodology, I integrated linguistic, epigraphic, palaeographic and archaeological evidence, and placed the writing practice in its socio-historical setting. By challenging traditional views, my work has called into question widespread assumptions and interpretative schemes on this relationship. I carried out a systematic assessment of the structural characteristics underlying both systems and a palaeographic examination of their sign inventories. Built on these analyses, I put forward a more fluid model of script development, which takes LA and LB no longer as two separate scripts but as the very same one: the 'Aegean Linear Script'. Over time, this underwent only minimal adaptation when required to meet the needs of another language, arguably in view of the changing socio-political context. This new interpretation is in sharp contrast with the view traditionally held of a strong standardisation process having taken place, which sees LB as mere product of secondary script development. My conclusion has interesting implications not only for the history of the writing tradition on Crete, but also for our appreciation of the contemporary socio-historical context. This view, in turns, opens up new perspectives on the ideology associated with the retention of a script, matters of identity and how identity was negotiated at the very moment when Cretans and Greek-speaking Mainlanders came into closer contact in the Late Bronze Age. I have also noted that in this period the same scenario depicting soft adaptation of motives is witnessed on the side of material culture, displaying meaningful interplay and amalgamation of both Mainland and Cretan traditions.

What is the line between the “ancient” world and the “medieval” world? Is it 476? 330? 632? 800? Most historians acknowledge there is no crisp line and that these are arbitrary distinctions, but they are made anyway, taking on lives of their own. I believe they are much the same world, except for the pervading influence of one flavor of monotheism or another. This thesis endeavors to study top-down, monotheistic conversions in Pontic-Caspian Eurasia and their respective mythologizations, preserved both textually and archaeologically, which serve as a primary factor for what we might call “state formation.” These narratives also function, in many cases, as the bases of many modern nationalisms, however haphazard they may be. I have attempted to apply this idea to Christian Rome (Byzantium)’s diachronic missionary policy around the Black Sea to reveal how what we today call the “Age of Migrations” (the so-called “Germanic” invasions of the Roman Empire), was actually in perpetual continuity all the way up to the Mongolian invasions and perhaps even later. In this way, I hope to enhance the context by which we understand the entirety of not only Western history, but to effectively bind it to a broader context of global monotheization.