O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar as interações econômicas das unidades da Federação. Cabe ressaltar que as interações serão tratadas neste trabalho como o comércio entre as diversas unidades espaciais e suas relações mercantis com o resto do mundo. Para atingir tal objetivo foi especificado um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável de tradição australiana (B-MARIA27-IT). O modelo é composto por seis tipos de agentes, quais sejam: setores produtivos, investidores, famílias, governo federal, governo regional e setor externo. Em cada uma das 27 regiões contempladas há oito setores produzindo oito bens. O setor externo é dividido em cinco blocos de comércio: NAFTA, resto da ALCA, União Européia, Mercosul e resto do mundo. Para analisar a estrutura de interações econômicas entre as unidades da Federação foi implementado um exercício de simulação, que consistiu em um deslocamento na curva de demanda por exportações para os diversos blocos de comércio, ou seja, uma proxy do fortalecimento das interações destas unidades com determinado bloco de comércio. Através deste exercício pode-se verificar, por exemplo, qual o impacto de um aumento das transações internacionais de um setor localizado em determinada unidade da Federação, sobre os fluxos de comércio interno das demais unidades da Federação. Ao fazer esta análise através de um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável (EGC) pode-se levar em conta a possibilidade de substituição entre bens domésticos e importados, a variação nos preços relativos, a possibilidade de substituição diferenciada para os bens de exportação, dentre outros. Cabe ainda ressaltar que, para analisar a interdependência entre setores, regiões e famílias de forma mais acurada, é importante levar em conta, por exemplo, diferenciais de preço e mobilidade dos fatores de produção, dentre outros fatores. Logo, a estrutura de EGC parece-nos mais adequada para tratar, de forma completa, as interações espaciais entre as unidades da Federação. / The principal aim of this thesis is to analize the economic interactions among the Brazilian states. The economic interactions in this work will be treated as trade among the Brazilian states and trade between the Brazilian states and the rest of the world. In order to reach this objective a computable general equilibrium model was specified (B-MARIA27-IT). The model is formed by productive sectors, investors, households, federal government, regional government and external sector. There are 8 sectors responsible for the production of 8 goods in each one of the 27 regions. The external sector is divided in five regions: NAFTA, rest of FTAA, European Union, Mercosur and rest of the world. In order to analise the structure of economic interactions among the Brazilian states was implemented a simulation that changed the exports demand for each one of the external regions. This simulatin can be understand as a proxy of an increase in the relationship between the Brazilian states and external sector. This exercise will enable us to verify which will be the impact upon the inter-state trade flows of an increase in the international trade flows of each Brazilian state. The general equilibrium approach considers the possibility of substitution between domestic goods and imported goods, changes in the relative prices, imperfect substitution among goods, factor production mobility, etc. So we can affirm that the general equilibrium approach is adequate to capture the whole picture of spatial interacions of the Brazilian states.

A hanseniase e uma doenca endemica no Brasil sendo considerado um problema de saude publica. A hanseniase causa acometimentos oculares, cutaneos, sistemicos e nervosos, sendo este ultimo o mais importante, pois provoca alteracoes de sensibilidade e propriocepcao, que podem afetar o controle da postura. O objetivo principal deste estudo e descrever o controle postural de sujeitos portadores de hanseniase e compara-los com sujeitos saudaveis. Para tanto, tambem serao mensuradas algumas respostas sensorio-motoras possivelmente relacionadas ao controle postural destes sujeitos. Foi avaliado o controle postural por meio do Teste Clinico de Interacao Sensorial no Equilibrio modificado utilizando-se uma plataforma de forca e do BESTest, Balance Evaluation Systems Tests, uma medida funcional do equilibrio. Quanto as respostas sensorio-motoras, foram avaliados os reflexos tendinosos, a forca muscular, a palpacao de dois nervos do membro inferior, a propriocepcao, a sensibilidade cutanea, a acuidade visual, em todos os sujeitos, e o grau de incapacidades fisicas apenas nos sujeitos portadores de hanseniase. De forma geral, todas as respostas sensorio-motoras dos portadores de hanseniase estao prejudicadas. O desempenho no BESTest indica que os portadores de hanseniase apresentam dificuldades em controlar o equilibrio em tarefas tipicas das atividades da vida diaria. O desempenho nas tarefas de equilibrio quantificado pela posturografia indica que os portadores de hanseniase apresentam dificuldades em controlar o equilibrio na postura ereta quieta sem ou com manipulacao da informacao sensorial. Os resultados reportados neste trabalho mostram pela primeira vez que portadores de hanseniase possuem deficits no controle postural relevantes para a manutencao do equilibrio e para execucao de outras tarefas comuns da vida diaria. Estes resultados sugerem que portadores de hanseniase devem receber auxilio especial para que estes deficits possam ser diminuidos / Hansen\'s disease is an endemic disease in Brazil and it is considered a public health problem. The Hansen\'s disease causes eye, cutaneous, systemic, and nervous problems; being the latter the most important hence affects the sensibility and proprioception and possibly can affect postural control. The main goal of this study is to describe the postural control of individuals with Hansen\'s disease and compare them to healthy individuals. For such, it will also be measured sensory-motor responses possibly related to the postural control of these individuals. The postural control was evaluated employing a modified version of the Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance using a force plate and the BESTest, Balance Evaluation Systems Tests, a functional measure of the postural control. In regard to the sensory-motor responses, it was evaluated the tendinous reflex, muscle force, palpation of two nerves of the lower limb, proprioception, cutaneous sensibility, visual acuity, in all subjects, and the degree of physical incapacity only of individuals with Hansen\'s disease. In general, all the sensory-motor responses of the individuals with hanseniase are deteriorated. The performance in the BESTest suggests that individuals with Hansen\'s disease have problems in controlling their posture in typical daily living tasks. The performance in the postural control tasks measured by posturography also suggests that the individuals with Hansen\'s disease have problems in controlling their posture with or without the manipulation of the sensory information. These results show by the first time that individuals with Hansen\'s disease have significant postural control deficits that impair their ability to maintain their upright posture and to execute common daily living tasks. These results suggest that individuals with Hansen\'s disease must receive special attention in order to reduce these deficits

Orientador: Adriana Vitorino Rossi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T12:44:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Verzoto_JoseCarlos_M.pdf: 2173357 bytes, checksum: 93e5222b6474774989fc07e35aeec890 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, o tema equilíbrio químico foi objeto de estudo sob perspectiva didática, considerando-se sua relevância em termos conceituais bem como aspectos relacionados ao processo de ensino/aprendizagem, como dificuldades apresentadas na linguagem e interpretação desse conceito apontadas na literatura e por professores do ensino médio. Neste contexto, buscou-se investigar aspectos de desenvolvimento histórico desse conceito, resgatando informações relevantes para subsidiar interpretações críticas de material didático comercial e aprimorar situações propícias ao processo de ensino/aprendizagem em sala de aula. Paralelamente, foram elaboradas e testadas duas propostas didáticas. A primeira proposta A envolveu a elaboração de material de apoio para o ensino de equilíbrio químico incluindo aulas contextualizadas, demonstrações experimentais e abordagem histórica e esta foi aplicada a três turmas de estudantes (81 participantes) da 3ª série em 2007. A outra proposta B limitou-se a aspectos teóricos tradicionais e foi aplicada a nove turmas (236 estudantes) da 2ª e 3ª série em 2006 e 1 turma com 33 estudantes da 3ª série, em 2007, todas do ensino médio. Utilizando-se questionários e entrevistas, foram investigadas impressões prévias e pós-aulas desses estudantes sobre questões envolvendo o conceito de equilíbrio químico. Os resultados desta investigação indicaram vantagens no processo de ensino/aprendizagem na aplicação da proposta A, que incluiu situações que oportunizaram o professor discutir alguns aspectos concretos incluindo demonstração experimental e mostrando aspectos positivos na discussão da construção do conhecimento científico sob uma perspectiva histórica e o crescimento dinâmico da Ciência. Apesar dessa proposta demandar alguns esforços adicionais para o professor, principalmente referindo-se as demonstrações experimentais e discussão de aspectos históricos, os resultados alcançados são compensadores. / Abstract: In this work, the subject chemical equilibrium was the object of study under didactic perspective, considering its relevance in conceptual terms as well as aspects related to the teaching/learning process, as difficulties presented in the language and interpretation of this concept pointed in the literature and by high school teachers. In this context, aspects of historical development of this concept were investigated in order to recovery important information to subsidize a critical evaluation of commercial textbooks and to improve propitious situations the teaching/learning process in the classroom. At the same time, two didactic proposals were elaborated and tested. The first proposal A involved the elaboration of the support material for teaching chemical equilibrium including contextualized lessons, experimental demonstrations and historical approaching and it was applied to three groups of students (81 participants) of 3rd grade in 2007. The other proposal B was limited to the traditional theoretical aspects and was applied to nine groups (236 students) of 2rd and 3rd grades in 2006 and one group with 33 students of 3rd grade, in 2007, all of high school. Written questionnaires and interviews were to investigate previous and after-lessons conceptions of these students on questions involving the concept of chemical equilibrium. The results of this study indicated advantages in the process of teaching/learning in the application of the proposal A, that included situations that became opportune to the professor to the discuss some concrete aspects including experimental demonstration and I also showed the positive effect of talk about how the scientific knowledge is built under a historical perspective and the dynamic growing of the Science. Despite of this proposal demanding some additional efforts from the professor, mainly concerning to the experimental demonstrations and quarrel of historical aspects, the reached results are compensating. / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química

Orientador: Rahoma Sadeg Mohamed. / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T07:15:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_AlexandreParkerde_M.pdf: 11817583 bytes, checksum: eb5c95965e5d6dea4c4ee13a0b0c8983 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Resumo: A precipitação de parafinas é um sério problema enfrentado pela industria do petróleo ao longo de toda a sua cadeia produtiva gerando custo elevado para sua prevenção e tratamento. Este trabalho tem por objetivos contribuir aos estudos do comportamento de fases de misturas binárias, temárias e multicomponentes de n-parafinas, na faixa de n-'C IND. 23¿¿H IND. 48¿ a n-'C IND. 50¿H IND. 102¿. Temperaturas de Precipitação de Parafinas (TPP) foram levantadas experimentalmente utilizando-se a Calorimetria de Varredura Diferencial (DSC). Resultados experimentais apresentaram três principais comportamentos de fases: precipitação de parafinas como solução sólida, precipitação com componentes parcialmente miscíveis na fase sólida e precipitação dos componentes separadamente. Quando um ou mais componentes intermediários são adicionados a misturas binárias que cristalizam separadamente ou com solubilidade parcial surge uma tendência de solubilização. Foi testada a capacidade de alguns modelos termodinâmicos (misturas ideais, soluções regulares, fase multisólida, CDLP e composição local) na predição do comportamento de fases de misturas de n-parafinas. Conforme esperado, os modelos de soluções regulares, CDLP e composição local se mostraram mais adequados a misturas que formam soluções sólidas. O modelo da fase multisólida demonstrou boa capacidade preditiva para sistemas que cristalizam separadamente ou com solubilidade parcial. Este trabalho também apresenta dados importantes sobre misturas temárias e multicomponentes de n-parafinas, ainda pouco tratadas na literatura / Abstract: Wax Precipitation is a very serious problem faced in the petroleum industry through all phases of production and processing, due to the large costs involved in prevention and treatment. This work is focused on the study of phase behavior of binary, temary and multicomponent mixtures of n-paraffins in the range of n-'C IND. 23¿¿H IND. 48¿ a n-'C IND. 50¿H IND. 102¿. CSOH1o2.Wax Precipitation Temperatures (WPT) were experimentally obtained using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Experimental results can be c1assified in three different categories in accordance to the phase behavior obtained: precipitation as solid solutions, precipitation as eutectic mixtures and precipitation wherein the components exhibited limited solid solubility. A tendency for solubilization appears when one or more n-alkanes, with intermediate molecular weight, are introduced in eutectic or with limited solid solubility mixtures. Some thermodynamic models (ideal mixture, regular solution, multisolid phase, CDLP and local composition) were tested for predictions of the phase behavior of those mixtures. As expected, regular solution, CDLP and local composition models provided good predictions for systems that exhibit solid solution behavior while the multisolid phase model provided best description for systems with limited solid solubility and eutectic behaviors. This work also displays important aspects about temary and multicomponent mixtures no much attended in the literature / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Petróleo

Orientador: Antonio Jose de Almeida Meirelles / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T04:14:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_MariaCristinaBevitoriMaffiade_D.pdf: 1030061 bytes, checksum: 09d38b246c110d22aef5053eebddef4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

Orientador: Elias Basile Tambourgi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:58:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leite_PatriciaBernardi_D.pdf: 6148337 bytes, checksum: f4db900db28f697e2c296bf0ea5251a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: : A enzima glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase (G6PDH) pode ser obtida de origem animal, vegetal ou microbiana, como no caso da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Esta enzima apresenta grande importância para a sobrevida celular uma vez que participa da regulação do ciclo das pentoses sendo responsável pela manutenção de um nível adequado de NADPH nas células. A deficiência de glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase (G6PDH) em seres humanos é considerada a mais importante enzimopatia diagnosticada. A deficiência desta enzima favorece a ruptura de membrana dos glóbulos vermelhos (hemácias ou eritrócitos) levando à anemia hemolítica. Nesse trabalho, estudou-se as condições de extração da enzima G6PDH através do uso da técnica de extração líquido-líquido por micelas reservas de tensoativos aniônicos (AOT) e catiônicos (CTAB). Planejamentos estatísticos específicos para casa sistema analisado foram empregados. As variáveis estudadas foram pH, concentração do tensoativo e temperatura. Estudou-se, também uma microcoluna agitada por campânulas pulsadas, visando promover um eficiente contato entre as fases através de uma agitação suave, aumentando assim o tempo de contato entre as fases no interior da microcoluna e também evitando a desnaturação da enzima. As porcentagens de recuperação da enzima para estes sistemas variaram de nulos a 5,10% utilizando AOT e de nulos a 14,04% cin CTAB. No entanto, observou-se diminuição na atividade catalítica da enzima ...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The enzime glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) it can be obtained of animal origin, vegetable or microbial, as in the case of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This enzymes presents great importance for the cellular survival once it participates in the regulation of the cycle of the pentosys being responsible for the support of an appropriate level of NADPH in the cells. The deficiency of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G¨PDH) in human being the most important diagnosed enzymepatic is considered. The deficiency of this enzyme favors the rupture of the membrane of the red globules (hemacys or erythrocytes), taking to the hemolytic anemia. In this work, it was studies the conditions of extraction of the enzyme G6PDH by extraction on reserved micelles utilizing a anionic surfactant (AOT) and cationic surfactant (CTAB). Specific statical design for each analyzed system were used. The studied variables were: pH, concentration of the surfactant and temperature. It was studied, also, a microcolumn agitated by pulsed caps, due to promote an efficient contact between the phases in the column and also to avoid the enzyme denaturation and the loss of main proteins properties. The percentages of recovery of the enzyme of these system varied of 0 to 5,10% using AOT and of 0to 14,04% with CTAB. However, decrease was observed in the catalytic activity of the enzyme ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Doutorado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Doutor em Engenharia Química

This thesis is divided in two parts. The first one is devoted to the dynamics of polariton condensates, with particular attention to their pattern-forming capabilities. In many configurations of physical interest, the dynamics of polariton condensates can be modelled by means of a non-linear PDE which is strictly related to the Gross-Pitaevskii and the complex Ginzburg-Landau equations. Numerical simulations of this equation are used to investigate the robustness of the rotating vortex lattice which is predicted to spontaneously form in a non-equilibrium trapped condensate. An idea for a polariton-based gyroscope is then presented. The device relies on peculiar properties of non-equilibrium condensates - the possibility of controlling the vortex emission mechanism and the use of pumping strength as a control parameter - and improves on existing proposals for superfluid-based gyroscopes. Finally, the important rôle played by quantum pressure in the recently observed transition from a phase-locked but freely flowing condensate to a spatially trapped one is discussed. The second part of this thesis presents work done in the context of the geometrical models of matter framework, which aims to describe particles in terms of 4-dimensional manifolds. Conserved quantum numbers of particles are encoded in the topology of the manifold, while dynamical quantities are to be described in terms of its geometry. Two infinite families of manifolds, namely ALF gravitational instantons of types A_k and D_k, are investigated as possible models for multi-particle systems. On the basis of their topological and geometrical properties it is concluded that A_k can model a system of k+1 electrons, and D_k a system of a proton and k-1 electrons. Energy functionals which successfully reproduce the Coulomb interaction energy, and in one case also the rest masses, of these particle systems are then constructed in terms of the area and Gaussian curvature of preferred representatives of middle dimension homology. Finally, an idea for constructing multi-particle models by gluing single-particle ones is discussed.

Submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements of Masters in Applied Sciences (Chemistry), Durban University of Technology, 2017. / This thesis forms part of the Durban University of Technology Thermodynamics Research Unit’s project which is aimed at developing a method for determination of the liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE) data for the azeotrope {methanol + water} with an ionic-liquid (IL) using DSA5000M to assess the efficiency of the ionic liquid to be used in liquid-liquid extractions for the recovery and recycling of methanol from petroleum refinery. The objective of this study was to determine the liquid-liquid equilibria data of the azeotrope {methanol + water} using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate ionic liquid with the intention to recycle methanol from the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process by- products in petroleum industries and to utilize it in gasoline additives in a new methanol to gasoline (MTG) petroleum process. LLE studies of systems containing alcohols and water are important due to the increasing demands of oxygenated compounds to produce lead free gasoline. Light alkanols such as methanol and ethanol are reported to be suitable compounds in order to produce lead free gasoline, but the use of methanol in gasoline blends can cause phase separation problems in: 1. dry conditions, these are due to its partial solubility in saturated hydrocarbons. 2. the presence of water from ambient humidity or in storage tanks, this depend on unfavourable distribution factor between aqueous and the hydrocarbon phase. To determine the possibility of separating methanol from water using ionic liquid, the liquid-liquid equilibria data was determined at room temperature, T = 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure to investigate whether it separate from water and/or a non-phase separation if it is used as an additive. The experimental data generated was compared to that of the literature for the system {methanol (1) +toluene (2) + dodecane (3)} and showed good agreement with the literature data with only maximum deviation of ± 0.0015 in the mole fraction using density calculations and ± 0.0092 in the mole fraction when using refractive index calculations The selectivities and distribution coefficients for this system were also calculated and the maximum deviation between the two methods (nD and ρ) was ± 1.33 in selectivities and found to be ±0.001 for distribution coefficients. The maximum deviation in distribution coefficients from literature when using nD calculations for system 1 was ±0.04 and ±0.01 for ρ. For the selectivity values the deviation from that of literature of nD when compared was found to be ± 1.28 and 0.29 for ρ respectively. The selectivity values from the density calculations were found to be in the range 2.82 – 7.66 for this system with the distribution coefficient values reported in the range 0.17 – 0.23. In the second system (system 2) the generated experimental data was also compared to that of the literature for the system {water (1) + methanol (2) + cyclohexane (3)} and in good agreement with literature values with only maximum deviation of ± 0.0091 in the weight fraction based on density calculations. The selectivities and distribution coefficients were also calculated and the maximum deviation between the literature and the experimental data was computed to be at ± 0.0003 for selectivity and ±0.09 in distribution coefficient. The selectivity values were found to be in a range 0.00 - 0.04 for this system and were constant throughout the phases but significantly less than one; with the distribution coefficient values in the range 0.00 – 0.008. For 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate system (Ionic liquid system) the selectivity values were not constant throughout the two-phase region and the values were found to be in the range 0.63 -0.99 still below one which indicates that the ionic liquid used in this study could not be considered as a potential solvent for the separation of the investigated azeotrope. The distribution coefficients for this system were determined and found to be in the range 0.23 – 0.74. The certainty and reliability of experimentally measured tie-line data was ascertained by applying Othmer-Tobias (OT) correlations and the Non-Random, Two Liquid (NRTL) parameters. The OT correlations for system 1 was linear and indicated the certainty of the five tie-lines prepared for this system. In system 2 the OT correlation was not linear and indicated extensively high errors as well as high systematic multiplicative and additive errors in calculations of mole fractions. For the IL system the OT correlation was linear throughout the whole tie-line range and indicated the adequate precision, which denotes that the investigation was carried out with minimal random and systematic errors and indicated the efficiency of the DSA 5000 M to generate the liquid-liquid equilibria data. All the ternary systems were well correlated and in good agreement with the estimated NRTL data. It was only system 1{methanol (1) + toluene (2) + dodecane (3)} that gave a high maximum deviation ( %RSMD) of 1.288 when using the RI measurements with the minimum error margin of 0.6320, this account as to why RI measurements were not applied in other systems (system 2 and ionic liquid system). Similarly for the same system; system 1{methanol (1) + toluene (2) + dodecane (3)} when using the density measurements; the NRTL model gave a maximum deviation of 0.5620 and minimum error margin of 0.2590. The NRTL obtained for system 2 {water (1) + methanol (2) + cyclohexane (3)} gave the maximum deviation of 0.5752 and minimum error margin of 0.0127. The NRTL for the ionic liquid ternary system {[EMIM][EtSO4](1) + methanol (2) + water (3)}showed a good agreement between the experimental data and the NRTL model tie- line data with the %RSMD of 1.0201 on the upper limit and 0.1620 as a lower deviation. / M

Isostatic equilibrium is commonly defined as the state achieved when there are no lateral gradients in hydrostatic pressure, and thus no lateral flow, at depth within the lower viscosity mantle that underlies a planetary body's outer crust. In a constant-gravity Cartesian framework, this definition is equivalent to the requirement that columns of equal width contain equal masses. Here we show, however, that this equivalence breaks down when the spherical geometry of the problem is taken into account. Imposing the "equal masses" requirement in a spherical geometry, as is commonly done in the literature, leads to significant lateral pressure gradients along internal equipotential surfaces and thus corresponds to a state of disequilibrium. Compared with the "equal pressures" model we present here, the equal masses model always overestimates the compensation depth-by similar to 27% in the case of the lunar highlands and by nearly a factor of 2 in the case of Enceladus. Plain Language Summary "Isostasy" is the principle that, just as an iceberg floats on the water, crustal rocks effectively float on the underlying higher density mantle, which behaves essentially like a fluid on geologic timescales. Although there are subtle inconsistencies among the various ways isostasy can be defined, they have not been historically problematic for bodies like the Earth, where the crust is thin compared with the overall radius. When the thickness of the crust is a nonnegligible fraction of a planetary body's radius, however, it becomes important to take the spherical geometry into account. In this case, the inconsistencies in the definitions can lead to significant discrepancies. Here we argue that one of the most commonly used approaches, which requires equal width columns to contain equal masses, always results in overestimating the crustal thickness. In particular, we suggest that the lunar and Martian highlands crustal thickness may have been overestimated by similar to 27% and similar to 10%, respectively, and that the ice shell thickness for Saturn's small icy moon Enceladus may have been overestimated by nearly a factor of 2.

In this work we make analysis of the tax evasion practices which have become widely used by the small and medium enterprises in the Russian transitional economy. Taxation has always been the issue best describing relations between state and private business; in Russian economy taxation has come to characterize specificity of interactions between authorities at different levels of government and businessmen. We look at the current situation through the theoretical framework provided by the neoinstitutional theory which allows us to consider data and facts collected on the problem through the perspective of institutional change. By employing analytical tools of the neoinstitutionalism we consider tax evasion as a part of evolving institutional environment. Persistence and prevalence of the schemes used by small businesses to avoid payment of full tax liabilities leads us to qualify the current situation as an institutional dead-lock or in other words inefficient socio­ economic equilibrium: tax-evasion is seen as an illegal activity by the state and development-hampering by businesses, nonetheless the practice persists for decades. We consider that institutions are promoted and supported by different groups united by common socio-economic interest, therefore to describe and analyse this situation we identify...