Darbe analizuojamos palyginamųjų daugiklių metodo taikymo galimybės Baltijos šalių listinguojamoms įmonėms. Darbo tikslas - įvertinti palyginamųjų daugiklių metodo taikymo galimybes nelikvidžiose rinkose Baltijos šalių listinguojamų įmonių pavyzdžiu. Darbą sudaro trys dalys, kurių pirmojoje pristatomi daugiklių metodo privalumai, trūkumai, praktinio pritaikymo etapai ir skirtingų metodų, naudojamų kiekviename praktinio pritaikymo etape, poveikio vertinimo rezultatams apžvalga. Antroje dalyje pateikiama ir pagrindžiama tyrimo metodologija, o trečioje - tyrimo rezultatai. Pagrindiniai tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad palyginamųjų daugiklių metodas nelikvidžiose rinkose listinguojamų įmonių atveju duoda didesnes paklaidas nei įmonių, listinguojamų likvidesnėse kapitalo rinkose, atveju. Visgi, EV/IC, EV/NOA, EV/TA, EV/EBITDA, EV/EBIT ir P/B daugikliai gali būti taikomi vertinant Baltijos šalių listinguojamas įmones. Be to, nustatyta, kad 1) įmonės vertės daugikliai duoda mažesnes paklaidas nei nuosavybės vertės daugikliai; 2) su balansinėmis vetėmis susieti daugikliai duoda mažesnes paklaidas, nei su pelnu, pardavimais ar pinigų srautais susieti daugikliai; 3)tinkamiausias įmonių atrankos kriterijus yra ROIC; 4) daugiklių kombinavimas nėra prasmingas, kadangi padidina vertinimo tikslumą tik nežymiai ir tik kai kurių daugiklių atveju; 5) skirtingiems pramonės sektoriams egzistuoja skirtingi tinkamiausi daugikliai. / This paper analyzes the application possibilities of multiples valuation method in the Baltic states equity market. The aim of this paper is to assess the application possibilities of multiples valuation method in illiquid markets, with the example of Baltic listed companies. The work consists of three parts. The first part presents the advantages and disadvantages of the multiples method, also it presents method‘s practical applications stages and and the review of results of the previous research on this topic. The second part describes the research methodology. The third part presents the results of empyrical study. The main findings of this study is: 1) valuation erros, when multiples valuation method is applied in illiquid markets are higher, then those in liquid markets; 2) however, the EV / IC, EV / NOA, EV / TA, EV / EBITDA, EV / EBIT and P / B multiples are appropriate for valuation of companies listed in Baltic stock exchange; 3) entity value multiples outperform equity value multiples 4) book value multiples outperform accrual flow and cash flow multiples 3) the most appropriate criteria for selecting comperable companies is ROIC; 4) The combination of multiples is not meaningful as it increases the accuracy of valuation only slightly, and only for some of the multiples 5) different industries are associated with different best multiples.

China's transition from a planned economy to a market economy has brought about remarkably rapid economic growth. Year after year, China boasted of double-digit growth rates since the early 1990s. Attracted by China's so-called "economic miracle," foreign investors began entering the Chinese market hoping to benefit from the country's vast array of financial opportunities. Private equity, particularly a leveraged buyout, was an unfamiliar concept in China until late 1990s. Now China has become the most attractive destination among emerging markets for private equity investment. Global private equity firms are currently raising billions of dollars for funds focusing on China because of the potential for exceedingly high returns. In the early 2000s, there were several instances of the Chinese government approving large foreign private equity deals with a state-owned enterprises in industries deemed strategically sensitive. This is highly unusual because the Chinese government has been traditionally protective of sectors related to national or economic security. However, there were also cases when foreign private equity deals failed to gain regulatory approval even though the Chinese firm was not in a sensitive industry. This paper aims to illuminate the reasons behind this anomaly. By investigating the factors that Chinese regulators consider when reviewing private equity proposals through an analysis of four case studies, this paper will reveal a facet of China's evolving market economy. Based on the parallels drawn from the case studies along with other formidable challenges, this paper proposes that the future of China's private equity market may not be as promising as anticipated by foreign investors.

Understanding financial asset return correlation is a key facet in asset allocation and investor’s portfolio optimization strategy. For the last decades, several studies have investigated this relationship between stock and bond returns. But, fewer studies have dealt with multi-asset return dynamics. While initial literature attempted to understand the fundamental pattern of comovements, later studies model the economic state variables influencing such time-varying comovements of primarily stock and bond returns. Research widely acknowledges that return distributions of financial assets are non-normal. When the joint distributions of the asset returns follow a non-elliptical structure, linear correlation fails to provide sufficient information of their dependence structure. In particular two issues arise from this existing empirical evidence. The first is to propose a more reliable alternative density specification for a higher-dimensional case. The second is to formulate a measure of the variables’ dependence structure which is more instructive than linear correlation. In this work I use a time-varying conditional multivariate elliptical and non-elliptical copula to examine the return comovements of three different asset classes: financial assets, commodities and real estate in the US market. I establish the following stylized facts about asset return comovements. First, the static measures of asset return comovements overestimate the asset return comovements in the economic expansion phase, while underestimating it in the periods of economic contraction. Second, Student t-copulas outperform both elliptical and non-elliptical copula models, thus confirming the ii dominance of Student t-distribution. Third, findings show a significant increase in asset return comovements post August 2007 subprime crisis ... [cont.].

The aim of the master thesis is to assess market value of equity of SAZKA a.s. company as at January 1, 2015. There are used three various methods for the valuation because each of them stresses different aspects of valuation theory. There is used DCF equity method, comparable company analysis and liquidation value method. The thesis is divided into six parts. The first two parts summarize general information about valuation concept and company SAZKA a.s. Then follows a strategic analysis, a financial analysis, a prognosis of main economic measures and a financial plan. In the last chapter is carried out the valuation of equity of SAZKA a.s. company.

The aim of this thesis is to estimate market value of the company METROPROJEKT Praha a.s. as of December 31, 2010. To determine the value I used the DCF Equity method and the market comparison. These parts were preceded by a basic company introduction. The rest of the thesis contains the following parts - strategic analysis, financial analysis, generators of value and financial plan.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Laercio Barbosa Lima Junior.pdf: 991074 bytes, checksum: 077aabce24cd4cbe25b4024e4ed71282 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-14 / Financing small-medium enterprises is an undeveloped issue in Brazil. Funding sources to SMEs are rare, concentrated in banking loan. These firms can then face difficulties in accessing long term funding, like high costs or credit restriction due to information asymmetry. This task aims to explore the possibility of using the equity market as source of long term financing to SMEs. It will be analyzed the theories that sustain the discussion on capital structure of firms and the main foreign experiences in promoting this market for SMEs. The Brazilian institutional environment is also object to study, according as it contributes or impedes the development of this market / O financiamento das pequenas e médias empresas é um assunto pouco desenvolvido no Brasil. As fontes de recursos para PMEs são escassas, concentradas no crédito bancário. Essas empresas podem então enfrentar dificuldades no acesso ao financiamento de longo prazo, como custos maiores ou restrição do crédito em virtude de assimetria de informações. Este trabalho objetiva explorar a possibilidade de utilização do mercado acionário como fonte de recursos de longo prazo para as PMEs. Serão analisadas as teorias que sustentam a discussão sobre a estrutura de capital das empresas e as principais experiências internacionais em promover esse mercado para PMES. O ambiente institucional brasileiro também é objeto de estudo, na medida em que ela contribui ou dificulta o desenvolvimento desse mercado

[pt] O presente artigo tem como objetivo estudar a relação entre os retornos de índice de mercado de ações e taxas de câmbio de seis países da América Latina. De acordo com a abordagem do portfólio, ambas as variáveis devem ser negativamente correlacionadas. Tendo em vista que a regressão linear capta a relação linear média, não apresentando resultados satisfatórios, uma regressão quantílica foi usada para verificar essa relação em diferentes condições de mercado. Os resultados evidenciam um padrão no mercado latino americano, na qual a relação negativa entre as variáveis estudadas é mais pronunciada em momentos de forte desvalorização cambial. / [en] The present paper aims to study the relationship between stock price index returns and exchange rate of six Latin America countries. Acoording to the portfolio balance effect, both variables are supposed to be negatively correlated. Since the linear regression results are not satisfactory, a quantile regression is made to verify these relationship under different market conditions. The results show a pattern in these Latin American markets, where the negative relation between the studied variables is more pronunced when the exchange rate is very high.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:14:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 29 / Nenhuma / Este estudo teve como pressuposto investigar a ocorrência da teoria de equity market timing na formação da estrutura de capital das companhias abertas brasileiras. Equity market timing, ou janela de oportunidades de mercado, pode ser definido como o momento apropriado para a emissão de ações, que ocorre quando o quociente entre o valor de mercado e o valor contábil das empresas – market-to-book ratio (MB) − é alto, indicando que a firma está sobrevalorizada e que, respectivamente, seu custo de capital está baixo. Baker e Wurgler (2002) foram os expoentes dessa teoria e desenvolveram um modelo para testar a existência e a persistência de equity market timing na formação da estrutura de capital das companhias abertas americanas. Ao aplicarem o modelo no mercado norte-americano, nele constataram a existência de market timing, bem como sua persistência por cerca de uma década, a contar da data da oferta pública inicial de ações (IPO) das respectivas empresas, comprovando que as empresas norte-americanas se / This study examines the implications of the theory of equity market timing on the capital structure in the Brazilian public companies. Equity market timing, or windows of opportunities, can be defined as the right moment to issue equity when the market value is high, relative to book value, indicating that the firm is overvalued and the cost of capital is low. Baker and Wurgler (2002) developed a model to test the equity market timing theory in the American capital market. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that market timing has large and persistent effects on capital structure. Furthermore, they found out that the impacts persist for a decade after the IPO of the firms, proving that companies in United States take advantage of the windows of opportunities to form their capital structures. Assuming the Baker and Wurgler’s propositions, the equity market timing theory was tested in Brazilian capital market for a group of companies that went public between 1997 and 2007. Both market and book lever

This thesis examines the stock market price variations associated with physical asset expenditure announcements in Australia. With the exception of the study of Chen and Ho (1997) in Singapore, most capital expenditure studies in other markets investigate the announcement effects associated with changes in budgeted capital expenditures. The fact that there is almost never any firm level capital budget announcement in Australia presents a unique opportunity to examine individual physical asset expenditure announcements. ¶ Three primary hypotheses pertaining to growth opportunities, free cash flow theory, and the capital market monitoring argument are developed and tested. These arguments are formulated to explain the abnormal return variations associated with physical asset expenditure announcements. The growth opportunities hypothesis posits that the abnormal returns at physical asset expenditure announcements are positively related to a firm's growth opportunities. Both free cash flow theory and capital market monitoring hypothesis postulate that the abnormal returns at physical asset expenditure announcements are negatively related to a firm's free cash flow, and cash flow respectively. Other control explanators are incorporated from the merger and takeovers literature. ¶ Event study methodology is used to examine the abnormal returns associated with physical asset expenditure announcements. Two sets of data, intraday and daily, are used to investigate the market reaction. Intraday returns are calculated on a time-weighted approach and two methods are used to calculate intraday abnormal returns. The first method defines abnormal returns as the difference between actual returns and market returns. The second method defines abnormal returns as the difference between market-adjusted returns and market-adjusted returns on a control portfolio. Daily abnormal returns are calculated using the market model. ¶ Both univariate and multivariate analyses provide strong support for the growth opportunities hypothesis. The results suggest the quality of firms' growth opportunities is the key variable determining the direction and magnitude of the abnormal returns at announcement. Support for the capital monitoring argument and the free cash flow theory is mixed, generally with a lack of support. The free cash flow variable is found to be significantly negatively related to abnormal returns, only when a finer dummy is used in the multivariate regression. All other control variables are found to be insignificant in explaining the stock market variations once the growth opportunities variable is included in the regression. ¶ This thesis makes the following contributions. First, this thesis presents the initial empirical evidence concerning physical asset expenditure announcements in Australia. Second, the thesis shows that the quality of a firm's growth opportunities is the key factor in determining the direction and magnitude of abnormal returns around physical asset expenditure announcements. These results also suggest that the equity market in Australia reacts to physical asset expenditure announcements which contain information pertaining to growth opportunities rather than the relative size of the physical asset expenditure transactions to firm value. Third, support for the capital monitoring argument and the free cash flow theory is not strong. Fourth, all other control variables are found to be insignificant in explaining the stock market variations once market to book ratio is included in the regression. Fifth, the results suggest that prior research which fails to segregate market to book ratio and free cash flow proxy into finer partitions may have possibly underestimated the market to book and the free cash flow effects.

Chapter I - Derivative Market Competition: OTC Markets Versus Organized Derivative Exchanges  Recent regulatory initiatives in the United States have again raised the issue of a ''level regulatory and supervisory playing field'' and the degree of competition globally between over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives and organized derivative exchange (ODE) markets. This chapter models some important aspects of how an ODE market interrelates with the OTC markets. It analyzes various ways in which an ODE market can respond to competition from the OTC markets and considers whether ODE markets would actually benefit from a more level playing field. Among other factors, such as different transaction costs, different abilities to mitigate credit risk play a significant role in determining the degree of competition between the two types of markets. This implies that a potentially important service ODE markets can provide OTC market participants is to extend clearing services to them. Such services would allow the OTC markets to focus more on providing less competitive contracts/innovations and instead customize their contracts to specific investors’ risk preferences and needs.  Chapter II – Crisis Resolution and Private Sector Adaptation Efforts at crisis resolution that succeed in reducing potential inefficiencies and instability in the international financial system are in the interest of both the private and the public sector. Unlike in the domestic context, in the international context, in the absence of clearly established rules of the game, the approaches adopted toward crisis resolution, and the extent to which they are interpreted by market participants as setting a precedent, can have profound implications for the nature and structure of international capital flows. The key conclusion of this chapter is that recent experiences with payment suspensions and bond restructurings are limited as guides to determining the future success or failures of these initiatives, as the private sector most likely has adapted in order to minimize any unwanted public sector involvement. Chapter III - European Equity Market Integration: Cyclical or Structural? Reviewing the empirical evidence of equity market integration in the European Union, the chapter finds a significant increase in the importance of global sector factors for a number of industries. Unlike most past studies, which only covered developments during the bull market of the late nineties, the results presented in this chapter suggest that the degree of Euroland equity market integration has declined gradually following the bursting of the TMT bubble. This seems to suggest that the findings of previous studies that Euroland equity markets were nearly fully financially integrated is worth revisiting. There are, however, several good reasons to believe that the structural factors driving European equity market integration have yet to play themselves out fully. Institutional investors both outside the Euroland area and within have substantial untapped capacity to take on Euroland exposures and invest additionally in Euroland equities. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2004