Spelling suggestions: "subject:"escalation"" "subject:"scalation""
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At the Endpoint of Violence : A comparative study between the genocide in Bosnia Herzegovina and the conflict in Georgian AbkhaziaLönnberg, Linnea January 2018 (has links)
In an attempt to bridge the gap between theories of violent escalation and those of genocide, this paper theorizes genocide to be a strategic choice by leaders in response to a situation which they perceive to lack alternatives. This situation is expected to evolve out of a violent escalation, more precisely civil war. The empirical test consists of a structured focused comparison of one positive and one negative case; namely the conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina and the conflict in Georgia over the region Abkhazia. The finding gives some evidence to the theory, however a more adequate theory needs to also involve a theorization of the ability to perpetrate genocide and not only of a lack of other alternatives. The study builds on previous research on the relationship between violent escalation and genocide, and findings are in line with existing research.
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Bayesian methods for borrowing information in clinical drug developmentGünhan, Burak Kürsad 07 December 2020 (has links)
No description available.
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Role jaderných zbraní v regionálním konfliktu mezi Indií a Pákistánem / The Role of Nuclear Weapons in Regional Conflict Between India and PakistanPolášková, Kamila January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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The Effects of Self-Efficacy, Process Feedback, and Task Complexity on Escalation of Commitment in New Product DevelopmentLiang, Beichen 07 October 2019 (has links)
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of self-efficacy, process feedback and task complexity on decisions by managers to continue or discontinue a new product after receiving negative performance feedback. Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses a classroom experiment design and uses logistic regression and a chi-square test to analyze the data. Findings: The findings of this paper show that self-efficacy, process feedback and task complexity have not only main effects but also interactive effects on managers’ go or no-go decisions; further, the main effects are mediated by interactions. The effect of self-efficacy is moderated by process feedback and task complexity. Process feedback and task complexity also have an interactive effect on decisions about new products by decision-makers. Research limitations/implications: This paper extends the theory of escalation of commitment (EOC) by showing that self-efficacy, process feedback and task complexity can influence decision-makers’ go or no-go decisions after they have received negative performance feedback. Practical implications: This paper provides useful guidelines for managers on how to reduce the likelihood of EOC. Originality/value: The originality and value of this paper lie in its being the first to examine the effects of process feedback and task complexity on the EOC.
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What Factors in the Life Experience of African Americans Cause Them to Comply with or Confront Law Enforcement Officers?Jefferson-McDonald, La'Shelle 27 October 2022 (has links)
No description available.
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Levelheaded Leaders? An Investigation Into CEO Overconfidence Factors and EffectsNicolosi, Gina K. 18 July 2006 (has links)
No description available.
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Footprints of the Future : Forecasting Conflict Escalation Utilizing Forced Displacement DataMatić, Marina January 2024 (has links)
The aim of this thesis is to attempt to address gaps in the forced displacement-conflict escalation literature, as well as in the literature on conflict forecasting. By posing the question To what extent can data on forced displacement improve accuracy of conflict escalation forecasts?, the aim is to explore the possible bidirectional relationship between forced displacement and armed conflict, as well as how such a relationship may be beneficial for conflict forecasts. Through utilizing Random Forest classifiers and regressors, two hypotheses are tested: 1) Increasing numbers of displaced persons are associated with escalating violence, and 2) Incorporating forced displacement data into conflict forecasting models can improve the accuracy of conflict timing prediction. The obtained results offer support for both hypotheses, in turn providing two contributions to the field of peace and conflict studies. First, that the relationship between displacement and conflict escalation is not strictly causal. Second, data on displacement magnitudes can improve conflict escalation forecasts.
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Economic sanctions against South Africa during the eightiesLouw, Michael Hendrik Sarel 11 1900 (has links)
Import sanctions were used to a very limited extent against South Africa in the early
sixties and latter half of the seventies to clearly signal the international community's
disapproval of the country's apartheid policy. In the middle eighties South Africa was
further exposed to a two year wave of export and financial sanctions. This was after the
government had already committed itself to move away from apartheid as a policy that
was no longer deemed feasible. All these sanctions were lifted in the early nineties after
the abolition of apartheid but before negotiations for a new constitutional dispensation
had firmly got under way.
Contrary to some popular impressions, the 1985-87 sanctions were also severe1y limited
in scope and nature, with the result that their economic impact was only marginal at
best. They were introduced at a time when the country unexpectedly had to face a
foreign debt crisis and had to drastically adjust the economy downward, not unlike that
experienced by many other developing countries. The severe recession and greater
socio-political unrest that followed did not lead to an escalation of sanctions, but
nevertheless threatened to make large parts of the country ungovernable. The evidence
is that sanctions only played a minor role in bringing about this poor and deteriorating
state of affairs.
The political aims of abolishing apartheid and preparing the way for negotiations was
achieved mainly as a result of certain internal political developments, together with the
political implications of such major other outside developments as the economic collapse
of Sub-Saharan Africa and the Soviet Union.
South Africa's experience with sanctions confirms that as elsewhere their economic
impact as an instrument of foreign policy was invariably exaggerated, whereas their
contribution in explaining the subsequent course of political events was at best uncertain. / Department of Economics / Ph.D. (Economics)
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The impact of prior experience on acquisition behaviour and performance : an integrated examination of corporate acquisitions in the USA and UKDionne, Steven Scott January 2008 (has links)
The objective of the thesis is to advance the concept of learning by explicating the mechanisms contributing to knowledge accumulation and its transfer to new situations. On the basis of 44 case studies, the framework is refined to accurately capture the unique features and outcomes of experiential knowledge in acquisitions. Feedback from the performance of prior acquisitions was found to enrich representations of action-outcome linkages and modify procedures in search and valuation. Inferential transfer though depended on similar kinds of features emerging in subsequent decisions. Outcomes therefore reflected the integration of feedback processes and similarity judgments. From the case studies, a set of hypotheses was developed and their plausibility tested, using another data set on the acquisitions of 687 managers. The research finds that the performance of prior decisions and the similarity to prior experiences materially impact behaviour. Poor performance in prior, similar acquisitions led to a reduction in subsequent risk behaviour, illustrated by the extent of risk management and by the lessening of commitment to specific transactions. The impact of performance feedback was also extant in the similarity of choice to prior experiences. The results illustrate that although feedback shapes perceptions of likelihood and expected value, similarity judgments moderate the impact of prior performance on behaviour. Given the impact on acquisition behaviour, the research also illustrates that prior experiences do not necessarily increase performance. Adaptation from prior failures was not unambiguously linked to positive returns, suggesting limitations from feedback mechanisms. Rather, the extent and similarity of acquisition experience led to a reduction in the variability of performance. By providing a framework for selecting planning procedures, greater experience tended to reduce surprises post-acquisition.
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CT Urography : Efforts to Reduce the Radiation DoseDahlman, Pär January 2011 (has links)
Computed tomography urography (CTU) is today the imaging method used to investigate patients with suspected urinary tract malignancy, replacing the old imaging method intravenous pyelography (IVP) about a decade ago. The downside of this shift was that the effective radiation dose to the examined patient was eight times higher for CTU compared to IVP. Based on four different studies, the present thesis focused on efforts to reduce the CTU radiation dose. In study I, the number of cysts and solid lesions in the separate scan phases was evaluated in 57 patients undergoing four-phase CTU 1997-98. The number of scans was reduced from four to three when the nephrographic scan was abolished following study I. Study II registered the diameter of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and the presenting symptoms in the total number of patients (n=232) diagnosed with RCC between 1997 and 2003. The results from study II showed that the critical size for RCCs to cause macroscopic hematuria was ≥ 4 cm. Study III was a dose-escalation study aimed to decide the minimal possible tube load in the unenhanced and excretory phase scans if the low dose images are reviewed together with normal dose corticomedullary phase images. Study III showed that it is possible to reduce the mean effective dose in three phase CTU from 16.2 mSv to 9.4 mSv with a combined low and normal dose CTU protocol. Study IV investigated the changes in the CTU protocol between 1997 and 2008, and the development of the effective radiation dose. Study IV clarified how the CTU protocol has changed between 1997 and 2008 and as a result the mean effective radiation dose to patients undergoing CTU in 2008 is only 39% of the effective dose in 1997. In conclusion, the findings from the studies included in this thesis have contributed to a reduced radiation dose to patients undergoing CTU. The mean effective dose from CTU is at present only three times higher compared to that from the IVP.
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