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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Experiences of patients with epilepsy seen at Good Shepherd Hospital, Tshikaji, Western Kasai Province, DRC about their illness

Mayimona, Blaise Ndandu January 2010 (has links)
Thesis M. Med (Family Medicine)) -- University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2010. / BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a neurological disorder which affects many aspects of personal health including psychological and sociological dimensions. Patients seen at Good Shepherd Hospital reported late for care since they perceived themselves victims of stigma, or discrimination. METHODOLOGY This study sought to explore experiences of patients with epilepsy seen at Good Shepherd Hospital of Tshikaji about their illness; the objectives were to explore experiences of stigmatization and discrimination of patients suffering from epilepsy, and their experiences resulting in them reporting late for care at the hospital. The setting was Good Shepherd Hospital, a private hospital in a rural area in the Province of Western Kasai, Democratic Republic of the Congo. An exploratory descriptive qualitative study was designed with free attitude interviews as a data collection technique. The study population was patients with epilepsy and who were attending at Good Shepherd Hospital. Purposeful sampling was the method used in the selection of the sample. A total of 8 epileptic patients attending at the hospital agreed to participate out of a total of 12 who were recruited initially. The free attitude interviews were conducted from October 2008 to April 2009. All interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed; and the transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. vi RESULTS The seven themes emerging from this study are as follows: experience of seizures, knowledge, stigma, family relationships, alternative treatment, unhealthy lifestyle, and unemployment. The study showed that patients’ experience were associated with the experience of seizures as a phenomenon which characterized their life. The participants, their families and the community had poor knowledge on epilepsy. The stigma resulted from the community members’ negative beliefs on the illness. The relationship of family members with the epileptic patient varied according to the family members’ opinion about the disease. The participants resorted to alternative treatment according to their belief of being victims of bad fate. Unhealthy lifestyle and unemployment were part of patients’ experience as expressed by the participants in the study. CONCLUSION Epilepsy has physical and psychosocial impacts which require a holistic approach for an appropriate management, but this remains a dream in the DRC. The patients’ experiences were marked by the existence of seizures (which affected their lives negatively resulting in physical injuries), poor knowledge on the condition and the perception of being victims of stigmatization and discrimination. vii The role of the health care provider is to educate the patients and the community on the disease and encourage the patients to attend and adhere to their medication for adequate control.
2

Expressão gênica em larga escala em modelos genéticos de epilepsia / Large-scale gene expression in genetic models of epilepsy

Matos, Alexandre Hilário Berenguer de, 1986- 22 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Iscia Teresinha Lopes Cendes, Vinicius D'Ávila Bitencourt Pascoal / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T15:13:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Matos_AlexandreHilarioBerenguerde_M.pdf: 2928972 bytes, checksum: d4db9f154891dd3379d9e02aacc7279f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR) é um modelo genético de epilepsia de crises audiogênicas desencadeadas após alta intensidade de estimulação sonora. Outro modelo genético recentemente identificado é o da epilepsia generalizada com crises de ausência (GEAS). O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar o perfil de expressão gênica destas duas cepas através de uma análise em larga escala. Para os estudos de expressão foi utilizada inicialmente a tecnologia de microarranjos seguida da validação dos resultados por técnica quantitativa de PCR em tempo real. Os resultados foram analisados em ambiente R, utilizando os pacotes AFFY e RankProd do bioconductor, utilizando o algoritmo MAS 5 os array foram normalizados e calculou-se a intensidade do sinal e a detecção (presença ou ausência de expressão). Após a detecção, os transcritos que estavam ausentes foram removidos. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o teste RankProd, que é biologicamente projetado para testar e detectar genes diferencialmente expressos em experimentos de microarranjos. Foi utilizado um valor de p ? 0,01 e pfp ? 0,05, a fim de considerar os transcritos diferencialmente expressos. No geral, nossos resultados mostram uma assinatura molecular similar nos dois modelos de ratos genéticos analisados. Houve uma sobreposição na lista de genes diferencialmente expressos encontrados em ambos os modelos, quando comparado com controles. Além disso, descobrimos que duas importantes vias moleculares para epileptogênese: neurotransmissão GABAérgica e potencialização de longo prazo pós-sináptica NMDA-dependente, foram encontrados em ambos os modelos, quando combinamos os dados dos animais WAR e GEAS. No entanto, algumas diferenças nas vias de sinalização expressas nos dois modelos também foram identificadas. Portando os resultados mostram claramente a natureza heterogênea e complexa dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na epileptogênese / Abstract: Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR) is a genetic epilepsy model susceptible to audiogenic seizures, after high-intensity sound stimulation. Another genetic model we have recently identified is the generalized epilepsy with absence seizures (GEAS) rat. The aim of the present study was to characterize and compare the genetic profile of these two strains using gene expression analysis. Experiments were performed initially using microarray technology followed by quantitative real-time PCR. Results were analyzed in R environment using the Affy and RankProd packages from Bioconductor, using the algorithm MAS 5 we normalized the arrays and calculated the signal intensity and the detection (presence or absence of expression), after the detection, transcripts which were absent in all samples were removed. For statistical analysis we used the Rank Product test, which is biologically motivated and designed to test and detect differentially expressed genes in replicated microarray experiments. This is a simple non-parametric statistical method based on ranks of fold changes. We used a p-value ? 0.01 and a pfp ? 0.05 in order to consider a given transcript to be differentially expressed Overall, the results show a different molecular signature in the two genetic rat models analyzed, since different enriched gene ontology categories were found. However, there was some overlap in the list of genes differentially expressed found in both models when comparing to controls. In addition, we found that two important molecular pathways for epileptogenesis: GABAergic neurotransmission and: Neurophysiological process NMDA-dependent postsynaptic long-term potentiation in CA1 hippocampal neurons, were found to be present in both models when combining data from WAR and GEAS animals. In conclusion, our results clearly show the heterogeneous and intricate nature of the molecular mechanisms involved in epileptogenesis as well as the importance of studies looking at different regulatory pathways at once, in order to better appreciate this complexity / Mestrado / Neurociencias / Mestre em Ciências
3

Estudo crítico dos modelos experimentais em epilepsia espontânea do tipo ausência / Critical study of experimental models of absence-like epilepsy

Elton Pallone de Oliveira 25 February 2011 (has links)
A epilepsia é uma das afecções neurológica mais comum na população mundial. Trata-se de uma condição crônica altamente incapacitante que acomete indivíduos de ambos os sexos e de todas as faixas etárias, com um discreto predomínio em homens e, maior freqüência em crianças abaixo de dois anos e idosos acima de 65 anos. As conseqüências de morbidade e mortalidade desta patologia repercutem negativamente na sociedade e, conseqüentemente na economia global. Estima-se que de 60 a 100 milhões de pessoas ao redor do mundo apresentaram alguma condição epiléptica durante suas vidas. Segundo alguns autores a incidência da epilepsia varia de 11 a 131/100 mil habitantes por ano e a prevalência de 1,5 a 30/1000 habitantes por ano, sendo que os maiores valores encontram-se nos países em desenvolvimento, particularmente na America Latina e na África. As epilepsias generalizadas idiopáticas (EGI) constituem-se cerca de um terço de todas as formas de epilepsias e são 15 a 20% mais freqüentes em relação aos demais tipos de epilepsia. As EGI do tipo ausência, as quais são estritamente relacionadas à faixa etária infantil e adolescente podem muitas vezes (2,8 5,7% dos casos) afetar pacientes com idade superior a 15 anos. A fisiopatologia, assim como, as causas reais da ocorrência e/ou recorrência das crises de ausência na idade adulta não estão completamente esclarecidos e se representam um importante desafio para os epileptologistas. As epilepsias generalizadas idiopáticas (EGIs), (etiologia genética) são classificadas em: a) crises de ausência típicas, b) crises de ausência atípicas, c) crises de ausência com fatores especiais, d) crises mioclônicas, e) crises mioclônicas atônicas, f) crises mioclônicas tônicas, g) crises clônicas, h) crises tônicas e, i) crises atônicas. O tratamento e comumente farmacológico e as crises são controladas na maioria dos casos, no entanto, cerca de um terço dos pacientes são refratários às drogas anticonvulsivantes. Tendo como principal finalidade a elucidação de mecanismos básicos e, auxílio no desenvolvimento de abordagens terapêuticas eficazes para esses pacientes, pesquisadores do mundo inteiro dedicam muitos esforços para o desenvolvimento de modelos experimentais capazes de mimetizar o fenômeno que se pretende reproduzir. Dentre os principais modelos experimentais em EGIs, pode-se citar: (1) o modelo de epilepsia generalizada induzida por penicilina em gatos; (2) modelos de investigação da bicuculina; (3) indução por estimulação elétrica; (4) ratos geneticamente epilépticos de Strasbourg (GAERS); (5) cepa WAG/Rij; (6) modelo do gama-hidroxibutirato (GHB) e (7) os camundongos mutantes. Tais modelos experimentais têm provido meios para que os pesquisadores possam avaliar e quantificar adequadamente as alterações neuronais que ocorrem durante os processos epileptógenos tanto in vitro ou in vivo, possibilitando importantes avanços no desenvolvimento de novas abordagens terapêuticas e, melhora na qualidade de vida de portadores de epilepsia / Epilepsy is a very commom neurological disorders in world population. It is a chronicle condition highly disabling that affects both genera male and female independent of your age with a soft predominance in men and is more frequent in child under 2 years old and adult above 65 years old. The morbidity and mortality consequences of this disorder have many negative repercussions at society and global economy consequently. It is estimated about 60 to 100 millions of people around the world present any epileptic condition during their lives. According some researchers the epilepsy incidence varies about 11 to 131/100 thousand habitants for year and the prevalence between 1.5 to 30/1000 habitants for year, about this statics the higher values are found in developing countries, Latin America and Africa particularly. The Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy (IGE) are about a third of all others kinds of epilepsies and are 15 to 20% more frequent tha n others types of epilepsies. The absences IGEs are strictly related with childhood and adolescence age group and sometimes can affect patients (2.8 5.7 of cases) with age higher than 15 years old. The physiopathology as the real causes of to occur and to reoccur of absences crises in adult age are not completely enlightened and represent a important challenge to epileptlogists. The IGEs (genetic etiology) are classified in: a) typical absence seizures, b) atypical absence seizures, c) absence seizures with special factors, d) mioclonics seizures, f) tonic mioclonic seizures, g) clone seizures, h) tonic seizures and i) atonic seizures. The treatment commonly is pharmacologic and seizures are controlled in major parts of cases although about a third of patients are refratory to anticonvulsants drugs. Having as principal finality the elucidation of basic mechanisms and help of development of effectiv e therapeutical approaches to these patients, researchers around the world spend many efforts to develop experimental models able to reproduce the phenomena that want to reproduce. Among the principal experimental models of IGEs, it is possible to cite: (1) the general epilepsy model induced by penicillin in cats; (2) the models of investigation of bicuculin; (3) induction by electrical stimulation; (4) Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats of Strasbourg (GAERS); (5) cepa WAG/Rij; (6) the model of gamma-hydroxybutyric (GHB) and (7) mutant rats. These experimental models have promoted ways to researchers can to evaluate and quantify adequately the neuronal alterations that occur during epileptigenes process both in vitro or in vivo, making possible important advances in development of new therapeutical approaches and improvement in quality of life of epilepsy carriers
4

Estudo crítico dos modelos experimentais em epilepsia espontânea do tipo ausência / Critical study of experimental models of absence-like epilepsy

Oliveira, Elton Pallone de 25 February 2011 (has links)
A epilepsia é uma das afecções neurológica mais comum na população mundial. Trata-se de uma condição crônica altamente incapacitante que acomete indivíduos de ambos os sexos e de todas as faixas etárias, com um discreto predomínio em homens e, maior freqüência em crianças abaixo de dois anos e idosos acima de 65 anos. As conseqüências de morbidade e mortalidade desta patologia repercutem negativamente na sociedade e, conseqüentemente na economia global. Estima-se que de 60 a 100 milhões de pessoas ao redor do mundo apresentaram alguma condição epiléptica durante suas vidas. Segundo alguns autores a incidência da epilepsia varia de 11 a 131/100 mil habitantes por ano e a prevalência de 1,5 a 30/1000 habitantes por ano, sendo que os maiores valores encontram-se nos países em desenvolvimento, particularmente na America Latina e na África. As epilepsias generalizadas idiopáticas (EGI) constituem-se cerca de um terço de todas as formas de epilepsias e são 15 a 20% mais freqüentes em relação aos demais tipos de epilepsia. As EGI do tipo ausência, as quais são estritamente relacionadas à faixa etária infantil e adolescente podem muitas vezes (2,8 5,7% dos casos) afetar pacientes com idade superior a 15 anos. A fisiopatologia, assim como, as causas reais da ocorrência e/ou recorrência das crises de ausência na idade adulta não estão completamente esclarecidos e se representam um importante desafio para os epileptologistas. As epilepsias generalizadas idiopáticas (EGIs), (etiologia genética) são classificadas em: a) crises de ausência típicas, b) crises de ausência atípicas, c) crises de ausência com fatores especiais, d) crises mioclônicas, e) crises mioclônicas atônicas, f) crises mioclônicas tônicas, g) crises clônicas, h) crises tônicas e, i) crises atônicas. O tratamento e comumente farmacológico e as crises são controladas na maioria dos casos, no entanto, cerca de um terço dos pacientes são refratários às drogas anticonvulsivantes. Tendo como principal finalidade a elucidação de mecanismos básicos e, auxílio no desenvolvimento de abordagens terapêuticas eficazes para esses pacientes, pesquisadores do mundo inteiro dedicam muitos esforços para o desenvolvimento de modelos experimentais capazes de mimetizar o fenômeno que se pretende reproduzir. Dentre os principais modelos experimentais em EGIs, pode-se citar: (1) o modelo de epilepsia generalizada induzida por penicilina em gatos; (2) modelos de investigação da bicuculina; (3) indução por estimulação elétrica; (4) ratos geneticamente epilépticos de Strasbourg (GAERS); (5) cepa WAG/Rij; (6) modelo do gama-hidroxibutirato (GHB) e (7) os camundongos mutantes. Tais modelos experimentais têm provido meios para que os pesquisadores possam avaliar e quantificar adequadamente as alterações neuronais que ocorrem durante os processos epileptógenos tanto in vitro ou in vivo, possibilitando importantes avanços no desenvolvimento de novas abordagens terapêuticas e, melhora na qualidade de vida de portadores de epilepsia / Epilepsy is a very commom neurological disorders in world population. It is a chronicle condition highly disabling that affects both genera male and female independent of your age with a soft predominance in men and is more frequent in child under 2 years old and adult above 65 years old. The morbidity and mortality consequences of this disorder have many negative repercussions at society and global economy consequently. It is estimated about 60 to 100 millions of people around the world present any epileptic condition during their lives. According some researchers the epilepsy incidence varies about 11 to 131/100 thousand habitants for year and the prevalence between 1.5 to 30/1000 habitants for year, about this statics the higher values are found in developing countries, Latin America and Africa particularly. The Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy (IGE) are about a third of all others kinds of epilepsies and are 15 to 20% more frequent tha n others types of epilepsies. The absences IGEs are strictly related with childhood and adolescence age group and sometimes can affect patients (2.8 5.7 of cases) with age higher than 15 years old. The physiopathology as the real causes of to occur and to reoccur of absences crises in adult age are not completely enlightened and represent a important challenge to epileptlogists. The IGEs (genetic etiology) are classified in: a) typical absence seizures, b) atypical absence seizures, c) absence seizures with special factors, d) mioclonics seizures, f) tonic mioclonic seizures, g) clone seizures, h) tonic seizures and i) atonic seizures. The treatment commonly is pharmacologic and seizures are controlled in major parts of cases although about a third of patients are refratory to anticonvulsants drugs. Having as principal finality the elucidation of basic mechanisms and help of development of effectiv e therapeutical approaches to these patients, researchers around the world spend many efforts to develop experimental models able to reproduce the phenomena that want to reproduce. Among the principal experimental models of IGEs, it is possible to cite: (1) the general epilepsy model induced by penicillin in cats; (2) the models of investigation of bicuculin; (3) induction by electrical stimulation; (4) Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats of Strasbourg (GAERS); (5) cepa WAG/Rij; (6) the model of gamma-hydroxybutyric (GHB) and (7) mutant rats. These experimental models have promoted ways to researchers can to evaluate and quantify adequately the neuronal alterations that occur during epileptigenes process both in vitro or in vivo, making possible important advances in development of new therapeutical approaches and improvement in quality of life of epilepsy carriers
5

Epilepsias generalizadas idiopáticas: fatores clínicos e de neuroimagem relacionados ao difícil controle medicamentoso / Generalized idiopathic epilepsies: clinical and neuroimaging patterns related to drug-resistance

Lobato, Mauricio Lima 05 July 2018 (has links)
As epilepsias generalizadas idiopáticas (EGIs) associam-se a controle satisfatório de crises e a exames de neuroimagem convencionais normais. Métodos de neuroimagem avançada, como DTI (diffusion tensor imaging) e VBM (voxel based morphometry), permitiram melhor compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos no comportamento clínico das EGIs. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar diferenças clínicas entre pacientes com EGI não refratária e refratária, assim como avaliar as diferenças entre pacientes com EGI não refratária, refratária e indivíduos saudáveis através de ressonância por DTI e VBM. Avaliamos 40 pacientes com características clínicas e eletrencefalográficas de EGI, sendo 22 pacientes com EGI não refratária (GNR) e 18 pacientes com EGI refratária (GR). Participaram do estudo 20 indivíduos saudáveis, os quais compuseram o grupo controle (GC). O grupo GR apresentava maior número de pacientes usuários de fármacos benzodiazepínicos (p=0,01) e de fármacos antiepilépticos não-valproato (p=0,02). Pacientes do grupo GR também utilizavam doses maiores de VPA que os pacientes do grupo GNR (p=0,03) e recebiam maior carga total média de fármacos antiepilépticos (p=0,04). Observou-se, em relação aos 16 feixes e tratos avaliados nos índices de DTI (AF, DM, DR, DA) que houve diferença estatística do grupo GNR em relação ao GC em duas áreas do índice AF (anisotropia fracional), seis áreas do índice DM (difusividade média), seis áreas do índice DR (difusividade radial) e seis áreas do índice DA (difusividade axial), assim como houve diferença estatística do grupo GR em relação ao GC em duas áreas do índice AF, sete áreas do índice DM, seis áreas do índice DR e três áreas do índice DA. Entre as 94 regiões estudadas por VBM, observou-se redução volumétrica estatística em nove áreas de interesse no GNR quando em comparação ao GC e em sete áreas de interesse no GR quando em comparação ao GC. Não se observaram diferenças entre os grupos GNR e GR nos parâmetros avaliados por DTI ou por VBM. Como esperado, observamos que pacientes com EGI refratária mais frequentemente utilizam fármacos antiepilépticos de segunda linha ou não habituais a este tipo de epilepsia. O estudo permitiu concluir que o comprometimento encefálico nas EGIs analisadas é difuso e envolve áreas habitualmente não associadas a estas epilepsias, como o hipocampo e outras áreas temporais, e que os achados imagenológicos não se associam à refratariedade clínica dos pacientes / Generalized idiopathic epilepsies (IGEs) are usually associated with good seizure control and normal conventional neuroimaging exams. Advanced neuroimaging methods, such as DTI (diffusion tensor imaging) and VBM (voxel based morphometry) have provided a better understanding of the IGEs. This study´s primary objective was to evaluate clinical diferences between refractory and non-refractory IGEs, and to compare advanced MRI methods (DTI and VBM) findings in refractory and non-refractory IGE patients. Forty IGE patients were divided in two groups: 22 non-refratory (NRG) patients and 18 refractory (RG) patients. Twenty healthy subjects were enrolled as a control group (CG). RG patients received benzodiazepines (p=0,01) and non-valproate antiepileptic drugs (p=0,02) more often than NRG patients. RG group also received a higher mean total of antiepileptic drug load (p=0,04) than NRG group. Regarding neuroimaging methods, DTI index analysis (FA, MD, RD, AD) statiscally demonstrated that NRG group had two compromised areas on FA (fractional anisotropy) index, six areas on MD (mean diffusivity) index, six areas on RD (radial diffusivity) index and six areas on AD (axial diffusivity) index, when compared to CG. On RG group, DTI index analysis statiscally demonstrated that this group had two compromised areas on FA index, seven areas on MD index, six areas on RD index and three areas on AD index, when compared to CG, of 16 analyzed areas of interest. VBM analysis of 94 regions of interest showed reduced volumes in nine areas in the NRG group when compared to CG and in seven areas of interest in the RG group when compared to CG. We found no differences on DTI and VBM parameters comparing NRG and RG groups. As expected, refractory IGE patients received second line or non-usual antiepileptic drugs for this epilepsy type more often than non-refractory patients. We concluded that brain involvement´s in IGEs is diffuse and affects areas usually not related to this epilepsy type, such as the hipocampus and other temporal areas. Advanced neuroimaging findings in IGEs were not associated with clinical refractoriness
6

Epilepsias generalizadas idiopáticas: fatores clínicos e de neuroimagem relacionados ao difícil controle medicamentoso / Generalized idiopathic epilepsies: clinical and neuroimaging patterns related to drug-resistance

Mauricio Lima Lobato 05 July 2018 (has links)
As epilepsias generalizadas idiopáticas (EGIs) associam-se a controle satisfatório de crises e a exames de neuroimagem convencionais normais. Métodos de neuroimagem avançada, como DTI (diffusion tensor imaging) e VBM (voxel based morphometry), permitiram melhor compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos no comportamento clínico das EGIs. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar diferenças clínicas entre pacientes com EGI não refratária e refratária, assim como avaliar as diferenças entre pacientes com EGI não refratária, refratária e indivíduos saudáveis através de ressonância por DTI e VBM. Avaliamos 40 pacientes com características clínicas e eletrencefalográficas de EGI, sendo 22 pacientes com EGI não refratária (GNR) e 18 pacientes com EGI refratária (GR). Participaram do estudo 20 indivíduos saudáveis, os quais compuseram o grupo controle (GC). O grupo GR apresentava maior número de pacientes usuários de fármacos benzodiazepínicos (p=0,01) e de fármacos antiepilépticos não-valproato (p=0,02). Pacientes do grupo GR também utilizavam doses maiores de VPA que os pacientes do grupo GNR (p=0,03) e recebiam maior carga total média de fármacos antiepilépticos (p=0,04). Observou-se, em relação aos 16 feixes e tratos avaliados nos índices de DTI (AF, DM, DR, DA) que houve diferença estatística do grupo GNR em relação ao GC em duas áreas do índice AF (anisotropia fracional), seis áreas do índice DM (difusividade média), seis áreas do índice DR (difusividade radial) e seis áreas do índice DA (difusividade axial), assim como houve diferença estatística do grupo GR em relação ao GC em duas áreas do índice AF, sete áreas do índice DM, seis áreas do índice DR e três áreas do índice DA. Entre as 94 regiões estudadas por VBM, observou-se redução volumétrica estatística em nove áreas de interesse no GNR quando em comparação ao GC e em sete áreas de interesse no GR quando em comparação ao GC. Não se observaram diferenças entre os grupos GNR e GR nos parâmetros avaliados por DTI ou por VBM. Como esperado, observamos que pacientes com EGI refratária mais frequentemente utilizam fármacos antiepilépticos de segunda linha ou não habituais a este tipo de epilepsia. O estudo permitiu concluir que o comprometimento encefálico nas EGIs analisadas é difuso e envolve áreas habitualmente não associadas a estas epilepsias, como o hipocampo e outras áreas temporais, e que os achados imagenológicos não se associam à refratariedade clínica dos pacientes / Generalized idiopathic epilepsies (IGEs) are usually associated with good seizure control and normal conventional neuroimaging exams. Advanced neuroimaging methods, such as DTI (diffusion tensor imaging) and VBM (voxel based morphometry) have provided a better understanding of the IGEs. This study´s primary objective was to evaluate clinical diferences between refractory and non-refractory IGEs, and to compare advanced MRI methods (DTI and VBM) findings in refractory and non-refractory IGE patients. Forty IGE patients were divided in two groups: 22 non-refratory (NRG) patients and 18 refractory (RG) patients. Twenty healthy subjects were enrolled as a control group (CG). RG patients received benzodiazepines (p=0,01) and non-valproate antiepileptic drugs (p=0,02) more often than NRG patients. RG group also received a higher mean total of antiepileptic drug load (p=0,04) than NRG group. Regarding neuroimaging methods, DTI index analysis (FA, MD, RD, AD) statiscally demonstrated that NRG group had two compromised areas on FA (fractional anisotropy) index, six areas on MD (mean diffusivity) index, six areas on RD (radial diffusivity) index and six areas on AD (axial diffusivity) index, when compared to CG. On RG group, DTI index analysis statiscally demonstrated that this group had two compromised areas on FA index, seven areas on MD index, six areas on RD index and three areas on AD index, when compared to CG, of 16 analyzed areas of interest. VBM analysis of 94 regions of interest showed reduced volumes in nine areas in the NRG group when compared to CG and in seven areas of interest in the RG group when compared to CG. We found no differences on DTI and VBM parameters comparing NRG and RG groups. As expected, refractory IGE patients received second line or non-usual antiepileptic drugs for this epilepsy type more often than non-refractory patients. We concluded that brain involvement´s in IGEs is diffuse and affects areas usually not related to this epilepsy type, such as the hipocampus and other temporal areas. Advanced neuroimaging findings in IGEs were not associated with clinical refractoriness
7

Functional MRI of Rat and Monkey Models of Absence Epilepsy: A Dissertation

Tenney, Jeffrey R. 28 May 2004 (has links)
A seizure is defined as an abnormal electrical discharge from the brain that results in the affected area losing its normal function and reacting uncontrollably. A particular subset of seizures, known as absence seizures, are characterized by brief, paroxysmal losses of consciousness that are associated with bilaterally synchronous 3 Hz spike and wave discharges (SWDs) on electroencephalography (EEG). The optimal way to understand any disease state is to study it within the human. Unfortunately, well controlled experiments in humans are difficult due to small patient populations, treatment medications which alter the seizure, and the ethical problems associated with invasive experimental procedures. Animal models of absence seizures provide a means of avoiding the above difficulties but the model should mimic, as closely as possible, the human condition. The goal of this thesis was to develop an animal model of absence epilepsy that could be used to explore, non-invasively, the underlying mechanisms of absence seizures. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to non-invasively monitor brain activity during absence seizures in various animal models. In this dissertation I report the development of a pharmacological rat model of absence seizures for use in fMRI investigations. Imaging was performed after absence seizure induction using γ-butyrolactone (GBL) and it was found that the cortico-thalamic circuitry, critical for the formation of SWDs, showed robust signal changes consistent with electroencephalographic recordings in the same animals. Since a major disadvantage of the GBL rat model is that it produces acute, drug-induced seizures, a genetic rat model with spontaneous absence seizures was subsequently developed for fMRI. EEG-triggered fMRI was used to identify areas of brain activation during spontaneous SWDs in the epileptic WAG/Rij rat strain under awake conditions. Significant signal changes were apparent in several areas of the cortex and several important nuclei of the thalamus. These results draw an anatomical correlation between areas in which there is increased fMRI signal and those where SWDs have been previously recorded using electrophysiologic techniques. One way in which absences differ between humans and both of these rat models is that the SWD frequency in humans is classically 3 Hz while in rats it varies from 7 to 11 Hz. Marmoset monkeys were found to model the human absence seizure condition better than other animals because GBL administration in these non-human primates results in the formation of 3 Hz SWDs. This monkey model was developed for awake functional imaging and changes in signal intensity in the thalamus and sensorimotor cortex correlated with the onset of 3 Hz SWDs. The change in BOLD signal intensity was bilateral but heterogeneous, affecting some brain areas more than others.

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