The structure-function relationship explains how the human erythrocyte glucose transport protein (GLUT1) catalyzes sugar transport across the plasma membrane. This work investigates the glucose transport mechanism, the structural arrangement and dynamics of GLUT1 membrane-spanning α-helices, the molecular basis for glucose transport regulation by ATP, and how cysteine accessibility contributes to GLUT1 structure. A rapid kinetics approach was applied to examine the conformational changes GLUT1 undergoes during the transport cycle. To transition from a global to molecular focus, a novel mass spectrometry technique was developed to resolve GLUT1 sequence that is associated either with membrane embedded GLUT1 subdomains or with water exposed domains. By studying accessibility changes of specific amino acids to covalent modification by a Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin probe, specific protein regions associated with glucose transport modulation by ATP were identified. Finally, mass spectrometry was applied to examine cysteine residue accessibility under native and reducing conditions. This thesis presents data supporting the isolation of an intermediate, occluded GLUT1 conformational state that temporally bridges import and export configurations during glucose translocation. Our results confirm that amphipathic α-helices line the translocation pathway and promote interactions with the aqueous environment and substrate. In addition, we show that GLUT1 is conformationally dynamic, undergoes reorganization in the cytoplasmic region in response to ATP modulation, and that GLUT1 contains differentially exposed cysteine residues that affect its folding.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Tese - Rodrigo Alves Moreira - 2014.pdf: 6048324 bytes, checksum: 289d0c70e7ed1db107b03924d35a81de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that infects millions of people worldwide, representing a serious public health problem. The miltefosine (MT) is an alkylphospholipid that has been approved for the treatment of breast cancer metastasis and visceral leishmaniasis, although the mechanism of action at the molecular level is poorly understood. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of the lipid spin lebel analog of stearic acid (5-DSA) and the maleimide derivative spin label (6-MSL) covalently bound to membrane proteins showed that the MT causes a large increase in the molecular dynamics of erythrocyte membranes (ghosts) and detergent resistant membranes (DRMs) prepared from erythrocyte membranes. In the vesicles of lipid raft constituents, it was shown that 20 mol% sphingomyelin could be replaced by 20 mol% MT with no change in the molecular dynamics. Furthermore, the effect of MT on DRMs was more pronounced than in erythrocyte ghosts, supporting the hypothesis that MT is a lipid raft modulator. At the reported MT-plasma concentrations found during the treatment of leishmaniasis (31-52μg/mL), our measurements in blood plasma indicated a hemolytic level of 2-5% and also showed that the MT concentration that changes the erythrocyte membrane fluidity to an extent that is detectable by EPR spectroscopy causes about 46% hemolysis. Subsequently, EPR studies performed with the same spin labels in the membrane of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis (promastigote) showed changes similar to those found in erythrocyte membranes. Cytotoxic effects on the parasites were also evaluated to investigate the relationships between the cytotoxic potential of MT and its ability to alter membrane fluidity. The EPR data showed that the minimum concentration of MT required to cause a change in the parasite membrane occurred near the values of MT concentration which inhibits 50 % of cell growth (IC50); thus, there is a correlation between the cytotoxicity and changes in the membrane. Although these III membrane alterations can be detected using a spin-labeled lipid, our experimental results indicated that MT interacts predominantly with the protein component of the membrane. Cell lysis was also detected by analyzing the supernatants of centrifuged samples for the presence of spin-labeled membrane fragments and cytoplasmic proteins. Using a method for the rapid incorporation of MT into the membrane, these effects were measured immediately after treatment under the same range of MT concentrations that cause cell growth inhibition. Cytotoxicity, estimated via microscopic counting of living and dead cells, indicated ∼ 70% cell death at the concentration of MT at which EPR spectroscopy detected a significant change in membrane dynamics. After this initial impact on the number of viable parasites, the processes of cell death and growth continued during the first 4 h of incubation. The EPR spectra of spin-labeled membrane-bound proteins were consistent with more expanded and solvent-exposed protein conformations, suggesting a detergent-like action. Thus, MT may form micelle-like structures around polypeptide chains, and proteins with a higher hydrophobicity may induce the penetration of hydrophilic groups of MT into the membrane, causing its rupture. / A leishmaniose cut ˆanea ´e uma doenc¸a tropical negligenciada que afetamilh˜oes de pessoas em todo mundo, representando um grave problema de sa´ude p´ublica. A miltefosina (MT) ´e um alquilfosfolip´ıdio aprovado inicialmente para tratamento de cˆancer metast ´atico e tamb´em foi licenciada para o tratamento da leishmaniose visceral, embora seu mecanismo de ac¸ ˜ao a n´ıvel molecular permanec¸a pouco compreendido. A espectroscopia de ressonˆancia paramagn´etica eletr ˆonica (RPE) do marcador de spin lip´ıdico an´alogo do ´acido este´arico (5-DSA) e do marcador de spin derivado do maleimido (6-MSL) ligado covalentemente `as prote´ınas de membrana demonstraram que a MT provoca um grande aumento na dinˆamica molecular das membranas de eritr ´ocito (ghosts) e membranas resistentes `a extrac¸ ˜ao por detergente (DRMs) preparadas a partir de membranas de eritr ´ocito. A t ´ecnica tamb´em demonstrou que em ves´ıculas formadas com lip´ıdios constituintes de rafts, 20 mol% de esfingomielina pode ser substitu´ıdo por 20 mol% de MT, sem qualquer alterac¸ ˜ao em termos de dinˆamica molecular. Al ´em disso, o efeito da MT em DRMs foi mais pronunciado do que em ghosts de eritr ´ocito, consistente com a hip´otese da MT ser um modulador de raft. Na concentrac¸ ˜ao de MT presente no plasma sangu´ıneo durante o tratamento de leishmaniose (31-52 μg/mL), as nossas medidas realizadas diretamente no sangue total indicaram um n´ıvel de 2-5% de hem´olise e tamb´em mostrou que a concentrac¸ ˜ao de MT capaz de alterar a fluidez da membrana de eritr ´ocito a n´ıvel detect ´avel pela espectroscopia de RPE causou cerca de 46% de hem´olise. Posteriormente, estudos de RPE realizados com os mesmos marcadores de spin na membrana de Leishmania (L.) amazonensis (forma promastigota) demonstraram alterac¸ ˜oes similares `as encontradas nas membranas de eritr ´ocito. Os efeitos citot ´oxicos sobre os parasitas tamb´em foram avaliados para investigar as relac¸ ˜oes entre os potenciais citot ´oxicos da MT e sua capacidade de alterar I a fluidez da membrana. Os dados de RPE demonstraram que a concentrac¸ ˜ao m´ınima necess´aria de MT para causar alterac¸ ˜ao na membrana do parasito ocorreu pr ´oximo dos valores de concentrac¸ ˜ao que inibe 50% do crescimento celular (IC50), existindo, portanto, uma correlac¸ ˜ao entre as alterac¸ ˜oes na membrana e a citotoxicidade. Embora o marcador de spin lip´ıdico tamb´em tenha detectado alterac¸ ˜oes na fluidez da membrana, os experimentos de RPE indicaram que a MT atua predominantemente no componente prot ´eico da membrana. A lise celular tamb´em foi detectada atrav´es da an´alise dos sobrenadantes das amostras centrifugadas onde foram encontrados fragmentos de membranas marcadas e tamb´em prote´ınas citoplasm´aticas. Usando um m´etodo para a r ´apida incorporac¸ ˜ao da MT na membrana, os efeitos de citotoxidade foram medidos imediatamente ap´os o tratamento e na mesma faixa de concentrac¸ ˜oes de MT que causam a inibic¸ ˜ao do crescimento celular. A citotoxicidade, estimada atrav´es da contagem microsc´opica das c´elulas vivas e mortas, indicou ∼ 70% de morte celular na concentrac¸ ˜ao de MT em que a espectroscopia de RPE detectou uma alterac¸ ˜ao significativa na dinˆamica da membrana. Ap´os o primeiro impacto no n´umero de parasitas vi ´aveis, o processo de morte e crescimento celular continuou durante as primeiras quatro horas de incubac¸ ˜ao. Os espectros de RPE de prote´ınas de membrana marcadas com o 6-MSL foram consistentes com conformac¸ ˜oes de prote´ına mais expandidas e expostas ao solvente, sugerindo uma ac¸ ˜ao t´ıpica dos detergentes. Nossa interpretac¸ ˜ao ´e que a MT pode formar estruturas semelhantes das micelas ao redor das cadeias polipept´ıdicas, expandindo as prote´ınas e que as prote´ınas com maior hidrofobicidade poderiam induzir a penetrac¸ ˜ao de grupos hidrof´ılicos da MT no interior da membrana, causando sua ruptura e consequentemente a morte da c´elula.

Hydrodynamic analysis and electron microscopy of GLUT1/lipid/detergent micelles and freeze fracture electron microscopy of GLUT1 proteoliposomes support the hypothesis that the glucose transporter is a multimeric (probably tetrameric) complex of GLUT1 proteins. Some detergents (e.g. octylglucoside) maintain the multimeric complex while other detergents (e.g. CHAPS and dodecylmaltoside) promote the dissociation of GLUT1 oligomers into smaller aggregation states (dimers or monomers). GLUT1 does not appear to exchange rapidly between protein/lipid/detergent micelles but is able to self-associate in the plane of the lipid bilayer. Quantitatively deglycosylated GLUT1 displays aberrant electrophoretic mobility, but each protein band contains full-length GLUT1 and the less mobile species, when treated with additional detergent and reductant, converts to the more mobile species. Preliminary structural analysis suggests that denaturing detergent- and thiol chemistry-related changes of α-helical content may mirror mobility shifts. Limited proteolysis of membrane-resident GLUT1 (± ligands) releases membrane-spanning α-helical domains suggesting that (i) some bilayer-resident helices are highly solvent exposed; (ii) membrane-spanning domains 1, 2, & 4 and 7, 8, & 10 are destabilized upon ligand binding; and (iii) helix packing compares well with high-resolution structures of prokaryotic transporters from the same superfamily. Results are consistent with a central, hydrophilic, translocation pathway comprised of amphipathic, membrane-spanning domains that alter associations upon ligand/substrate binding. We have resolved technical difficulties (heterogeneity, lipid/detergent removal, glycosylation, small molecule contamination) associated with GLUT1 analysis by mass spectrometry; and we map global conformational changes between sugar uptake and sugar efflux.

Διάφορες ρεολογικές διαταραχές των ερυθροκυττάρων, μεταξύ των οποίων η αυξημένη συσσωμάτωση και η μειωμένη ικανότητα ελαστικής παραμόρφωσης, έχουν παρατηρηθεί στο σακχαρώδη διαβήτη και πιστεύεται ότι εμπλέκονται στην ανάπτυξη της διαβητικής μικροαγγειοπάθειας. Δομικές μεταβολές των πρωτεϊνών της μεμβράνης των ερυθρών αιμοσφαιρίων, ως αποτέλεσμα της διαβητικής διαδικασίας, μπορεί να βρίσκονται πίσω από αυτές τις ρεολογικές διαταραχές. Στην παρούσα μελέτη, διερευνήθηκε η ύπαρξη μεταβολών των πρωτεϊνών της μεμβράνης των ερυθρών αιμοσφαιρίων σε ασθενείς με διαβητική αμφιβληστροειδοπάθεια. Εξετάστηκαν δείγματα περιφερικού αίματος 40 ασθενών με σακχαρώδη διαβήτη τύπου 2 και διαβητική αμφιβληστροειδοπάθεια ποικίλης βαρύτητας (19 άνδρες και 21 γυναίκες με μέση ηλικία 66,8 έτη: Ομάδα Α) και συγκρίθηκαν με δείγματα από 19 ασθενείς με σακχαρώδη διαβήτη τύπου 2 χωρίς αμφιβληστροειδοπάθεια (13 άνδρες και 6 γυναίκες με μέση ηλικία 66,5 έτη: Ομάδα Β) και από 16 υγιείς μάρτυρες (8 άνδρες και 8 γυναίκες με μέση ηλικία 65,6 έτη: Ομάδα Γ). Ερυθροκυτταρικές μεμβράνες από όλα τα δείγματα απομονώθηκαν και υποβλήθηκαν σε ηλεκτροφόρηση πηκτώματος γέλης SDS – πολυακρυλαμίδης και, σε κάθε δείγμα, έγινε μελέτη της ηλεκτροφορητικής κινητικότητας των διαμεμβρανικών πρωτεϊνών και των πρωτεϊνών του υπομεμβρανικού σκελετού. Η ποσοτική ανάλυση κάθε ηλεκτροφορητικής ζώνης επιτεύχθηκε με σάρωση και ψηφιακή ανάλυση. Στις Ομάδες Β και Γ παρατηρήθηκαν μη σημαντικές αποκλίσεις από τη φυσιολογική ηλεκτροφόρηση, εκτός από μια αύξηση στη ζώνη 8 σε δύο δείγματα της Ομάδας Β (11%). Αντίθετα, σε 14 δείγματα της Ομάδας Α (35%) διαπιστώθηκε αύξηση της πρωτεϊνικής ζώνης 8 ή/και της αιμοσφαιρίνης της συνδεδεμένης με τη μεμβράνη παράλληλα με μείωση της σπεκτρίνης. Επιπρόσθετα, σε 10 δείγματα της Ομάδας Α (25%) παρατηρήθηκαν αυξημένη κινητικότητα της ζώνης 3, μια παθολογική ζώνη υψηλού μοριακού βάρους (>255 kDa) και μια παθολογική ζώνη χαμηλού μοριακού βάρους (42 kDa). Οι γλυκοφορίνες εμφάνισαν αλλοιώσεις στο 46% των ασθενών της Ομάδας Α έναντι 38% των ασθενών της Ομάδας Β. Οι γυναίκες και οι ασθενείς με μεγάλη διάρκεια του διαβήτη εμφάνισαν τις περισσότερες ηλεκτροφορητικές διαταραχές. Δομικές μεταβολές των πρωτεϊνών της μεμβράνης των ερυθρών αιμοσφαιρίων σε συσχέτιση με διαβητική αμφιβληστροειδοπάθεια παρουσιάζονται για πρώτη φορά στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία. Η ανίχνευση των μεταβολών αυτών θα μπορούσε να χρησιμεύσει ως αιματικός δείκτης για την ανάπτυξη διαβητικής μικροαγγειοπάθειας. Περαιτέρω μελέτες είναι απαραίτητες ώστε να διερευνηθεί αν ενδεχόμενη φαρμακευτική παρέμβαση στη ρεολογία των ερυθρών αιμοσφαιρίων μπορεί να προλάβει ή να μετριάσει τις επιπλοκές της διαβητικής μικροαγγειοπάθειας. / Several rheological disorders of the erythrocytes, such as increased aggregation and decreased deformability, have been observed in diabetes mellitus and have been implicated in the development of diabetic microangiopathy. Structural alterations of the erythrocyte membrane proteins caused by the diabetic process may be at the origin of these observations. In the present study, we searched for erythrocyte membrane protein alterations in diabetic retinopathy. We examined peripheral blood samples from 40 type-2 diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy of variable severity (19 males and 21 females, mean age 66.8 years, Group A) and we compared them with samples from 19 type-2 diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy (13 males and 6 females, mean age 66.5 years, Group B) and 16 healthy volunteers (8 males and 8 females, mean age 65.6 years, Group C). Erythrocyte membrane ghosts from all samples were subjected to SDS-PAGE, and the electrophoretic pattern of transmembrane and cytoskeletal proteins was analysed for each sample. The protein quantification of each electrophoretic band was accomplished through scanning densitometry. No significant deviations from normal electrophoresis were observed in Groups B and C, apart from an increase in band 8 in two samples from Group B (11%). In contrast, in 14 samples from Group A (35%) we detected increases in protein band 8 and/or membrane-bound haemoglobin along with a decrease in spectrin. Moreover, increased mobility of band 3, an aberrant high molecular weight (>255 kDa) band and a low molecular weight (42 kDa) band were evident in 10 samples from Group A (25%). Glycophorins were altered in 46% of Group-A patients versus 38% of Group-B patients. Females and patients with long duration of diabetes presented more electrophoretic abnormalities. Structural alterations of the erythrocyte membrane proteins are shown for the first time in association with diabetic retinopathy. Their detection may serve as a blood marker for the development of diabetic microangiopathy. Further studies are needed to assess whether pharmaceutical intervention to the rheology of erythrocytes can prevent or alleviate microvascular diabetic complications.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in most industrialised countries and in developing countries the trend in cardiovascular-related deaths is increasing. World-wide, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an emerging cause of disability and premature death. Both these conditions are closely associated with the consumption of energy-dense foods and food products that are poor in nutrients, as well as with a sedentary lifestyle. Pharmacological and surgical interventions can improve the outcome and delay the progression of the disease, but in terms of population-level prevention there is no substitute for the adoption of a healthy lifestyle. SETTING The underlying studies were conducted in Västerbotten (the VIP study), and in Norrbotten and Västerbotten combined (the MONICA Project). Norrbotten andVästerbotten are the two northernmost counties in Sweden. Since the mid-1980sthe prevalence of cardiovascular disease has decreased and diabetes rates haveremained stable in this region, despite of an unbroken trend of increasing body weight. OBJECTIVE The aim of this thesis is to describe changes in reported dietary habits, estimatetheir relative importance as risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and finally to identify lifestyle components as potential targets for intervention. RESULTS The first paper describes changes in self-reported food consumption between 1986 and 1999. During this period, the population in question switched from products with high saturated fatty acid content (e.g. milk containing 3% fat, butter) to foods containing less saturated fat (e.g. milk containing 1.5% fat, vegetable oil, low-fat margarine); pasta and rice were consumed more often, and potatoes were consumed less. Convenience foods (e.g. hamburgers, snacks, sweets) became more popular, whilst traditional dishes (e.g. potato dumplings, black pudding, blöta) decreased in popularity. Fruit and vegetable intake remained low. In paper two we study the effects of these changes in food intake on the risk of developing T2DM using body fat distribution as an early indicator. Increased consumption of convenience foods was associated with unfavourable changes (smaller hip circumference and larger waist circumference), whereas the increased consumption of vegetable oil and pasta was associated with low-risk fat distribution. In the third paper we report studies on the association between fat consumption and T2DM. We used the pattern of fatty acids in the membranes of red blood cells as a marker of fat intake. In addition to confirming earlier findings (markers of the intake of saturated fat are associated with increased risk of T2DM and markers of unsaturated fat are associated with reduced T2DM risk), we also identified associations between two markers of milk-derived saturated fat intake and enterolactone, a biomarker of dietary fibre intake, and the risk of developing myocardial infarction. Our results indicate that moderately high levels of enterolactone intake in men are associated with lower risk of experiencing myocardial infarction. Manuscript 5 ranks education level, physical activity, smoking status, and self-reported intake of dietary fibre and fatty acids according to their effects on body fat distribution. Increased levels of physical activity, a higher education level and a reduced intake of saturated fat from meat were ranked as the most strongly associated factors in both men and women. Increased intake of dietary fibre from grains in women, and increased intake of dietary fibre from fruits and vegetables in men, was also inversely associated with average waist circumference. CONCLUSION Both questionnaire-based and biological markers of the risk of developing diabetes or cardiovascular disease have been identified. Based on available population level measurements, reduced consumption of convenience foods, increased consumption of whole-grain products, fruits and vegetables, vegetable oil and pasta as well as increased physical activity are potential goals for interventions in northern Sweden.