O interesse pela criação de moluscos, em particular escargots, vem sendo divulgado por criadores na expectativa de colaborar com o desenvolvimento da helicicultura brasileira. Assim, realizamos estudos macro e microscópicos da anatomia do sistema reprodutor, estabelecendo parâmetros morfológicos e morfométricos comparativos entre a Achatina fulica e a Achatina monochromatica. Utilizamos trinta exemplares, sendo quinze Achatina fulica e quinze Achatina monochromatica. Dez exemplares de cada espécie foram destinados ao estudo macroscópico, enquanto que os outros cinco destinaram-se ao estudo histológico. Os espécimes foram sacrificados por congelamento, em freezer a (-2ºC), após processo seletivo e medidas morfométricas da concha e pesagem do animal. A coleta do sistema reprodutor se fez após a retirada da concha, por quebra da mesma e dissecação do animal. Retirado o sistema reprodutor, procederam-se as medidas de cada segmento e as preparações histológicas. Na análise estatística, verificamos que apesar desses animais terem sido mantidos nas mesmas condições ambientais e alimentares e submetidos ao mesmo tipo de seleção, houve variação no desenvolvimento e na biometria dos seus órgãos reprodutores. Os aspectos morfológicos do sistema reprodutor das duas espécies diferem, macroscopicamente, em seus vários segmentos, porém, a disposição e a localização dos seus segmentos são idênticas. Quanto à descrição microscópica, não foram observadas diferenças em seus segmentos, porém, no ovotestis da Achatina fulica há maior quantidade de células com pigmento no epitélio germinativo do que na Achatina monochromatica. / The interest for the creation of mollusks, specifically escargots, has been introduced by the creators with the expectation to collaborate with the development of the Brazilian snails breeding. Therefore, there were accomplished macro and microscopic studies of the reproductive system anatomy, establishing a comparison of morphologic and morphometric parameters between Achatina fulica and Achatina monochromatica. Thirty samples, being fifteen Achatina fulica and fifteen Achatina monochromatica, were used. Ten samples of each species were destined for macroscopic studies, while five to the histological study. The specimens were sacrificed by freezing in a freezer (-2ºC), after a selective process and shell morphometric measures and the weighting of the animal. The retreat of the reproductive system was made after breaking the shell to expose the escargot and the animal dissection. After the retreat of the reproductive system, measures of each segment and histological preparations were made. In the statistical analysis, in spite of the animals have been maintained in the same environmental and alimentary conditions, and submitted to the same selection type, it was observed that there was a variation in the development and the biometry of the reproductive organs. Reproductive system morphologic aspects of both species differ macroscopically, in their several segments, however the disposition and the location of their segments are identical. As for the microscopic description, differences in their segments were not observed, however in the Achatina fulica ovotestis there is a larger amount of pigmented cells in the twinning epithelium than in Achatina monochromatica.

O interesse pela criação de moluscos, em particular escargots, vem sendo divulgado por criadores na expectativa de colaborar com o desenvolvimento da helicicultura brasileira. Assim, realizamos estudos macro e microscópicos da anatomia do sistema reprodutor, estabelecendo parâmetros morfológicos e morfométricos comparativos entre a Achatina fulica e a Achatina monochromatica. Utilizamos trinta exemplares, sendo quinze Achatina fulica e quinze Achatina monochromatica. Dez exemplares de cada espécie foram destinados ao estudo macroscópico, enquanto que os outros cinco destinaram-se ao estudo histológico. Os espécimes foram sacrificados por congelamento, em freezer a (-2ºC), após processo seletivo e medidas morfométricas da concha e pesagem do animal. A coleta do sistema reprodutor se fez após a retirada da concha, por quebra da mesma e dissecação do animal. Retirado o sistema reprodutor, procederam-se as medidas de cada segmento e as preparações histológicas. Na análise estatística, verificamos que apesar desses animais terem sido mantidos nas mesmas condições ambientais e alimentares e submetidos ao mesmo tipo de seleção, houve variação no desenvolvimento e na biometria dos seus órgãos reprodutores. Os aspectos morfológicos do sistema reprodutor das duas espécies diferem, macroscopicamente, em seus vários segmentos, porém, a disposição e a localização dos seus segmentos são idênticas. Quanto à descrição microscópica, não foram observadas diferenças em seus segmentos, porém, no ovotestis da Achatina fulica há maior quantidade de células com pigmento no epitélio germinativo do que na Achatina monochromatica. / The interest for the creation of mollusks, specifically escargots, has been introduced by the creators with the expectation to collaborate with the development of the Brazilian snails breeding. Therefore, there were accomplished macro and microscopic studies of the reproductive system anatomy, establishing a comparison of morphologic and morphometric parameters between Achatina fulica and Achatina monochromatica. Thirty samples, being fifteen Achatina fulica and fifteen Achatina monochromatica, were used. Ten samples of each species were destined for macroscopic studies, while five to the histological study. The specimens were sacrificed by freezing in a freezer (-2ºC), after a selective process and shell morphometric measures and the weighting of the animal. The retreat of the reproductive system was made after breaking the shell to expose the escargot and the animal dissection. After the retreat of the reproductive system, measures of each segment and histological preparations were made. In the statistical analysis, in spite of the animals have been maintained in the same environmental and alimentary conditions, and submitted to the same selection type, it was observed that there was a variation in the development and the biometry of the reproductive organs. Reproductive system morphologic aspects of both species differ macroscopically, in their several segments, however the disposition and the location of their segments are identical. As for the microscopic description, differences in their segments were not observed, however in the Achatina fulica ovotestis there is a larger amount of pigmented cells in the twinning epithelium than in Achatina monochromatica.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-12-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:29:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barboza_shr_me_sjrp.pdf: 219154 bytes, checksum: d7a34b381306f3eba433602189f40acf (MD5) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o potencial tecnológico do escargot (Achatina fulica) e aruá (Pomacea lineata) em fornecer carne e subprodutos. Iniciaram-se os estudos, com medidas para avaliar os aspectos quantitativos dos animais através da composição corporal e da carcaça. Na composição corporal foi possível conhecer o percentual de ocupação nos animais dos segmentos corporais: carne, vísceras e conchas. Desses estudos verificou-se nos lotes analisados, que os escargots de menor peso apresentam um rendimento maior de carne se considerarmos o custo de produção (tempo) e para os aruás os rendimentos em carne foram equivalentes, sugerimos um estudo mais detalhado do potencial destes animais. Os subprodutos (vísceras e conchas) representam em torno de 70% do peso dos animais (ambas espécies), sendo considerado um grande potencial para o aproveitamento como matéria prima para ração e/ou fertilizantes. Na análise da composição centesimal das carnes, verificou-se que os teores de proteínas, lipídios e cinzas mostram-se equivalentes entre as espécies. O teor de colágeno foi maior para carne de aruá. A concentração de colesterol não apresenta diferença entre as espécies. A estabilidade da carne durante o armazenamento foi avaliada por medidas de Nitrogênio Volátil Total (NVT), microrganismos psicrotrófilos e pH quando armazenadas sob refrigeração (l 7ºC), e pelo acompanhamento do número de TBA, mudanças de pH e microrganismos psicrotrófilos quando armazenadas sob congelamento (l -18ºC). Verificou-se que sob refrigeração, a carne de ambas espécies suportam de 3 a 4 dias, sem sinais de rejeição sensorial. No armazenamento a -18ºC ao longo de 180 dias, observou-se não haver alteração do pH, nem desenvolvimento de microrganismos psicrotrófilos, durante o período de armazenamento e os valores... / Not available.

Cell death is an integral part of oogenesis in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. When the fly is starved of protein, some pre-vitellogenic egg chambers die apoptotically. As egg chambers mature, excess germline cells die via a non-apoptotic, developmentally programmed death. Overexpression of the transcription factor escargot was found to block both death events in the ovary, which is very unusual. escargot overexpression blocked starvation-dependent death upstream of caspases, but still needed a death signal to produce undead egg chambers. In maturing egg chambers, escargot overexpression blocked death more effectively than disrupting both apoptosis and autophagy, indicating that it must affect non-apoptotic, non-autophagic death mechanisms. RNA-Seq and a genetic modifier screen were used to identify potential escargot targets that inhibit cell death. Studies were also undertaken to characterize the loss-of-function phenotype of escargot in the ovary. escargot is a member of the Snail family of transcription factors that play integral roles in development and gene regulation throughout Bilaterian organisms. In Drosophila melanogaster, the genes snail, escargot, and worniu are critical for stem cells in neuroblasts, gut, and testis, but a role in the ovary had not been shown. To analyze Snail family function in the ovary, I made a triple deficiency that removed the three Snail family members, called ΔSF. Surprisingly, ΔSF homozygous follicle stem cells are rapidly lost. Follicle stem cell loss was rescued by the expression of escargot or worniu but not snail, indicating that there is shared capability between genes. Moreover, follicle stem cells did not linger in the germarium, and their loss was not prevented by blocking apoptosis, indicating that the ΔSF defect is a failure of stem cell maintenance. Together, the results described in this dissertation show that Snail genes are needed for the normal function of the Drosophila ovary, and that escargot can regulate multiple kinds of cell death. Understanding Snail family genes is particularly important for the study of cancer, as they are implicated in mechanisms underlying the cancer stem cell state. Analysis of the highly conserved Snail family genes in Drosophila illuminates their function and dysfunction in human health and disease.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaCS.pdf: 605865 bytes, checksum: 270b5c00704f41b1902388182a11f2aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-09-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The waste in the industries of escargot processing is very big. This is composed basically of escargot meat out of the commercialization patterns and the visceras. In this context, there is a need to take advantage to the use of these sub-products. A possibility should be drying them and transforming them in a certain form to be reused. Than, the present work has the objective of studying the reutilization of the sub-products of the escargot industrialization for by means of drying process. The samples were transformed in pastes, through a domestic processor for approximately 1 minute and compacted in trays of aluminum without perforations with three different heights (5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm). The drying was accomplished in a tray dryer with air circulation and transverse flow at a speed of 0,2 m/s and three temperature levels (70?C, 80?C and 90?C). A drying kinetics study was accomplished for the obtained curves and for the heat and mass transfer coefficients using experimental procedures based in an experimental planning of 22 factorial type. Microbiological and physiochemical analysis were also accomplished for the in nature and the dehydrated sub-products. In the drying process, it was observed the great importance of the external resistances to the mass transfer and heat in the period of constant tax influenced by the temperature. The evaporation taxes indicated a mixed control of the mass transfer for the case of the thickest layers. As already expected, the drying constant behavior was influenced by the temperature and thickness of the medium, increasing and decreasing. The statistical analysis of the results, in agreement with the factorial planning 22, showed that the fissures, the shrinking of the transfer area and the formation of a crust on the surface might have contributed to the differences between the practical results and the linear model proposed. The temperature and the thickness influenced significantly in the answers of the studied variables: evaporation tax and drying constant. They were obtained significant statistical models and predictive ones for evaporation tax for the meat as well as for the visceras / O descarte nas ind?strias de processamento de escargot ? muito grande. Este ? composto basicamente de carne de escargot fora dos padr?es de comercializa??o e as v?sceras (hepatop?ncreas). Diante deste contexto, viu-se a necessidade de se aproveitar estes subprodutos. Uma possibilidade seria a utiliza??o da secagem como forma de reaproveitamento. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo um estudo de aproveitamento de subprodutos da industrializa??o do escargot atrav?s da secagem. As amostras foram transformadas em pastas, atrav?s de um processador dom?stico por aproximadamente 1 minuto e compactadas em bandejas de alum?nio sem perfura??es com tr?s alturas diferentes (5 mm, 10 mm e 15 mm). A secagem foi realizada em um secador de bandeja com circula??o de ar e fluxo transverso a uma velocidade de 0,2 m/s e tr?s n?veis de temperatura (70 ?C, 80 ?C e 90?C). Um estudo da cin?tica de secagem, das curvas obtidas e dos coeficientes de transfer?ncia de calor e massa foi realizado bem como, a an?lise dos procedimentos experimentais atrav?s de um planejamento experimental do tipo fatorial 22 e an?lises f?sico-qu?micas e microbiol?gicas dos subprodutos in natura e desidratados. Na secagem, foi observado o predom?nio das resist?ncias externas ? transfer?ncia de massa e calor no per?odo de taxa constante influenciada pela temperatura. As taxas de evapora??o indicaram um controle misto da transfer?ncia de massa para o caso das camadas mais espessas. A constante de secagem teve seu comportamento influenciado pela temperatura e espessura, aumentando e diminuindo, respectivamente, como era de se esperar. an?lise estat?stica dos resultados, de acordo com o planejamento fatorial 22, mostrou que as fissuras, o encolhimento da ?rea de transfer?ncia e a forma??o de uma crosta sobre a superf?cie pode ter contribu?do para o afastamento e a falta de ajuste do modelo linear proposto. A temperatura e a espessura influenciaram significativamente nas vari?veis respostas estudadas: taxa de evapora??o e constante de secagem. Foram obtidos modelos estatisticamente significativos e preditivos para taxa de evapora??o tanto para carne como para as v?sceras (hepatop?ncreas)

O controle de mastite consiste em um conjunto de medidas de manejo e prevenção da doença em um rebanho, pois estudos realizados em todo estado de São Paulo estimaram um prejuízo de 17% da produção por propriedade devido à mastite considerando perdas como os gastos com tratamentos; descarte de leite; queda na produção; além de perdas por resíduos de antibióticos. O trabalho mostra que a população microbiana da mucosa dos tetos não varia conforme a sua posição no úbere do animal e a identificação dos microorganismos predominantes foram como sendo de Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Acinetobacter junii. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a eficácia do muco de escargot nos tetos de vacas leiteiras utilizando-o como \"pré e pós dipping\" e o comparado com a aplicação de solução de iodo, visando à prevenção ou a redução da incidência de infecções intramamárias. O muco de escargot possui uma propriedade antibacteriana bastante efetiva, conhecida como Achacin. Sua ação bactericida ocorre principalmente na fase de crescimento da bactéria agindo como agente quimioterápico. O muco de escargot mostrou ser igualmente eficiente no controle da população de microorganismo presente na superfície dos tetos, quando comparados ao uso da solução de iodo, além de que o seu efeito sobre a pele e mucosa dos tetos foi de deixá-los mais hidratados e com melhor elasticidade evitando rachaduras e focos de infecção, quando comparado ao agente mineral, podendo ser até mesmo um produto alternativo no controle e prevenção de mastite em vacas leiteiras. / The control of mastitis is a set of measures for management and prevention of disease in a herd, because studies from every state of Sao Paulo have estimated a loss of 17% in a property considering losses due to mastitis as spending on treatments; discarded milk, drop in production, and losses due to antibiotic residues. The study shows that the microbial population of the mucosa of the teats doesnt vary according to their position in the animal\'s udder and identification of microorganisms were predominant as Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter junii. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of snail mucus teats of dairy cows using it as a \"pre and post dipping\" and compared with the application of iodine solution, aiming at preventing or reducing the incidence of mammary infections. The mucus of snail has a very effective antibacterial property, known as Achacin. Its bactericidal action occurs mainly in the growth of bacteria by acting as a chemotherapeutic agent. The mucus of snail proved to be equally effective in controlling the population of microorganisms present on the surface of the teats, compared to the use of iodine solution, and that its effect on the skin and mucous membrane of the teats was leaving them more hydrated and with improved elasticity avoiding cracks and foci of infection, when compared to mineral agent, which may even be an alternative product in the control and prevention of mastitis in dairy cows.

O controle de mastite consiste em um conjunto de medidas de manejo e prevenção da doença em um rebanho, pois estudos realizados em todo estado de São Paulo estimaram um prejuízo de 17% da produção por propriedade devido à mastite considerando perdas como os gastos com tratamentos; descarte de leite; queda na produção; além de perdas por resíduos de antibióticos. O trabalho mostra que a população microbiana da mucosa dos tetos não varia conforme a sua posição no úbere do animal e a identificação dos microorganismos predominantes foram como sendo de Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Acinetobacter junii. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a eficácia do muco de escargot nos tetos de vacas leiteiras utilizando-o como \"pré e pós dipping\" e o comparado com a aplicação de solução de iodo, visando à prevenção ou a redução da incidência de infecções intramamárias. O muco de escargot possui uma propriedade antibacteriana bastante efetiva, conhecida como Achacin. Sua ação bactericida ocorre principalmente na fase de crescimento da bactéria agindo como agente quimioterápico. O muco de escargot mostrou ser igualmente eficiente no controle da população de microorganismo presente na superfície dos tetos, quando comparados ao uso da solução de iodo, além de que o seu efeito sobre a pele e mucosa dos tetos foi de deixá-los mais hidratados e com melhor elasticidade evitando rachaduras e focos de infecção, quando comparado ao agente mineral, podendo ser até mesmo um produto alternativo no controle e prevenção de mastite em vacas leiteiras. / The control of mastitis is a set of measures for management and prevention of disease in a herd, because studies from every state of Sao Paulo have estimated a loss of 17% in a property considering losses due to mastitis as spending on treatments; discarded milk, drop in production, and losses due to antibiotic residues. The study shows that the microbial population of the mucosa of the teats doesnt vary according to their position in the animal\'s udder and identification of microorganisms were predominant as Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter junii. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of snail mucus teats of dairy cows using it as a \"pre and post dipping\" and compared with the application of iodine solution, aiming at preventing or reducing the incidence of mammary infections. The mucus of snail has a very effective antibacterial property, known as Achacin. Its bactericidal action occurs mainly in the growth of bacteria by acting as a chemotherapeutic agent. The mucus of snail proved to be equally effective in controlling the population of microorganisms present on the surface of the teats, compared to the use of iodine solution, and that its effect on the skin and mucous membrane of the teats was leaving them more hydrated and with improved elasticity avoiding cracks and foci of infection, when compared to mineral agent, which may even be an alternative product in the control and prevention of mastitis in dairy cows.

Les interactions « lichen-lichénophage » sont médiées par la présence de métabolites au sein des lichens qui peuvent influer sur les préférences alimentaires des lichénophages. Dans le contexte environnemental du Subantarctique, à faible biodiversité animale et « végétale », une étonnante richesse lichénique a contribué au succès de l’unique Gastéropode terrestre endémique, Notodiscus hookeri. Pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes en jeu, nous avons analysé les préférences alimentaires de cet escargot lichénophage et tenté de cibler les traits-clés des lichens qui modulent l’interaction trophique. À partir d’observations et de prélèvements réalisés sur l’île de la Possession (Archipel Crozet, Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises), deux étapes décisives de l’interaction ont été étudiées : (i) le comportement alimentaire de l’escargot en situation de choix nutritionnel, (ii) sa réponse gustative face à des métabolites en situation de non choix. Le broutage préférentiel de certaines parties de lichen a été confronté à l’analyse de la combinaison entre la teneur des métabolites secondaires et celle des métabolites primaires. La localisation des métabolites au sein du thalle de trois espèces lichéniques fréquentes sur l’île et consommées par l’escargot (Argopsis friesiana, Pseudocyphellaria crocata et Usnea taylorii) a été effectuée par l’intermédiaire de techniques chromatographiques et spectrométriques (LC-DAD-MS, GC-MS, microdissection couplée à la LC-DAD-MS, DART-MS) ainsi que par des techniques d’imagerie couplées à la spectrométrie de masse ((MA)LDI-MS). N. hookeri se révèle être une espèce généraliste et opportuniste qui se nourrit de la majorité des lichens auxquels il est confronté. Cependant, il opère des choix en se nourrissant des parties ayant une valeur nutritive élevée et ce, en dépit de la présence de métabolites secondaires potentiellement répulsifs. Plusieurs mécanismes permettant à l’escargot de contrer la toxicité de certains métabolites ont également été décrits dans ce travail. Les choix alimentaires de N. hookeri s’avèrent par conséquent répondre à un compromis entre le bénéfice d’absorption de métabolites appétents à forte valeur nutritive et le coût physiologique (détoxication, clivage, excrétion) engendré par l’ingestion de métabolites répulsifs. En conclusion, trois paramètres-clés au moins seraient à prendre en compte lors des futures études d’interactions entre lichens et lichénophages : il s’agit de la nature et de la teneur des métabolites secondaires, de la teneur en azote ainsi que de la quantité de sucres et de polyols. Les techniques d’imagerie ont fourni une voie nouvelle et prometteuse pour cibler les dégâts opérés par un phytophage. En effet, cette approche permet de mieux apprécier la distribution hétérogène au sein du thalle entre les métabolites. Pour cet escargot terrestre, les ratios de composés « appétents/inappétents » semblent jouer un rôle majeur dans la sélection de nourriture. / Lichen-lichenivore interactions are mediated by the presence of metabolites in lichens, which may impact lichenivore food preferences. In the environmental context of the Subantarctic, with a low animal and “plant” biodiversity, the surprising lichen flora contributed to the success of a the only endemic subantarctic land Gastropod, Notodiscus hookeri. To better understand the snail-lichen interactions, we analyzed the food preferences of this lichenivore snail and tried to pinpoint key lichen traits modulating the trophic interaction. From observations and samplings realized on Possession Island (Crozet Archipelago, Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises), two decisive stages of the interaction were studied: (i) the snail feeding behavior in situation of nutritional choice, (ii) its gustatory response when facing isolated metabolites in no-choice situations. Preferential grazing of some lichen parts was linked to both secondary and primary metabolites concentrations. Intrathalline localization of metabolites was performed in three lichen species consumed by the snail and widespread on Possession Island (Argopsis friesiana, Pseudocyphellaria crocata and Usnea taylorii), using chromatographic and spectrometric techniques (LC-DAD-MS, GC-MS, microdissection coupled to LC-DAD-MS, DART-MS) and imaging mass spectrometry ((MA)LDI-MS). N. hookeri appears to be a generalist and opportunistic gastropod, feeding on most lichen species encountered. However, it is able to discriminate between lichen parts, preferentially grazing on parts with the highest nutrient value, in spite of the presence of potential deterrent secondary metabolites. We described several mechanisms helping snails to overcome the toxicity of some lichen metabolites. Snail feeding choices result in trade-off between benefits of absorbing appetent metabolites of high nutritive value and the cost of physiological processes (detoxification, cleavage and excretion) caused by the ingestion of deterrent metabolites. To conclude, three main key parameters might be relevant in future to study the interactions between lichens and lichenivores. They correspond to the nature, the histolocalisation and the content of secondary metabolites balanced by the amount of nitrogen along with sugars and polyols. Imaging techniques have provided a new and promising way to visualize the heterogeneous distribution within the thallus between these metabolites. The ratios of appetent/non appetent compounds are likely to play a major role in food selection by this land snail.

Le maintien de la connectivité à travers les paysages urbains, par nature très fragmentés, est un enjeu majeur de conservation de la biodiversité urbaine. On observe une prise en compte croissante de la connectivité dans les politiques d’aménagement du territoire, notamment avec l’établissement de la trame verte et bleue. De multiples outils cartographiques permettent de mettre en évidence les continuités écologiques (zones de forte connectivité), mais leur validation fonctionnelle fait souvent défaut. L’objectif de cette thèse est de valider les prédictions d’un modèle de chemin de moindre coût, sur plusieurs villes et avec différents modèles biologiques. Les espèces étudiées présentent différents modes et capacités de dispersion (vol, marche, reptation) et des exigences écologiques spécifiques (préférences pour les milieux herbacés ou boisés). Des protocoles de validation basés sur l’écologie du mouvement et la génétique du paysage sont appliqués, dans un souci de réplication (au sein de plusieurs villes) et de contrôle de la variabilité inter-individuelle. Nos résultats montrent des mouvements accrus au sein des continuités écologiques comparés à ceux observés en contextes paysagers prédits comme non connectés : les hérissons transloqués s’y déplacent sur des distances plus longues, plusieurs passereaux répondent à la repasse de chant sur de plus longues distances et les papillons de nuit montrent des taux de recapture beaucoup plus élevés. Par ailleurs, les analyses indirectes réalisées sur l’escargot petit-gris montrent une relation assez faible entre la différenciation génétique des populations et les modèles de connectivité. Ce travail fournit des arguments scientifiques pour soutenir la mise en place de continuités écologiques en milieu urbain. / Maintaining connectivity across urban landscape, intrinsically fragmented, is a major issue of urban biodiversity conservation. Connectivity is increasingly taken into account by policy and stakeholders, especially through the establishment of the blue-green infrastructure. Multiple mapping tools allow to detect ecological networks (highly connected areas), however their functionnal validation is often lacking. The objective of this study is to validate least cost path analysis predictions in several cities with different biological models. Studied species vary in terms of dispersal means and capacities (flight, walk, crawling) and habitat requirement (e.g. herbaceous or forested habitats). Several protocols based on movement ecology and landscape genetic are applied, focusing on replication (within and among cities) and control of inter-individual variability. Our results indicate that movement is increased in predicted ecological networks when compared with areas predicted as poorly connected: the translocated hedgehogs travelled longer distances, several passerine responded to song playback over longer distances, and moths showed increased recapture rates. Indirect analysis on the garden snail showed a weak relation between population genetic differentiation and connectivity models. This work provides scientific support for the establishment of ecological networks in urban landscapes.

Cette recherche porte sur dix romans d’auteurs francophones : Monnè, outrages et défis, d’Ahmadou Kourouma ; La mère du printemps et Naissance à l’aube, de Driss Chraïbi ; L’escargot entêté et Les 1001 années de nostalgie, de Rachid Boudjedra ; La déchirure et Le régiment noir, d’Henry Bauchau ; Prochain épisode, Trou de mémoire et L’antiphonaire, d’Hubert Aquin. Au-delà des différences sociohistoriques de leurs origines, les œuvres accusent des fortes similitudes tant au niveau de l’écriture qu’au plan de leur thématique. Nourries – pour la plupart – de l’expérience de vie des auteurs, elles s’ancrent dans l’époque ou convoquent les événements du passé (invasions, colonisation, guerres, résistances) afin de produire une intelligence de l’Histoire. Par métonymisation, cette dernière s’incarne dans un « Je » narrateur halluciné, blessé à l’origine et psychologiquement décomposé, qui engage désespérement l’écriture pour dire son mal être et, peut-être s’en guérir. La fiction de soi sert de moyen pour écrire l’Histoire et celle-ci se confond avec le récit, le discours sur le roman en train de s’écrire tendant à devenir l’objet même de la narration. Dans une autre perspective, prenant le détour de l’allégorie, les textes montrent à travers des événements plus anciens, même vécus ailleurs, des motifs et des figures qui illustrent le mécanisme cyclique, les modes de fabrication de l’Histoire, et témoignent de la résistance des peuples ainsi que de leurs stratégies de survie. Par une approche herméneutique, s’inspirant aussi du paradigme de « mort et naissance » à l’aune duquel Pierre Nepveu lit la littérature québécoise, cette analyse met en lumière la médiation symbolique à l’œuvre dans les romans. Tout en mettant en scène la déshérence des sujets (individuels ou collectifs) et l’impasse historique, ils proposent d’inventer des voies de dépassement. En montrant que les fausses évidences et tout « ce-qui-va-de-soi » dans les imaginaires ont été à l’origine choisis et fabriqués en réponse à des besoins contingents, les fictions du roman francophone attirent notre attention sur un principe majeur de regénération des mondes : une tradition, une culture, une civilisation s’invente ; précisément, elle invente le temps et, inversement, le temps la réinvente. / This research focuses on ten novels by Francophone authors: Monnè, outrages et défis, by Ahmadou Kourouma ; La mère du printemps and Naissance à l’aube, by Driss Chraïbi ; L’escargot entêté and Les 1001 années de nostalgie, by Rachid Boudjedra ; La déchirure and Le régiment noir, by Henry Bauchau ; Prochain épisode, Trou de mémoire, and L’antiphonaire, by Hubert Aquin. Beyond the socio-historical differences in their origins, the works show strong similarities both in writing and in their themes. Based – for the most part - on the life experience of the authors, they are rooted in the era or summon past events (invasions, colonization, wars, resistance) to produce an understanding of history. Through the device of metonymisation, the latter is embodied in an "I" hallucinated narrator, originally injured and psychologically broken down, desperately committed to writing in order to express his unhappiness and perhaps also to heal himself. Autobiography serves as a way to write history and it merges with the narrative, the discourse on the novel being written tending to become the object of the narrative. From another perspective, that of allegory, the texts show through older events, even experienced elsewhere, the patterns and figures that illustrate the cyclical nature and methods of building history, and reflect the resistance of the peoples and their survival strategies. Using a hermeneutic approach and also drawing upon the paradigm of "birth and death" in the light of which Pierre Nepveu understands Quebec literature, this analysis highlights the symbolic mediation at work in the novels. While featuring disinherited subjects (individual or collective) and the historical impasse, they propose ways to get around this. By showing that only false evidence and any "it-goes-without-saying " in imaginaries were originally selected and created in response to contingent needs, the fiction in the Francophone novel draws attention to a major principle in the regeneration of worlds : a tradition, a culture, a civilization is invented; specifically, it invents time and, conversely, time reinvents it.