A presente pesquisa trata do entendimento sobre o modo de pensar o projeto de arquitetura para habitações coletivas através da visão de quatro arquitetos em projetos na comunidade de Heliópolis, São Paulo, entre 1990 e 2014. Compreender questões relativas ao projeto: leitura do terreno e contexto; análise do programa de necessidades; entendimento da legislação; definição de materiais e técnicas construtivas, definindo assim estratégias de projeto por estes profissionais. No início da década de 1980, o processo de redemocratização do país, criava um ambiente favorável para melhores condições de vida as populações residentes em áreas irregulares. Em São Paulo várias ações foram desenvolvidas ao longo do tempo pelo poder público para enfrentamento da questão habitacional através de programas como o PRO-FAVELA, PROVER e Urbanização de Favelas. Com diversos projetos de habitação de interesse social implantados, Heliópolis, na região sudeste da capital, é a maior favela do município e reúne um conjunto de obras que representam diferentes alternativas na busca por soluções à questão habitacional. Foram selecionados como estudo de caso para a pesquisa o Conjunto Habitacional Almirante Delamare (1992) autoria de Luis Espallargas Gimenez; Conjunto Habitacional Gleba A - Quadra O e Quadra 1 (2007) e o Conjunto Habitacional Gleba H (2013) ambos de autoria de Vigliecca & Associados; Residencial Comandante Taylor (2012), autoria de Piratininga Arquitetos Associados e por fim o Conjunto Habitacional Heliópolis (Juntas Provisórias) - Gleba G (2014), de autoria do escritório Biselli Katchborian Arquitetos., sendo estes apresentados por meio de plantas, textos e fotos para a compreensão destas diferentes visões sobre Habitação Coletiva de Interesse Social. / The present research deals The The present research deals with the understanding about the way of thinking of the architecture project for collective housing through the vision of four architects in projects in the community of Heliópolis, São Paulo, between 1990 and 2014. Understand issues related to the project: reading the terrain and context ; needs program analysis; understanding of legislation; definition of materials and constructive techniques, thus defining project strategies by these professionals. In the early 1980s, the country\'s redemocratization process created a favorable environment for better living conditions for people living in irregular areas. In São Paulo, several actions have been developed over time by the public power to face the housing issue through programs such as PRO-FAVELA, PROVER and Urbanization of Slums. With several social housing projects in place, Heliopolis, in the southeast of the capital, is the largest slum in the city and it includes a set of works that represent different alternatives in the search for solutions to the housing issue. We selected as case study for the study the Housing Set Almirante Delamare (1992) authored by Luis Espallargas Gimenez; Housing Set Gleba A - Quadra O and Quadra 1 (2007) and the Housing Set Gleba H (2013) both authored by Vigliecca & Associados; Residencial Comandante Taylor (2012), authored by Piratininga Associated Architects and finally the Heliopolis Housing Set (Provisional Joints) - Gleba G (2014), authored by the Biselli Katchborian Architects office, being presented through plants, texts and photos to understand these different views on Collective Housing of Social Interest.

Os loteamentos residenciais fechados tem sido objeto de crítica acadêmica pelos seus aspectos de segregação e isolamento social, de interrupção do traçado urbano e de privatização do espaço de natureza pública entre outros. Entretanto esse tipo de ocupação tem se expandido pelo país, alterando a característica de nossas cidades. Esta dissertação analisa a arquitetura residencial produzida em Alphaville, no município de Barueri, considerando o contexto em que se insere esse modelo urbano, incluindo hábitos e práticas particulares no desenvolvimento de suas relações sociais. Para isso são apresentadas as análises críticas de oito projetos residenciais que antecedem um acervo de imagens de aproximadamente trinta residências, além de um relato histórico elaborado a partir de informações obtidas em entrevistas com moradores. A unidade habitacional é tomada como célula básica para esse estudo, discutindo-se o projeto de arquitetura das residências como elemento revelador de hábitos familiares e de relacionamento social. Estendendo a cognição desses costumes para a coletividade chegamos então a um melhor entendimento discursivo a respeito da população que opta pelos enclaves fortificados. A contribuição aqui pretendida é pleitear subsídios para melhor compreensão do fenômeno no meio acadêmico, permitindo a evolução da discussão sobre a coexistência dos modelos, cidade aberta e cidade de muros, buscando o pensamento que promova verdadeiros acontecimentos transformadores e assim novas possibilidades para esse quadro. / Housing estates have been aimed at by academic criticism owing to, among others, their aspects of segregation and social isolation, the halt to urban layout and the privatization of public area. However, this kind of occupation has been sprawling throughout the country, tweaking our cities\' features. This paper analyzes the residential architecture devised at Alphaville, in Barueri County, taking into consideration the context in which this urban standard is located, embracing both habits and exclusive customary activities in fostering its social relations. For such matter, critical reviews of eight dwelling projects are introduced; they forego an image heap of approximately thirty houses, apart from a historical account drafted from information gathered in the interviews with local habitants. For this particular study, the housing unit is taken as a basic cell, deliberating the project of the housing architecture as an apprising feature of family customs and of social relationship. Protracting the acknowledgement of such traditions to the community we, then, reach a better comprising understanding concerning the population who opts for the strengthened jurisdictions. The contribution which here is aspired is to plead subsidies to enhance the awareness of the phenomenon in the academic environment, by allowing the discussion over the concurrence of archetypes, vigilant city and walled city, seeking the concept which triggers true shifting therefore new possibilities to this panorama.

by Tam Chun Ho, Tang Chi Yin, Benny. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1987. / Bibliography: leaves 58-60.

<p>The new accounting standards IFRS and IAS was implemented in January 2005, the purpose was to harmonize accounting standards world wide. As a result of these new rules the real estate companies are allowed to appraise real estates assets at market value. It has long been debated whether this appraisal fulfils the requirements for relevance, reliability and comparability.</p><p>The paper attends to how banks control the information given by the real estate companies in the process of credit granting. As an introduction we describe the purpose of accounting and the problematic´s about appraisals with market values. Further on there is a discussion on which factors are taken into consideration when banks grant credits.</p><p>The study is built on interviews at three different commercial banks. At each bank one bank advisor was interviewed, the respondent were given specific questions and at the same time were free to speak openly about the subject.</p><p>In conclusion all banks focus on the real estates companies ability to repay the bank credits with revenues from the investment. With the focus on reimbursement banks will minimize the risk of credit losses and thereby decrease the risk of history repeating itself with new bank crisis. Besides the ability to repay credits banks also consider the fact’s, who is leading the company and how this owner has conduct prior businesses. In comparison whit theory and empirics all banks, in there credit granting process, fulfil the requirements for relevance, reliability and comparability. In summary the banks do not consider real estates valued at market prices as a problem in there assessments.</p>

The new accounting standards IFRS and IAS was implemented in January 2005, the purpose was to harmonize accounting standards world wide. As a result of these new rules the real estate companies are allowed to appraise real estates assets at market value. It has long been debated whether this appraisal fulfils the requirements for relevance, reliability and comparability. The paper attends to how banks control the information given by the real estate companies in the process of credit granting. As an introduction we describe the purpose of accounting and the problematic´s about appraisals with market values. Further on there is a discussion on which factors are taken into consideration when banks grant credits. The study is built on interviews at three different commercial banks. At each bank one bank advisor was interviewed, the respondent were given specific questions and at the same time were free to speak openly about the subject. In conclusion all banks focus on the real estates companies ability to repay the bank credits with revenues from the investment. With the focus on reimbursement banks will minimize the risk of credit losses and thereby decrease the risk of history repeating itself with new bank crisis. Besides the ability to repay credits banks also consider the fact’s, who is leading the company and how this owner has conduct prior businesses. In comparison whit theory and empirics all banks, in there credit granting process, fulfil the requirements for relevance, reliability and comparability. In summary the banks do not consider real estates valued at market prices as a problem in there assessments.

Thesis (M.S.W.)--University of Hong Kong, 1986.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1985.

Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1983.

Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1987.

Im Erscheinungsbild der Thüringer Großsiedlungen vollzog sich zwischen 1990 und 2000 ein deutlicher Wandel. Wohnumfeldverbesserungen trugen maßgeblich dazu bei. Diese Maßnahmen ordneten sich in die durch Förderprogramme gesteckten Ziele der Stadt- und Sozialplanung ein. In allen Wohngebieten wurden die Wohn- und Lebensbedingungen im Vergleich zu 1990 verbessert. Umfangreiche Aufwertungen im Wohnumfeld folgten i. d. R. umfassenden Gebäudesanierungen. Die Vorteile der Verkehrskonzepte und Versorgungsinfrastruktur wurden erhalten und ausgebaut. Die soziale Segregation vollzog sich deutlich langsamer als noch zu Beginn der 1990er Jahre befürchtet. Entsprechend blieb die gemischte Sozialstruktur teilweise erhalten. Die Bewohner sind mit ihrer Siedlung heute mindestens genauso zufrieden wie zu Beginn der Aufwertungsmaßnahmen. Das Eigenimage der Großsiedlungen konnte ebenfalls stabilisiert werden. Damit wurde das erklärte sozialplanerische Ziel, die Identifikation der Bewohner mit ihrem Wohngebiet zu stärken, erreicht. Diesen gelungenen Aspekten steht eine Reihe von Aufgaben gegenüber, die nicht umgesetzt wurden. So besteht die strukturelle, funktionale und bauliche Uniformität fort. Trotz Neu- und Umbau vieler Stadtteilzentren entwickelte sich nicht die angestrebte urbane Vielfalt. Die unzureichende funktionale und gestalterische Differenzierung des Raumes nach dem Öffentlichkeitscharakter verstärkt diese weiterhin vorhandene Monotonie der Siedlungen. Die Chancen, die Großsiedlungen besser an die Gesamtstadt und die landschaftliche Umgebung anzubinden, wurden nur selten genutzt. Trotz aller Bemühungen verzeichneten alle Großsiedlungen in den 1990er Jahren erhebliche Einwohnerverluste. Das Fremdimage der „Platte“ ist weiterhin schlecht. Die Wohnumfeldverbesserungen weisen in den Großsiedlungen deutliche Unterschiede hinsichtlich Umfang und Intensität auf. Allen Wohngebieten gemein ist ein Nebeneinander von aufwendig aufgewerteten Bereichen und von Quartieren, in denen nur wenig Veränderungen stattgefunden haben. In keinem Wohngebiet erfolgte eine komplette Gebietsaufwertung. An den Aufwertungsmaßnahmen waren viele verschiedene Akteure beteiligt, mit teilweise gegensätzlichen Interessen. Landschaftsarchitekten sind eine dieser Interessensgruppe. Ihre Arbeit bestimmt das Erscheinungsbild der Großsiedlungen erheblich mit. Allerdings bestehen nur geringe Handlungsspielräume zur Konfliktlösung zwischen den Beteiligten. Im Laufe der 1990er Jahre wandelten sich die wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Bedingungen. Nachfolgend fand ein Paradigmenwechsel im Umgang mit der Weiterentwicklung der Großsiedlungen und ihrer Freiräume statt. Aus den zu erwartenden Konditionen wurden hier Handlungsempfehlungen zur künftigen Wohngebietsentwicklung formuliert: in dauerhaft zu erhaltenden Quartieren sollten differenzierte Aufwertungen durchgeführt, in Rückbaubereiche neben der Stabilisierung des Wohnungsmarktes auch die Wohnungsvielfalt durch Umbauten erhöht werden. Die Freiräume in den Bestandsquartieren sind zu sichern, zu vernetzen und zu verbessern. Bei Interimsfreiräumen besteht ein erhebliches funktionales und gestalterisches Potential. Dazu gehören sowohl temporäre Aufwertungen für Erholungssuchende als auch extensive Freiraumentwicklungen verschiedener Vegetationstypen zur Erhöhung der ökologischen Vielfalt sowie wirtschaftliche Zwischennutzungen. / An enormous change in the appearance of the large suburban housing estates in Thuringia took place between 1990 and 2000. Improvements of the living environment contributed significantly to it. These measurements integrated into the aims of the city- and social planning that had been defined by support programmes. In all residential areas the housing- and living conditions have been improved in comparison to 1990. Extensive upgrading in the living environment generally followed substantial building restorations. The advantages of the traffic concepts and the provisioning infrastructure were conserved and extended. The social segregation transformed clearly slowlier than suspected at the beginning of the 1990ies. Correspondingly, the mixed social structure has been partly conserved. Today, the residents are at least as satisfied with their housing estates as at the beginning of the upgrading procedures. The image of the large suburban housing estates themselves could also be stabilised. Thus, the definded aim in social planning, to enforce the residents’ identification with their housing area, has been reached. These successful aspects are confronted with a row of tasks that have not been realised. So, the structural, functional and constructional uniformity still exists. Despite the new and re- construction of many community centres the intended diversity has not been developed. The insufficient functional and creative differentiation of the space according to the public character enforces this still existent monotony of the areas. The chances of linking the large suburban housing estates better to the whole town and the surroundings / landscape have only rarely been used. Despite all efforts all large suburban housing estates recorded immense losses of residents in the 1990ies. The external image of the “Platte” is still bad. Concerning their extent and their intensity the improvements in the living environments show significant differences in the large suburban housing estates. In all areas there is a coexistence of expensively upgraded parts and of accomodation with only few changes. There was no complete upgrading in any of the areas. Many protagonists contributed to the upgrading measurements, partly with opposed interests – landscape architects are one of these interest groups. Their work considerably defines the appearance of the large suburban housing estates. As a fact, there is only little room for manoeuvre concerning conflict resolution among the involved. In the course of the 1990ies the economic and social conditions changed. Afterwards a paradigm change in the handling of the advancement of the large suburban housing estates and their spaces took place. The expected conditions were formulated into recommended actions to the future development of the residential areas: in accomodation to be permanently preserved, differentiated upgrading should be made as well as the residential market should be stabilised in reconstruction areas while the diversity of flats should be increased through rebuilding at the same time. The open spaces in the accomodation need to be secured, to be linked and to be improved. There is an enormous functional and creative potential with interim spaces. Temporary upgrading for recreation searchers belongs to it, also extensive space developments of different vegetation types to increase the ecological diversity as well as temporary uses in the field of economy.