L’objectif général de ce travail était d’étudier la relation entre exposition professionnelle maternelle aux solvants organiques et malformations congénitales.Ce projet s’est appuyé sur les données de la cohorte PELAGIE. Il s’agit d’une cohorte mère enfant avec inclusion de 3 421 femmes en début de grossesse en population générale en Bretagne. L’exposition aux solvants était définie par différentes méthodes (expositions déclarées, matrices emplois-expositions, dosages urinaires de métabolites de solvants chlorés et d’éthers de glycol).Nous avons mis en évidence une relation entre l’exposition aux solvants mesurée par des méthodes indirectes et les malformations congénitales. Puis, pour un échantillon aléatoire de451 femmes, nous avons étudié les déterminants de la détection urinaire des métabolites de solvants. Enfin, dans le cadre d’une étude cas-témoins dans la cohorte, la relation entre métabolites urinaires de solvants et malformations congénitales a été étudiée. / The aim of this project was to study the relation between maternal occupational exposure to solvents and congenital malformations.This project used data from the PELAGIE study. This is a mother child cohort which had included 3 421 women from the general population at the beginning of their pregnancy in Britany. Occupational exposure to solvents was assessed by different methods (self-report, job exposure matrix, and urinary determination of glycol ethers and chlorinated solvents metabolites).We have shown an association between solvent exposure using indirect method of assessment and congenital malformations. Using a randomized sample of 451 women, we have studied the occupational and non occupational determinants of urinary detection of glycol ethers and chlorinated solvents metabolites. Finally, we have studied in a nested case-control study, the relation between urinary solvent metabolites and congenital malformations.

Les transferts de nitrène représentent un outil synthétique très intéressant pour former simplement une liaison C-N à partir d’une liaison C-H. Notre laboratoire a développé des précurseurs de nitrène chiraux : les sulfonimidamides. Leur utilisation a abouti, en présence de catalyseurs de cuivre et de rhodium, à des réactions d’aziridination d’oléfine et d’amination C-H hautement diastéréosélectives. Ce projet de thèse s’inscrit dans la continuité de ces travaux. Les sulfonimidamides ont pu être combinés avec des complexes scorpionate de cuivre et d’argent, au cours d’une collaboration COST avec le groupe de Pedro Pérez à Huelva, avec de bons résultats pour l’aziridination d’oléfines et l’amination C-H. De même, des nouveaux complexes de cuivre développés dans l’équipe de Didier Bourissou à Toulouse, ont pu être testés avec succès pour l’aziridination de différentes oléfines, dans le cadre d’une collaboration ANR. D’autre part, le champ d’application de la réaction d’amination C-H catalysée par le rhodium a été étendu avec d’excellents résultats à des substrats complexes comme les terpènes et différents éthers d’énol, ainsi qu’à des substrats peu réactifs comme les alcanes. Enfin, des études mécanistiques ont été menées pour tenter d’élucider la nature du transfert de nitrène. Les résultats obtenus sont en faveur d’un mécanisme concerté asynchrone, mais ils ne permettent pas d’exclure définitivement un transfert radicalaire. L’isolement d’un complexe métal-carbène étant supposé plus aisé qu’un complexe métal-nitrène, nous nous sommes tournés vers le développement de carbènes de sulfoximines, analogues carbonés des sulfonimidamides, sans résultat satisfaisant pour le moment. / Catalytic nitrene transfers are useful tools in organic synthesis, to perform the transformation of a C-H bond into a C-N bond. Our group has previously demonstrated that sulfonimidamieds are efficient chiral nitrène precursors. Combined with copper or rhodium complexes, they have allowed to uncover olefin aziridination and C-H amination that occur with high level of stereoselectivity. These PhD studies stand within the framework of this topic. Sulfonimidamides have first been combined with scorpionate copper and silver complexes developed by Pedro Perez in Huelva, to afford either aziridines or C-H amination products in very good yields. In the same way, new copper catalysts developed in the group of Didier Bourissou in Toulouse were evaluated with good results in olefin aziridination. On the other hand, rhodium catalyzed C-H amination has been applied to more complex substrates such as terpenes and enol ethers, as well as to less reactives substrates like alkanes, with excellent results in terms of regio-, chemo-, and stereoselectivity. Mechanistic studies have also been conducted. These point to an asynchronous concerted nitrene transfer, but the involvement of radicals cannot be ruled out. We have finally turned our attention to the formation of carbenes from sulfoximines, which are the carbo-analogs of sulfonimidamides, but without success so far.

L'étude des molécules issues du milieu naturel a conduit les chercheurs à s'intéresser à la synthèse d'un motif structural commun à un grand nombre de molécules bioactives, les spirocétals. La mise au point au sein de notre laboratoire, d'une méthodologie de synthèse d'éthers d'énols exo-cycliques, précurseur de spirocétals, nous a conduits à nous intéresser au fragment spirocétal puis à la synthèse totale du bistramide A. Cette molécule naturelle, issue d'un animal marin présente d'importantes propriétés cytotoxiques la plaçant comme un agent anti-tumoral ou inflammatoire potentiel. Notre méthodologie de synthèse d'éthers d'énols consistant au couplage d'une lactone et d'une sulfone selon une réaction de type Julia, nous a permis d'obtenir l'éther d'énol cible qui par spirocyclisation intramoléculaire a conduit au motif spirocétal [6,6] du bistramide A. La molécule naturelle ainsi que deux analogues sont ensuite obtenus par fonctionnalisation des chaînes latérales du spirocétal, et couplage avec les fragments de type aminoacide et tétrahydropyrane fournis respectivement par le groupe du Pr. Yli-Kauhaluoma et celui du Pr. Piva. L'étude biologique des produits montre d'intéressantes propriétés de différenciation cellulaire, de déclenchement de l'apoptose et de blocage de la cytodiérèse. L'application de notre méthodologie, à la synthèse du SPIKET, ainsi qu'à l'obtention du spirocétal [5,6] de l'atténol A, permet d'étendre le domaine d'application de cette synthèse d'éthers d'énols exo-cycliques / Spiroketals are widely occurring substructures in natural products. The ever-increasing range of pharmacological activities displayed by products containing spiroketals has triggered an intense interest in their study, both from a synthetic and biological aspect. The development in our laboratory of an original enol ether synthesis motivated us to prepare the spiroketal fragment of bistramide A and, subsequently, to undertake its total synthesis. Bistramide A is a biologically active molecule isolated from the marine ascidian Lissoclinum bistratum that has emerged as a potential anti-inflammatory and anti-tumoral agent based on its high cytotoxicity and potent antiproliferative effect. The [6,6] spiroketal ring system of the natural product was accessed using a modification of the Julia olefination, extended to the reaction between a lactone and a heteroarylsulfone to prepare an exocyclic enol ether. The lactone and sulfone precursors were synthesized from a common starting material, dicyclohexylidene-D-mannitol. Bistramide A and two of its analogs were prepared by functionalization of the spiroketal side chains, followed by coupling reactions with the amino acid and tetrahydropyran subunits prepared by the groups of Pr. Yli-Kauhaluoma and Pr. Piva, respectively. An alternative approach to the precursor of the tetrahydropyran system from the chiral pool was developed. Biological studies revealed interesting effects on cellular differentiation, apoptosis, and cytokinesis. Application of our methodology to the synthesis of SPIKET and studies towards the [5,6] spiroketal of attenol A, gave us the opportunity to extend the scope of our exocyclic enol ether methodology

Les travaux de recherche décrits dans ce manuscrit s'inscrivent dans le cadre de la chimie verte et du développement durable qui visent notamment l'emploi de matières premières issues de ressources renouvelables et la mise au point de procédés éco-compatibles pour la préparation de nouveaux produits à visées alimentaire, domestique ou thérapeutique. Dans ce contexte, une nouvelle voie d'accès aux acétals et éthers de monosaccharides (sorbitane et glucopyranoside de méthyle) a été développée. La synthèse se divise en deux étapes avec une première réaction d'acétalisation ou de transacétalisation qui a permis de synthétiser une nouvelle gamme d'acétals de monosaccharide. Puis, une seconde étape d'hydrogénolyse des acétals en présence de palladium sur charbon et sous pression d'hydrogène a permis d'accéder aux monoéthers de sorbitane et glucopyranoside de méthyle. Par la suite, un procédé en une étape et l'utilisation d'un intermédiaire acétal à courte chaîne comme solubilisant des réactifs a permis d'améliorer les rendements et d'envisager un développement à l'échelle industrielle. Enfin, ces nouvelles molécules ont été évaluées en tant que tensioactifs, cristaux liquides et antimicrobiens et certaines ont montré des propriétés très intéressantes qui permettraient d'envisager des applications potentielles dans ces domaines / The research work described in this manuscript is based on the green chemistry concept and within the frame of sustainable development which involve the use of raw materials from renewable resources and the development of eco-compatible process for the preparation of new products for food-processing, domestic or therapeutic applications. In this context, a new access to monosaccharide acetals and ethers (sorbitan and methyl glucoside) has been developed. The synthetic process is divided in two steps with an acetalisation or a transacetalisation as first reaction which allows to synthesize a new class of monosaccharide acetals. Then, a second step of acetal hydrogenolysis with palladium on charcoal and under hydrogen pressure has permitted access to sorbitan and methyl glucoside monoethers. Then, a one-step process and the use of intermediary short alkyl chain acetal as solubilizing agent has permitted to increase the yield and to consider an industrial development. Finally, these new molecules have been evaluated as surfactants, liquid crystals and antimicrobials and some of them have exhibited very attractive properties which could lead to potential applications in these fields

<p>This thesis is based on studies in which the suitability of various gas chromatography (GC) injection techniques was examined for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and carbazoles, two groups of compounds that are thermally labile and/or have high boiling-points. For such substances, it is essential to introduce the samples into the GC system in an appropriate way to avoid degradation and other potential problems. In addition, different types of gas chromatographic column system and mass spectrometric detectors were evaluated for the determination of PBDEs.</p><p>Conventional injectors, such as splitless, on-column and programmed temperature vaporizing (PTV) injectors were evaluated and optimized for determination of PBDEs. The results show on-column injection to be the best option, providing low discrimination and high precision. The splitless injector is commonly used for “dirty” samples. However, it is not suitable for determination of the high molecular weight congeners, since it tends to discriminate against them and promote their degradation, leading to poor precision and accuracy. The PTV injector appears to be a more suitable alternative. The use of liners reduces problems associated with potential interferents such as polar compounds and lipids and compared to the hot splitless injector, it provides gentler solvent evaporation, due to its temperature programming feature, leading to low discrimination and variance.</p><p>Increasing the injection volume from the conventional 1-3 µL to >50 µL offers two main benefits. Firstly, the overall detection and quantification limits are decreased, since the entire sample extract can be injected into the GC system. Secondly, large volume injections enable hyphenation of preceding techniques such as liquid chromatography (LC), solid phase extraction and other kinds of extraction. Large-volume injections were utilized and optimized in the studies included in this thesis.</p><p>With a loop-type injector/interface large sample volumes can be injected on-column providing low risk of discrimination against compounds with low volatility. This injector was used for the determination of PBDEs in air and as an interface for the determination of carbazoles by LC-GC. Peak distortion is a frequently encountered problem associated with this type of injector that was addressed and solved during the work underlying this thesis.</p><p>The PTV can be used as a large volume injector, in so-called solvent vent mode. This technique was evaluated for the determination of PBDEs and as an interface for coupling dynamic sonication-assisted solvent extraction online to GC. The results show that careful optimization of the injection parameters is required, but also that the PTV is robust and yields reproducible results.</p><p>PBDEs are commonly detected using mass spectrometry in electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) mode, monitoring bromine ions (m/z 79 and 81). The mass spectrometric properties of the fully brominated diphenyl ether, BDE-209, have been investigated. A high molecular weight fragment at m/z 486/488 enables the use of 13C-labeled BDE-209 as an internal surrogate standard.</p>

This thesis is based on studies in which the suitability of various gas chromatography (GC) injection techniques was examined for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and carbazoles, two groups of compounds that are thermally labile and/or have high boiling-points. For such substances, it is essential to introduce the samples into the GC system in an appropriate way to avoid degradation and other potential problems. In addition, different types of gas chromatographic column system and mass spectrometric detectors were evaluated for the determination of PBDEs. Conventional injectors, such as splitless, on-column and programmed temperature vaporizing (PTV) injectors were evaluated and optimized for determination of PBDEs. The results show on-column injection to be the best option, providing low discrimination and high precision. The splitless injector is commonly used for “dirty” samples. However, it is not suitable for determination of the high molecular weight congeners, since it tends to discriminate against them and promote their degradation, leading to poor precision and accuracy. The PTV injector appears to be a more suitable alternative. The use of liners reduces problems associated with potential interferents such as polar compounds and lipids and compared to the hot splitless injector, it provides gentler solvent evaporation, due to its temperature programming feature, leading to low discrimination and variance. Increasing the injection volume from the conventional 1-3 µL to &gt;50 µL offers two main benefits. Firstly, the overall detection and quantification limits are decreased, since the entire sample extract can be injected into the GC system. Secondly, large volume injections enable hyphenation of preceding techniques such as liquid chromatography (LC), solid phase extraction and other kinds of extraction. Large-volume injections were utilized and optimized in the studies included in this thesis. With a loop-type injector/interface large sample volumes can be injected on-column providing low risk of discrimination against compounds with low volatility. This injector was used for the determination of PBDEs in air and as an interface for the determination of carbazoles by LC-GC. Peak distortion is a frequently encountered problem associated with this type of injector that was addressed and solved during the work underlying this thesis. The PTV can be used as a large volume injector, in so-called solvent vent mode. This technique was evaluated for the determination of PBDEs and as an interface for coupling dynamic sonication-assisted solvent extraction online to GC. The results show that careful optimization of the injection parameters is required, but also that the PTV is robust and yields reproducible results. PBDEs are commonly detected using mass spectrometry in electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) mode, monitoring bromine ions (m/z 79 and 81). The mass spectrometric properties of the fully brominated diphenyl ether, BDE-209, have been investigated. A high molecular weight fragment at m/z 486/488 enables the use of 13C-labeled BDE-209 as an internal surrogate standard.

Thio metallates are known for many years for their utility in many processes. They have been established as versatile reagents in organic synthesis. However the heavier metal chalcogenides, though known for many years, have been ignored for a long time. In this thesis the results of the development of tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate [EttN]2Wse4 1 as a new class of selenium transfer reagent have been described. The thesis also deals with the chemistry of benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate, [BnEt3N]2MoS4,2 in the synthesis of diselenides and thio esters. The thesis entitled "Chemistry of Thio and Seleno Metallates in Organic Synthesis" is divided into four Chapters. Chapter 1 In this chapter a detailed studies of alkylation of tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate (EuN)2WSe4,1 with a variety of alkyl halides, benzylic halides and acyl halides to yield the corresponding diselenides in excellent yields are described. (structural Formula) Scheme 1 Various carbohydrate-derived diselenides were also prepared by treating the sugar bromides with tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate 1 (Scheme 2). An attempt was made to synthesize seleno lactones from co- bromo acyl halides. This reaction mainly furnished the corresponding diacyl diselenides (Scheme 3). The reaction of 1 with aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates led to the formation of corresponding diselenides or mono selenides depending on the substitution on the aromatic ring (Scheme 4). (structural formula) Scheme 2 (structural formula) Scheme 3 (structural formula) Scheme 4 Chapter 2 In this chapter a general methodology for the formation of the diselenide bond has been extended to the synthesis of a number of redox- switched crown ethers of various ring size using the reagents tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate (Et4N)2WSe4 t 1 and benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate, [BnEt3NJ2MoS4,2 (Scheme 5). (structural formula) Scheme 5 The association constants for the binding of silver and potassium ions with the diselena crown ethers were determined. This methodology is very useful for obtaining selenacrown ethers under very mild conditions and also without using high dilution conditions. Chapter 3 In this chapter a general methodology for the facile conversion of amides and lactams to the corresponding seleno amides and selenolactams is described. A number of amides and lactams were converted into their selenocarbonyl derivatives in excellent yield via the formation of Vilsmeier intermediates followed by treatment with tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate (EuN^WSe4,1 (Scheme .6). (structural formula( Scheme 6 Chapter 4 In this chapter, a general method for the synthesis of thioesters is described. The reaction of p- nitrophenyl esters and disulfides with benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate (PhCH2NEt3)2MoS4,2 furnished the corresponding thio esters in good yield (Scheme (7). The intramolecular version of this reaction furnished dimeric thiolactones as the major product (Scheme 8) (structural formula) Scheme 7 (structural formula) Scheme 8 (for structural formula pl see the original document)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been intensively used as flame retardants (FRs) and have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. PBDEs form hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) as metabolites. Further, some OH-PBDEs and methoxy-PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) are natural products. These are all compounds of environmental and health concern and it is therefore important to confirm their identity and to assess their environmental levels and toxicities. Hence, it is vital to obtain authentic reference standards of individual PBDEs and OH/MeO-PBDEs. The thesis main aim was to develop synthesis methods of congener specific PBDEs, OH- and MeO-PBDEs. The second aim was to identify and quantify PBDEs, OH- and MeO-PBDEs in environmental samples. The third was to propose an abbreviation system for FRs. O-Arylation of brominated phenols, using either symmetrical or unsymmetrical brominated diphenyliodonium salts, was selected for synthesis of PBDEs and OH-/MeO-PBDEs. A total of 16 MeO-PBDEs, 11 OH-PBDEs, 1 diMeO-PBDE and 1 EtO-MeO-PBDE were synthesised. Three novel unsymmetrical diaryliodonium triflates were synthesised and used in synthesis. Optimisations were made to construct a reliable general method for congener specific PBDE synthesis, which was used in the synthesis of 8 representative PBDE congeners. The products were generally characterised by electron ionisation mass spectrometry (EIMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Identification of PBDEs and OH-PBDEs in various matrixes was based on gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses. Fourteen OH-PBDE congeners were identified in a pooled human blood sample. One previously uncharacterised natural PBDE analogue was identified as 6-OH-6’-MeO-BDE-194, and quantified in Swedish blue mussels. PBDE congeners and other BFRs were identified and quantified in workers and dust from a smelter in Sweden. A structured and practical abbreviation system was developed for halogen- and phosphorus containing FRs. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2014-09-19T18:04:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Sarah_Rocha_LSGT.pdf: 3229640 bytes, checksum: af1acce9c5d43271ea20530b0fd1f510 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fatima Cleômenis Botelho Maria (botelho@ufba.br) on 2014-09-22T12:43:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Sarah_Rocha_LSGT.pdf: 3229640 bytes, checksum: af1acce9c5d43271ea20530b0fd1f510 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-22T12:43:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Sarah_Rocha_LSGT.pdf: 3229640 bytes, checksum: af1acce9c5d43271ea20530b0fd1f510 (MD5) / Um método de extração em ponto nuvem de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos foi desenvolvido, utilizando tensoativos octilfenol polietoxilados com derivatização do coacervato, como etapa que antecede a detecção por cromatografia a gás acoplada à espectrometria de massa. Foi realizado um estudo da influência da presença de aditivos na redução da temperatura de ponto nuvem do OPEO30 e do OPEO35, surfactantes com temperaturas de ponto nuvem superiores a 100 oC, através adição de sais, álcoois, OPEO7.5 e misturas de sais e álcoois. Observou-se em todos os casos diminuição da temperatura, sendo o sulfato de sódio o aditivo que resultou maior redução da temperatura. Selecionou-se o OPEO30 para as demais etapas do trabalho. Fez-se a otimização das condições da reação de derivatização do coacervato por meio de planejamento fatorial 23, utilizando-se a resposta global para avaliar os resultados. Selecionou-se as condições do ponto central do planejamento fatorial, ou seja, 125 L de BSTFA, 100 L de piridina e banho de água à 70 oC por 45 min, para a derivatização de 30 L de fase rica em surfactante. O procedimento de ponto nuvem foi otimizado, sendo avaliadas as variáveis concentração de surfactante, temperatura e tempo de banho de água, sendo proposta a seguinte metodologia: 1,0 mL de OPEO30 10% m v-1, 10,0 mL de amostra, 1,25 g de sulfato de sódio anidro, banho de água à 70 oC por 10 min, centrifugação à 3000 rpm por cinco min. O método mostrou-se seletivo, sendo observado efeito de matriz intenso, o qual foi corrigido. Os limites de quantificação obtidos estão entre 39 e 176 ng L-1. O método proposto também foi comparado com o método USEPA 3510C, estando as concentrações obtidas, quando analisada uma amostra real de água subterrânea, bem próximas, com recuperações variando entre 90,0 e 97,5 %. O método proposto foi aplicado a amostras de água subterrânea coletadas em poços localizados em postos de revenda de combustíveis. Em todas as amostras foram detectados HPA. / A method for cloud point extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was developed using surfactants octylphenol polyethoxylated with the coacervate derivatization as step prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection. An influence of additives study on the reduction of cloud point temperature OPEO30 and OPEO35, surfactants with cloud point temperatures above 100 ° C, was conducted, by addition of salts, alcohols, and mixtures OPEO7.5 salts and alcohols. It was observed in all cases cloud point reduction and sodium sulfate was the additive that result in a most effective. The OPEO30 was selected for others work steps. The factorial design 23 was used to optimize the reaction of derivatization, using the global response to evaluate the results. Were selected the central point experimental design condition, 125 L of BSTFA, 100 L of pyridine and water bath at 70 oC for 45 min for 30 L of surfactant-rich phase derivatization. The cloud point extraction procedure was optimized and surfactant concentration, heating bath temperature and time variables, were evaluated. Was proposed the following method: 1,0 mL of OPEO30 10% v m-1 solution, 10,0 mL of sample, 1,25 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate, water bath at 70 °C for 10 min. The centrifugation was performed at 3000 rpm for five min, removing the aqueous layer after each centrifugation step. A 30L coacervate aliquot was withdrawn, and performed derivatization and subsequent GC-MS analysis. The method was validated. The method was selective, an intense matrix effect was observed and was corrected. The quantification limits obtained were between 39 and 176 ng L-1.