Every year, hundreds of thousands of people participate in art and handicrafts study circles organized by educational associations, and thus receive an increased esthetic education. The degree of this increase in knowledge is dependent on the quality of the particular study circle, the extent to which they live up to the aims and conditions required for the receipt of state grants. There are some indications that educational associations sometimes close their eyes to these aims and conditions and neglect to provide information about them. An educational association is able to control the quality of art and handicrafts study circles—for example, through the selection of course leaders, and by providing course leaders with better information and in-house training. Educational associations also receive state grants for this type of activity. The grants are not specifically ear-marked for this purpose, and it is the educational association itself that decides how to use the grants received. Certain areas of activity can be given priority over others. It is therefore of interest to examine the official attitudes of the various aducational associations towards their activities within the area of arts and handicrafts. This study, which concentrates on the four major educational associations in Sweden- the Workers' Educational Association (ABF), the Adult Educational Association (Vuxenskolan), the Educational Association of the Citizens' School (Medborgarskolan), and the Salaried Employees' Educational Association (TBV)-is based on the following: - a direct method, involving an analysis of official publications, e.g. charter, programme, publications and journals - a questionnaire directed to the Directors of Studies at the various educational associations - an indirect method involving the analysis of the educational associations' reactions to the cultural policy introduced in the 1970s. The results of the study show that none of the educational associations give esthetic activities the highest priority, despite the fact that in the eases of Medborgarskolan and Vuxenskolan these activities are clearly dominant, and also constitute the major activity for TBV. There are many signs that instead indicate that the interest in esthetic activities is rather luke-warm. The associations also question the aims and conditions that the state has drawn up in order to maintain a certain standard in the content of study circles. TBV and Medborgarskolan consider these aims and conditions to be too demanding. Vuxenskolan does not appear to have any unified policy concerning these aims and conditions, and ABF appears to deny the very existence of fixed aims for study circle acitivites. / digitalisering@umu

Este estudo aborda o papel da arte como instrumento social, vinculada ao trabalho e à necessidade de dar voz a quem sofre qualquer tipo de opressão. A presente pesquisa, cujos antecedentes situam-se no campo da educação ambiental, insere-se no campo da educação de inspiração popular, uma abordagem sobre a Pedagogia do Oprimido (Paulo Freire) e do Teatro do Oprimido (Augusto Boal), e promove a reflexão sobre a dialética opressor-oprimido nos dias atuais. Traz como proposta de trabalho os desafios da educação estética do cotidiano, no campo do ensino das artes, em resposta à expropriação da capacidade de metaforizar a vida. Para tanto, busca compreender em Vygotsky o conceito de imaginação como base da produção simbólica, condição para a criação de metáforas, desautorizada pela escola. Voltando-se para os sujeitos do campo, especialmente, incorpora dois eixos temáticos de análise: a arte como ferramenta metodológica (forma) e a transição agroecológica (conteúdo). Entre os três grupos-sujeitos escolhidos, destaca os agricultores-pescadores da Ilha dos Marinheiros (Rio Grande, RS) e sua inserção num determinado modelo de desenvolvimento rural, frente à transição agroecológica para a agricultura familiar. A agroecologia, uma ciência em construção, aparece como área de conhecimento central para o trabalho, despontando como alternativa ao modelo dominante de desenvolvimento, eminentemente agroexportador. São confrontados dois conceitos do ponto de vista da agricultura em transição agroecológica: o desenvolvimento sustentável e a emancipação humana. Finalmente, apresenta a linguagem popular do Teatro-Fórum, enquanto ferramenta metodológica capaz de mediar as narrativas dos sujeitos de pesquisa para a recriação da própria realidade. O esforço teórico sobre uma das reflexões centrais deste trabalho, a emancipação humana, apresenta-se de forma articulada com o seu corpus empírico, que expõe e procura compreender as narrativas dos grupossujeitos, especialmente nas performances de teatro. São apresentadas quatro performances de Teatro-Fórum e uma de Teatro-Imagem, acompanhadas de sua análise categorial / This study approaches the role of art as social instrument, connected to work and to the aim of get voice to someone who suffer every kind of oppression. This research, whose antecedents are on the field of environmental education, may be considered as related education under popular inspiration, an approach from Paulo Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed and Augusto Boal’s Theatre of the Oppressed, and promotes a thinking on the dialetics oppressor-oppressed on nowadays. It proposes the challenges of the daily esthetic education in the field of art teaching, as response to the expropriation of the capacity of metaphorizing the life. So, it looks for understand, based on Vygotsky, the concept of imagination as foundation of symbolic work, a basis of the creation of metaphors, not allowed by the school. Focusing especially on farming subjects, it merges thematic axes of analysis: art as methodological tool (form) and the agroechological transition (content). Among the three subject-groups chosen, the farmers-fishermen from the Ilha dos Marinheiros (Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil) arise, and their inclusion in a certain model of rural development, in relation to the agroechological transition for familiar agriculture. The agroechology, an in-progress science, appears as a knowledge field that is fundamental for this work, arising as an alternative to the predominant model of development, that aims mainly exportation. Two concepts concerned to agroechological transition in agriculture are put in confront: sustainable development and human emancipation. At last, it presents the popular language of Forum-Theater as a methodological tool, and its capacity of mediating the narratives of the research subjects in direction to the recreation of the reality itself. The theoretical effort about one of the most important reflections in this work, the human emancipation, appears articulatedly with its empirical corpus, that shows and attempts to understand the narratives of the subject-groups, especially in the theater performances. Four Forum- Theater performances and one Image-Theater are presented, as well as their categorical analyses.

Este estudo aborda o papel da arte como instrumento social, vinculada ao trabalho e à necessidade de dar voz a quem sofre qualquer tipo de opressão. A presente pesquisa, cujos antecedentes situam-se no campo da educação ambiental, insere-se no campo da educação de inspiração popular, uma abordagem sobre a Pedagogia do Oprimido (Paulo Freire) e do Teatro do Oprimido (Augusto Boal), e promove a reflexão sobre a dialética opressor-oprimido nos dias atuais. Traz como proposta de trabalho os desafios da educação estética do cotidiano, no campo do ensino das artes, em resposta à expropriação da capacidade de metaforizar a vida. Para tanto, busca compreender em Vygotsky o conceito de imaginação como base da produção simbólica, condição para a criação de metáforas, desautorizada pela escola. Voltando-se para os sujeitos do campo, especialmente, incorpora dois eixos temáticos de análise: a arte como ferramenta metodológica (forma) e a transição agroecológica (conteúdo). Entre os três grupos-sujeitos escolhidos, destaca os agricultores-pescadores da Ilha dos Marinheiros (Rio Grande, RS) e sua inserção num determinado modelo de desenvolvimento rural, frente à transição agroecológica para a agricultura familiar. A agroecologia, uma ciência em construção, aparece como área de conhecimento central para o trabalho, despontando como alternativa ao modelo dominante de desenvolvimento, eminentemente agroexportador. São confrontados dois conceitos do ponto de vista da agricultura em transição agroecológica: o desenvolvimento sustentável e a emancipação humana. Finalmente, apresenta a linguagem popular do Teatro-Fórum, enquanto ferramenta metodológica capaz de mediar as narrativas dos sujeitos de pesquisa para a recriação da própria realidade. O esforço teórico sobre uma das reflexões centrais deste trabalho, a emancipação humana, apresenta-se de forma articulada com o seu corpus empírico, que expõe e procura compreender as narrativas dos grupossujeitos, especialmente nas performances de teatro. São apresentadas quatro performances de Teatro-Fórum e uma de Teatro-Imagem, acompanhadas de sua análise categorial / This study approaches the role of art as social instrument, connected to work and to the aim of get voice to someone who suffer every kind of oppression. This research, whose antecedents are on the field of environmental education, may be considered as related education under popular inspiration, an approach from Paulo Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed and Augusto Boal’s Theatre of the Oppressed, and promotes a thinking on the dialetics oppressor-oppressed on nowadays. It proposes the challenges of the daily esthetic education in the field of art teaching, as response to the expropriation of the capacity of metaphorizing the life. So, it looks for understand, based on Vygotsky, the concept of imagination as foundation of symbolic work, a basis of the creation of metaphors, not allowed by the school. Focusing especially on farming subjects, it merges thematic axes of analysis: art as methodological tool (form) and the agroechological transition (content). Among the three subject-groups chosen, the farmers-fishermen from the Ilha dos Marinheiros (Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil) arise, and their inclusion in a certain model of rural development, in relation to the agroechological transition for familiar agriculture. The agroechology, an in-progress science, appears as a knowledge field that is fundamental for this work, arising as an alternative to the predominant model of development, that aims mainly exportation. Two concepts concerned to agroechological transition in agriculture are put in confront: sustainable development and human emancipation. At last, it presents the popular language of Forum-Theater as a methodological tool, and its capacity of mediating the narratives of the research subjects in direction to the recreation of the reality itself. The theoretical effort about one of the most important reflections in this work, the human emancipation, appears articulatedly with its empirical corpus, that shows and attempts to understand the narratives of the subject-groups, especially in the theater performances. Four Forum- Theater performances and one Image-Theater are presented, as well as their categorical analyses.

Este estudo aborda o papel da arte como instrumento social, vinculada ao trabalho e à necessidade de dar voz a quem sofre qualquer tipo de opressão. A presente pesquisa, cujos antecedentes situam-se no campo da educação ambiental, insere-se no campo da educação de inspiração popular, uma abordagem sobre a Pedagogia do Oprimido (Paulo Freire) e do Teatro do Oprimido (Augusto Boal), e promove a reflexão sobre a dialética opressor-oprimido nos dias atuais. Traz como proposta de trabalho os desafios da educação estética do cotidiano, no campo do ensino das artes, em resposta à expropriação da capacidade de metaforizar a vida. Para tanto, busca compreender em Vygotsky o conceito de imaginação como base da produção simbólica, condição para a criação de metáforas, desautorizada pela escola. Voltando-se para os sujeitos do campo, especialmente, incorpora dois eixos temáticos de análise: a arte como ferramenta metodológica (forma) e a transição agroecológica (conteúdo). Entre os três grupos-sujeitos escolhidos, destaca os agricultores-pescadores da Ilha dos Marinheiros (Rio Grande, RS) e sua inserção num determinado modelo de desenvolvimento rural, frente à transição agroecológica para a agricultura familiar. A agroecologia, uma ciência em construção, aparece como área de conhecimento central para o trabalho, despontando como alternativa ao modelo dominante de desenvolvimento, eminentemente agroexportador. São confrontados dois conceitos do ponto de vista da agricultura em transição agroecológica: o desenvolvimento sustentável e a emancipação humana. Finalmente, apresenta a linguagem popular do Teatro-Fórum, enquanto ferramenta metodológica capaz de mediar as narrativas dos sujeitos de pesquisa para a recriação da própria realidade. O esforço teórico sobre uma das reflexões centrais deste trabalho, a emancipação humana, apresenta-se de forma articulada com o seu corpus empírico, que expõe e procura compreender as narrativas dos grupossujeitos, especialmente nas performances de teatro. São apresentadas quatro performances de Teatro-Fórum e uma de Teatro-Imagem, acompanhadas de sua análise categorial / This study approaches the role of art as social instrument, connected to work and to the aim of get voice to someone who suffer every kind of oppression. This research, whose antecedents are on the field of environmental education, may be considered as related education under popular inspiration, an approach from Paulo Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed and Augusto Boal’s Theatre of the Oppressed, and promotes a thinking on the dialetics oppressor-oppressed on nowadays. It proposes the challenges of the daily esthetic education in the field of art teaching, as response to the expropriation of the capacity of metaphorizing the life. So, it looks for understand, based on Vygotsky, the concept of imagination as foundation of symbolic work, a basis of the creation of metaphors, not allowed by the school. Focusing especially on farming subjects, it merges thematic axes of analysis: art as methodological tool (form) and the agroechological transition (content). Among the three subject-groups chosen, the farmers-fishermen from the Ilha dos Marinheiros (Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil) arise, and their inclusion in a certain model of rural development, in relation to the agroechological transition for familiar agriculture. The agroechology, an in-progress science, appears as a knowledge field that is fundamental for this work, arising as an alternative to the predominant model of development, that aims mainly exportation. Two concepts concerned to agroechological transition in agriculture are put in confront: sustainable development and human emancipation. At last, it presents the popular language of Forum-Theater as a methodological tool, and its capacity of mediating the narratives of the research subjects in direction to the recreation of the reality itself. The theoretical effort about one of the most important reflections in this work, the human emancipation, appears articulatedly with its empirical corpus, that shows and attempts to understand the narratives of the subject-groups, especially in the theater performances. Four Forum- Theater performances and one Image-Theater are presented, as well as their categorical analyses.

This thesis, in theoretical part, is focused on art education as part of the esthetic education. Than there are presented problems of Small-Class Schools in relation to art class on primary school and the artwork accompanying the development of the child as a character. In the practical part, there are presented the results of the research, which was carried out on the selected case study Small-Class School. In the final part, thesis summarizes the knowledge on the possibilities and peculiarities of art education as part of the education of the pupils at the primary school in the context of the specific condition of the Small-Class School. Keywords esthetic education, art education, Small-Class School, drawing, personal development, perception, personal and social development, younger school age

Dans une situation d’important développement économique porté par les efforts de plusieurs générations au cours des années qui ont suivi la politique de la réforme et de l’ouverture en Chine, l’éducation esthétique s’inscrit à nouveau dans la politique éducative chinoise, après avoir été supprimée par Mao en 1958. De ce fait, l’éducation artistique, que la conception chinoise distingue de l’éducation artistique proprement dite, a connu également un développement d’ampleur. De nos jours, l’éducation artistique retient de plus en plus l’attention du gouvernement chinois, en raison de ses effets dans le processus de l’édificationet de la modernisation socialiste, ainsi que dans le renforcement de l’influence de la Chine dans le monde. A travers les analyses des politiques éducatives et des textes officiels, notre recherche consiste à dégager les rôles et les fonctions de l’éducation artistique dans la Chine contemporaine et à chercher à comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles le gouvernementchinois met l’accent sur ce type d’éducation. Ce travail nous conduit à dégager et à analyser les principaux facteurs qui influencent et expliquent son développement en Chine. / In a situation of important economic development carried by the efforts of several generations during the years which followed the reform policy and the opening in China, the esthetic education joins again in the Chinese education policy, having been eliminated by Mao in 1958. Therefore, the arts education, which the Chinese conception distinguishes from the esthetic education itself, also knew a development of scale. Nowadays, the arts education holds more and more the attention of the Chinese government, because of its effects in the process of the construction and the socialist modernization, as well as in the strengthening of the influence of China in the world. Through the analyses of education policies and official texts, our search consists in clearing the roles and the functions of the arts education in contemporary China and in trying to understand reasons why the Chinese government puts the accent on this educational type. This work leads us to clear and to analyze the main factors which influence and explain its development in China.