The purpose of this study was to determine whether Endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced cellular responses in bovine corneal endothelial cells (BCECs) involves MAPK pathway by phosphorylating ERK1/2 protein kinase and to find out the phosphorylation patterns of ERK1/2 in confluent and sub-confluent cells. BCECs were isolated from bovine corneas and cultured in medium supplemented with 10% serum. Confluent (contact inhibited) and sub-confluent (actively growing cells) serum starved cells grown in T-75 flasks were treated with 10nM Endothelin-1. The control cells were left untreated. Total cellular protein was isolated using RIPA buffer and quantified according to the Peterson modification of the Lowry method. The level of expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pp44, pp42) proteins relative to overall ERK1/2 (p44, p42) was determined by western blotting technique. Densitometry analysis of immunoblots revealed differential phosphorylation patterns in confluent and sub-confluent cultures. The pERK1/2 levels were significantly increased at 15 min and 24 hrs after post incubation with ET-1, whereas following the initial rise levels declined to 6hrs of incubation with ET-1 in confluent cultures. In sub-confluent cultures pERK1/2 levels increased gradually to 6hrs of incubation with ET-1, returning to pre-incubation levels at 24hrs. In conclusion, ET-1 treatment was shown to induce phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in BCEC. ET-1 treatment in confluent and sub confluent BCEC exhibited time dependent phosphorylation of ERK1/2. ET-1 treatment affected the phosphorylation pattern distinctively in confluent and sub-confluent BCEC. These observations led to the conclusion that ET-1 induced cellular events in BCEC may involve the MAPK cascade and that these ET-1 induced MAPK cascades may exhibit a negative feedback mechanism, suggested by a distinctive oscillations in pERK 1/2 levels. The contrasting effects of ET-1 in confluent and subconfluent cells may suggest a density dependent phosphatase activity.

Dans le diabète de type 2 établi, l'hyperglycémie chronique, un taux élevé d'acides gras libres et l'inflammation induisent un stress oxydatif (SO) au niveau de la cellule beta. Le SO, qui apparaît dès le stade de pré-diabète, peut induire un dysfonctionnement précoce de cette cellule. Ainsi, la protection de la cellule β par des molécules anti-oxydantes pourrait ralentir la progression du pré-diabète au diabète.La quercétine, un flavonoïde, a présenté des propriétés antidiabétiques dans plusieurs études in vivo. Cependant, très peu de données traitent de son mécanisme d'action directement au niveau de la cellule beta. Dans ce contexte, nous avons étudié les effets de la quercétine au niveau de la cellule beta dans des conditions physiologiques et des conditions de SO.Nos résultats montrent qu'en présence de concentrations stimulantes de sécrétagogue, la quercétine potentialise la sécrétion d'insuline par un mécanisme impliquant l'augmentation de calcium intracellulaire et la potentialisation de ERK1/2 via l'activation des voies de la PKA et de la CaMK II. De plus, la quercétine protège la cellule beta du SO en sur-activant ERK1/2. Le resvératrol et la NAC, deux antioxydants de référence, sont inactifs dans ces conditions expérimentales.En absence de concentrations stimulantes de sécrétagogue, la quercétine induit une sécrétion d'insuline modérée en augmentant le calcium intracellulaire suite à une activation directe des CaV de type L. Dans ces conditions, l'activation de ERK1/2 induite par la quercétine, qui est indépendante de l'activation des voies de la PKA et de la CaMK II, ne serait pas impliquée dans le mécanisme sécrétoire. Nos résultats indiquent que le mécanisme d'action de la quercétine au niveau de la cellule β ne repose pas uniquement sur ses capacités anti-oxydantes mais fait intervenir des cibles pharmacologiques et la régulation de voies de signalisation intracellulaires. / In type 2 diabetes, chronic hyperglycaemia, elevated free fatty acids and inflammation induce oxidative stress (OS) in pancreatic β cell. SO, which appears at the stage of pre-diabetes, may induce early dysfunction of this cell. Thus, the β cell protection by antioxidant molecules could slow the progression of pre-diabetes to diabetes.Quercetin, a flavonoid, has shown antidiabetic properties in several in vivo studies. However, very few data address its mechanism of action directly at the β cell. In this context, we studied the effects of quercetin at the β cell under physiological conditions and conditions of OS.Our results show that in the presence of stimulating concentrations of secretagogue, quercetin potentiates insulin secretion by a mechanism involving increased intracellular calcium and potentiation of ERK1 / 2 via activation of the PKA and the CaMK II pathways. In addition, quercetin protects beta cell from OS via a suractivation of ERK1/2. Resveratrol and NAC, two antioxidants of reference are inactive under these experimental conditions.In the absence of stimulating concentration of secretagogue, quercetin induced moderate insulin secretion by increasing the intracellular calcium via a direct activation of L-type CaV Under these conditions, the activation of ERK1/2 induced by quercetin, which is independent of the activation pathways of PKA and CaMK II to, would not be involved in the secretory mechanism.Our results indicate that the mechanism of action of quercetin at the β cell not only based on its antioxidant capacity but involves pharmacological targets and the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways.

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecological cancer death in the United States. Even though no single genetic alteration can be attributed to all ovarian cancers, 90% of ovarian tumors express telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein that elongates telomeric (TTAGGG)n repeats de novo. In normal somatic cells, telomerase is absent. In cancer cells, the re-expression of telomerase allows senescence to be bypassed contributing to cellular immortalization, a key step for cellular transformation, making telomerase a potentially important target for therapeutic intervention. Ovarian cancer cells secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) that feedback through their receptors present on ovarian cancer cells to promote cell growth. Since telomerase can be regulated by growth factors, I examined VEGF regulation of telomerase activity and the possible contribution of LPA as an upstream regulator of VEGF-mediated telomerase activity in ovarian cancer. My data reveal that both VEGF and LPA upregulate telomerase activity by ERK 1/2-dependent transcriptional activation within the -976 to the -378 bp hTERT promoter regions where Sp1 is one of the major mediators of VEGF- and LPA-induced transactivation of hTERT. It also identifies telomerase as a novel molecular target of LPA as well as a target of VEGF in non-endothelial cells. In addition I found that, vitamin E, a dietary supplement able to degrade and suppress LPA activity, consistently abrogrates LPA-mediated telomerase activity through transcriptional inhibition of the hTERT -976 to -578 bp promoter regions. Lastly, since epidermal growth factor (EGF) promotes ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cell growth and EGF receptors are frequently constitutively activated in ovarian cancers, the potential contribution of EGF in the regulation of telomerase activity was also examined. While none of the ovarian cancer cell lines examined produced large amounts of EGF, EGF stimulation of telomerase activity was mediated by Sp1 and c-Myc transcription factors within the hTERT core promoter in an ERK 1/2 /Pyk2-dependent manner. In conclusion, my research shows differential regulation of telomerase activity by growth factor and/or anti-oxidant nutraceuticals. In the future, these factors may be exploited as adjuvant therapy for improved chemotherapeutic benefit to decrease the mortality associated with ovarian cancer.

La cardiomyopathie dilatée est l'une des principales causes d'insuffisance cardiaque en Europe. Dans le cadre de la cardiomyopathie liée aux mutations du gène LMNA, en dépit des soins médicaux conventionnels, aucun traitement satisfaisant ne permet de pallier à la dilatation cardiaque progressive et à la perte de la contractilité. Le gène LMNA code pour les lamines nucléaires de type A, qui sont les principaux constituants de la lamina nucléaire. De précédents travaux démontrent que l'activation anormale de ERK 1/2 est impliquée dans la pathophysiologie de la cardiomyopathie dilatée liée aux mutations du gène LMNA. L'inhibition de la voie ERK 1/2 ralentit également la progression de la fibrose myocardique, relativement développée chez l'homme, en cas de cardiomyopathie dilatée. Dans le cadre de ma thèse, j’ai suggéré que l'activité aberrante de la voie TGF-β pourrait participer à l’activation anormale de ERK 1/2 et être impliquée dans la physiopathologie de dysfonction contractile ventriculaire gauche dans la cardiomyopathie liée aux mutations du gène LMNA. Les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents à la modulation de la signalisation ERK1/2, causée dans le cœur, par les mutations du gène LMNA, restent totalement incertains. De ce fait, j'ai testé l'hypothèse selon laquelle la modulation anormale de ERK1/2 induirait l'altération des cibles cytosoliques et modifierait le réseau du cytosquelette cardiaque. Mon travail a mis en évidence un nouveau partenaire de la forme active (phosphorylée) d’ERK1/2 : cofiline-1. La cofiline induit la déramification des filaments d'actine. Ce projet met en lumière un rôle inattendu joué par la signalisation ERK1/2 dans la dynamique de l'actine et dans le développement de la dysfonction ventriculaire gauche de la cardiomyopathie liée aux mutations du gène LMNA. / Dilated cardiomyopathy is one of the leading causes of heart failure in Europe. Despite of the conventional medical care, there is no definitive treatment for the progressive cardiac dilatation and loss of contractility in LMNA cardiomyopathy often leading to sudden death or heart transplantation. LMNA gene encodes nuclear A-type lamins, which are the main constituents of the nuclear lamina. Previous studies clearly show that the abnormal ERK1/2 activation is involved in the pathophysiology of LMNA dilated cardiomyopathy. However, its role in the development of cardiac dysfunction remains unclear. Inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling also slows progression of myocardial fibrosis, which is prominent in humans with dilated cardiomyopathy. I suggested that aberrant TGF-β signaling activity could participate to the abnormal ERK1/2 activation and be involved is the pathophysiology of left-ventricular contractile dysfunction in LMNA cardiomyopathy. Given that the understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the modulation of ERK1/2 signaling in the heart caused by LMNA mutation remains totally unclear, I tested the hypothesis that ERK1/2 abnormal modulation leads to alteration of cytosolic targets and alter cardiac cytoskeleton network. My work highlighted a novel partner of activated (phosphorylated) ERK1/2, ADF/cofilin-1. Cofilin promotes debranching of actin filaments. I showed that disrupted actin dynamics leads to abnormal sarcomere structure. This project unraveled an unexpected role played by ERK1/2 signaling in actin dynamics and in the development of left-ventricular dysfunction in LMNA cardiomyopathy.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pre textuais.pdf: 419949 bytes, checksum: 16c33c78cc5fa05473d5d08f666f2827 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-21 / Bovine estrous cycle activates the pathways of MAPKs (mitogen activated protein) via oscillation of hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis hormones. The objective of this work was to evaluate in vivo the frequency of expression of active (phosphorylated) form, of p-MEK 1/2 and p-ERK1/2 in all types of ovarian follicles and corpora lutea in different phases of the estrous cycle of cattle. Bovine ovaries were harvested in a local slaughterhouse and the phase of the estrous cycle was determined, considering seven stages, defined as experimental groups: days 1-3 (n = 2), 4-6 (n = 5), 7-9 (n = 5), 10-12 (n = 3), 13-15 (n = 5), 16-18 (n = 5) and 19-21 (n = 5). After processing, the histological sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry using antibodies that specifically recognize the phosphorylated form of MEK 1/2 and ERK 1/2. Histological sections containing corpora lutea were also subjected to immunohistochemistry with antibodies that recognize p-BCL2 (B cell phospho lymphoma 2) and COX-2 (COX-2). The frequency of marked follicles was evaluated for the presence or absence of markup for the two cellular enzymes. The fragments of the corpus luteum were evaluated according to the scores of intensity for positive staining of the four antibodies. The frequencies of the markers studied in the follicles were compared using the chi-square. In preantral follicles, both MEK and ERK 1/2 showed high levels between 16 to 18 days. In the case of p-MEK, the greater activation of primordial follicles and primary held from 7 to 9. In secondary follicles, the less marked for p-MEK occurred in group 4 to 6. Levels of p-ERK began to rise from 13 to 15 days and subsequently decreased. Comparing the frequencies of MEK and ERK, there was statistic difference (p <0.0001) in antral follicles compared to other types of follicles. It was concluded that the intensity of activation of MAPKs MEK / ERK varies with the phases of the estrous cycle and follicular class studied. Since the corpora lutea were evaluated by analysis of variance after transforming the data, it was observed that the proteins studied showed variation in expression profile, in relation to the development, survival and death of the corpus luteum. Since COX-2, a precursor of prostaglandin, is capable of activating the pathways of MEK / ERK 1/2, it reduces the frequency of expression of cell survival factor BCL-2, leading to the corpus luteum at luteolysis. The in vivo evaluation of the activation profile of MAPKs without the use of hormonal protocols demonstrated the importance of this enzyme during the physiological reproductive process, raising new inquiries and providing opportunities to expand knowledge about the functioning of the hormone and its association with the cellular mechanisms activated by hormones / A ocorrência do ciclo estral bovino, a partir de variações dos hormônios do eixohipotálamo- hipófise-gônadas, ativa as vias das MAPKs (proteína ativada por mitógenos) O objetivo desta tese foi avaliar in vivo a freqüência de expressão da forma ativa (fosforilada), de todos os tipos foliculares ovarianos e corpo lúteo para p- MEK 1/2 e p-ERK1/2, em diferentes fases do ciclo estral de bovinos. Para tal, foram coletados em abatedouros locais ovários de bovinos e determinada a fase do ciclo estral, caracterizando sete fases, definidas como grupos experimentais: dias 1-3 (n=2), 4-6 (n=5), 7-9 (n=5), 10-12 (n=3), 13-15 (n=5), 16-18 (n=5) e 19-21 (n=5). Após o processamento histológico os cortes foram submetidos à imunoistoquímica, utilizando anticorpos que reconhecem especificamente a forma fosforilada da MEK 1/2 e ERK 1/2. Cortes histológico que apresentavam corpos lúteos foram submetidos ainda a imunoistoquímica com anticorpos que reconhecem p-BCL2 (fosfo células B de linfoma 2) e COX-2 (ciclooxigenase 2). As freqüências de folículos marcados foram avaliadas em relação à presença ou não de marcação celular para as duas enzimas. Já os fragmentos de corpo lúteo foram avaliados de acordo com escores de intensidade de marcação para os quatro anticorpos. As freqüências das marcações nos folículos estudados foram comparadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado. Em folículos pré-antrais, tanto a MEK quanto a ERK 1/2 apresentaram níveis elevados entre os dias 16 a 18. No caso da p-MEK, a maior ativação dos folículos primordiais e primários ocorreu entre os dias 7 a 9. Em folículos secundários, a menor presença de folículos marcados para p-MEK ocorreu no grupo 4 a 6. Os níveis de p-ERK começaram a se elevar a partir de 13 a 15 dias, e posteriormente diminuíram. Quando comparadas as freqüências de MEK e ERK, foram registradas diferenças (p<0,0001) nos folículos antrais em comparação aos demais tipos foliculares. Concluiu-se que a intensidade de ativação das MAPKs MEK/ERK varia de acordo com as fases do ciclo estral e com a classe folicular estudada. Já os corpos lúteos foram avaliados por meio de análise de variância, após transformação dos dados, na qual foi observada que as proteínas estudadas apresentam variação no perfil de expressão, estando relacionada com o desenvolvimento, sobrevivência e morte do corpo lúteo. Sendo que o COX-2, um precursor da prostaglandina, tem capacidade de ativar as vias das MEK/ERK 1/2, diminuindo a freqüência de expressão do fator de sobrevivência celular BCL-2, levando o corpo lúteo ao momento da luteólise. Assim a avaliação do perfil de ativação das MAPKs in vivo, sem a utilização de protocolos hormonais, demonstrou a importância desta via enzimática durante o processo fisiológico reprodutivo, abrindo espaço para futuras indagações e possibilidades de ampliação de conhecimento a cerca do funcionamento hormonal e sua associação com os mecanismos celulares ativados pelos hormônios

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento com a aldosterona (Aldo), por 21 dias, sobre a função e a morfologia renal de ratos, procurando correlacionar as alterações com a expressão do EGFR e da ERK1/2 fosforilados. A Aldo não alterou os parâmetros fisiológicos, a PA e a função renal dos ratos, mas verificou-se uma tendência para o aumento das concentrações plasmáticas de K+. No córtex e na medula renal, a Aldo aumentou a expressão do EGFR e da ERK1/2 fosforilados, sendo que este efeito foi abolido pelo tratamento concomitante com a espironolactona ou o RU 486 (antagonistas dos receptores da Aldo). O tratamento hormonal também induziu um aumento na marcação imuno-histoquímica para essas proteínas no córtex e medula; contudo, este efeito foi reduzido, principalmente, com o tratamento conjunto com a espironolactona. Observou-se um aumento na área glomerular e na porcentagem da área intersticial, após o tratamento com a Aldo. As alterações na morfometria renal foram parcialmente reduzidas pelo tratamento com a espironolactona ou o RU 486. Esses resultados indicam que a Aldo pode induzir alterações morfológicas no rim, aparentemente, de maneira dependente dos receptores MR e GR e da via do EGFR-ERK1/2, mas sem o comprometimento da função renal. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 21 days of treatment with aldosterone (Aldo) in the renal function and morphology of rats, correlating changes with the expression of EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylated. The Aldo did not alter physiological parameters, blood pressure and renal function of rats, but there was a tendency to increased K+ plasma concentrations. In renal cortex and medulla, Aldo increased the expression of EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylated and this effect was abolished by treatment Aldo plus spironolactone or RU 486 (Aldo receptor antagonists). Hormonal treatment also induced an increase in immunohistochemical staining for these proteins in the cortex and medulla; however, this effect was limited mainly to treatment Aldo plus spironolactone. There was an increase in glomerular area and the percentage of interstitial area after treatment with Aldo. Changes in renal morphology were partially reduced by treatment Aldo plus spironolactone or RU 486. These results indicate that Aldo may induce morphological changes in the kidney of dependent manner of MR and GR receptors and EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling, but without the impairment of renal function.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento com a aldosterona (Aldo), por 21 dias, sobre a função e a morfologia renal de ratos, procurando correlacionar as alterações com a expressão do EGFR e da ERK1/2 fosforilados. A Aldo não alterou os parâmetros fisiológicos, a PA e a função renal dos ratos, mas verificou-se uma tendência para o aumento das concentrações plasmáticas de K+. No córtex e na medula renal, a Aldo aumentou a expressão do EGFR e da ERK1/2 fosforilados, sendo que este efeito foi abolido pelo tratamento concomitante com a espironolactona ou o RU 486 (antagonistas dos receptores da Aldo). O tratamento hormonal também induziu um aumento na marcação imuno-histoquímica para essas proteínas no córtex e medula; contudo, este efeito foi reduzido, principalmente, com o tratamento conjunto com a espironolactona. Observou-se um aumento na área glomerular e na porcentagem da área intersticial, após o tratamento com a Aldo. As alterações na morfometria renal foram parcialmente reduzidas pelo tratamento com a espironolactona ou o RU 486. Esses resultados indicam que a Aldo pode induzir alterações morfológicas no rim, aparentemente, de maneira dependente dos receptores MR e GR e da via do EGFR-ERK1/2, mas sem o comprometimento da função renal. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 21 days of treatment with aldosterone (Aldo) in the renal function and morphology of rats, correlating changes with the expression of EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylated. The Aldo did not alter physiological parameters, blood pressure and renal function of rats, but there was a tendency to increased K+ plasma concentrations. In renal cortex and medulla, Aldo increased the expression of EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylated and this effect was abolished by treatment Aldo plus spironolactone or RU 486 (Aldo receptor antagonists). Hormonal treatment also induced an increase in immunohistochemical staining for these proteins in the cortex and medulla; however, this effect was limited mainly to treatment Aldo plus spironolactone. There was an increase in glomerular area and the percentage of interstitial area after treatment with Aldo. Changes in renal morphology were partially reduced by treatment Aldo plus spironolactone or RU 486. These results indicate that Aldo may induce morphological changes in the kidney of dependent manner of MR and GR receptors and EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling, but without the impairment of renal function.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal