yes / Drawing from the Non-Lethal Weapons Database this report summarises and reviews: non-lethal technology research and development issues, themes and trends developments in non-lethal military organisation and co-ordination capacity recent developments in selected non-lethal technologies commercial opportunities and applications of non-lethal technology ethical and social implications of non-lethal technolgy non-lethal human bioeffect research

This study examines the ethical challenges that Swedish social workers may facedue to the proposed “Informationsplikt” (Duty of Disclosure). Rooted in the Tidö-Agreement between government parties and the Swedish Democrats, thisobligation mandates public officials, including social workers, to verifyindividuals legal right to reside in the country and report undocumentedimmigrants to the police. Amid widespread criticism and demonstrations againstwhat is colloquially referred to as the “Angiverilagen” (The Informer Act),professionals have voiced concerns about the potential ethical implications ofenacting this proposed legislation. Through qualitative interviews with six socialworkers, this research investigates how this proposed law as a part of bureaucraticregulations intersects with personal values and professional ethics among socialworkers. The findings reveal a conflict between the reporting obligation andsocial workers personal and professional values. Respondents express acommitment to upholding their clients’ rights and dignity, while expressingapprehension that this mandatory reporting may compromise these principles.Discussions about potential strategies, such as seeking legal loopholes withinexisting legislation or contemplating civil disobedience or resignation, shed lighton the difficulties social workers may encounter in navigating these ethicalchallenges in the future. Overall, this study underscores the tension betweenfollowing laws and regulations and the core tenets of social work ethics,emphasizing the importance of social workers navigating these complexities withintegrity and ethical reflection.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Climate change creates both risks and opportunities worldwide. By understanding, planning for and adapting to a changing climate, individuals and societies can take advantage of these opportunities and reduce risks where possible. The consequences of climate variability and climate change are potentially more significant for activities that depend on local weather and climatic conditions. The Garden Route in the Western Cape (southern region), is an agricultural region that is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and climate variables; if these climatic conditions should change, productivity levels and livelihoods would be directly affected. This study examined how farmers’ perceptions of weather conditions have corresponded with the climatic data recorded at various meteorological stations in the Garden Route, South Africa, and whether these perceptions could be linked to an understanding of the ethical implications of climate change or not. Through the use of indepth interviews, the study analysed farmers’ adaptive responses, their perceptions and understanding of climate change, and their perceptions and understanding of the ethical challenges posed by climate change. The Heckman Probit Adaptation Model was used to examine perception and adaptation to climate change and climate variability. Main constraints cited by farmers in changing their ways of farming and adapting to climate change were obtaining rights to increasing their water storage capacities (increasing dam walls or building dams), flood water management, cash flow and financial support, obtaining permits to burn, and general support from official structures. Furthermore this study implemented a scenario-planning exercise to determine adaptation trends in the observed and projected climate for the Garden Route, with the aim of providing possible solutions for wiser agricultural practices. The following scenarios were compared: (1) If agricultural practices continue as per status quo – with no change in climatic conditions; (2) If agricultural patterns are significantly modified, to reduce agricultural impact on local biodiversity – with no change in climatic conditions; (3) If agricultural practices continue as per status quo – with significant change in climatic conditions; and (4) If agricultural practices are significantly modified, to reduce agricultural impact on local biodiversity, and taking account of likely changes in climatic conditions. The analyses – according to these four scenarios – indicated the likelihood of possible trends in future, using specific climate variables, together with possible adaptation strategies. With no change in climatic conditions, but a change in farming practices towards environmental protection, the farming sector may achieve sustainability. However, if climatic conditions should change, changes in farming practices may not be enough to guarantee its sustainability. Farmers in the Garden Route indicated that agricultural production on any scale is completely dependent on water, leaving this sector exposed and vulnerable posing substantial obstacles to farmers to continue farming in the same way. Farmers are now faced with the decision to “adapt or die”. The convergence of these factors has the potential to create a “perfect moral storm”. One consequence of this storm is that, even if the other difficult ethical questions surrounding climate change could be answered, farmers still may find it difficult to articulate what this moral storm could entail, and how to act upon it. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Klimaatsverandering skep wêreldwyd beide risiko’s en geleenthede. Deur klimaatsverandering te verstaan, daarvoor te beplan en daarby aan te pas, kan individue en gemeenskappe hierdie geleenthede aangryp en, waar moontlik, die risiko’s verlaag. Die gevolge van klimaatskommelings en klimaatverandering is potensieel meer betekenisvol vir daardie aktiwiteite wat afhanklik is van plaaslike weer- en klimaatstoestande. Die landboustreek in die Tuinroete in die Wes-Kaap (suidelike streek) is gevoelig vir die impak van klimaatsverandering en klimaatskommelings; indien klimaatstoestande verander, sal produktiwiteitsvlakke en lewenskwaliteit direk beïnvloed word. Hierdie studie het ondersoek ingestel na die ooreenkoms tussen boere se persepsie van klimaatsverandering, en die klimaatsdata by verskeie meteorologiese stasies in die Tuinroete, Suid-Afrika en of hierdie persepsies verbind kan word aan 'n begrip van die etiese implikasies van klimaatsverandering of nie. By wyse van indiepte onderhoude het die studie boere se aanpassingmeganismes, hul persepsies en begrip van klimaatsverandering, asook hul persepsies en begrip van die etiese uitdagings van klimaatsverandering ontleed. Die Heckman Probit Aanpassings-Model is gebruik om die persepsie en aanpassing by klimaatsverandering en klimaatskommelings te bepaal. Boere het die volgende as die vernaamste struikelblokke in die verandering in landboupraktyke en aanpassing by klimaatsverandering beskou: a) verkryging van toestemming om wateropgaarkapasiteit te verhoog (die bou of verhoging van damme); b) vloedbestuur; c) kontantvloei en finansiële ondersteuning; d) verkryging van brandpermitte; en e) algemene ondersteuning vanaf amptelike instansies. Voorts het hierdie studie scenario-beplanning gebruik om tendense in die aanpassing by die waargenome en voorspelde klimaatsverandering in die Tuinroete te bepaal. Die doel hiervan is om moontlike oplossings vir beter landboupraktyke te verskaf. Die volgende scenario’s is met mekaar vergelyk: (1) Indien landboupraktyke voortgaan soos gewoonlik (status quo) – geen verandering in klimaatstoestande; (2) Indien landbou betekenisvol verander om die impak van landbou op plaaslike biodiversiteit te verlaag – geen verandering in klimaatstoestande; (3) Indien landboupraktyke voortgaan soos gewoonlik (status quo) – betekenisvolle verandering in klimaatstoestande; en (4) Indien landbou betekenisvol verander om die impak van landbou op plaaslike biodiversiteit te verlaag – met inagneming van moontlike veranderings in klimaatstoestande. By wyse van die vier scenario’s dui die analise moontlike toekomstige tendense aan deur gebruik te maak van spesifieke klimaatskommelings, tesame met moontlike aanpassingstrategieë. Met geen verandering in die klimaatstoestand kan die landbousektor volhoubaar wees indien landboupraktyke verander en omgewingsbeskerming in ag neem. Indien klimaatstoestande egter verander, mag gewysigde landboupraktyke nie genoeg wees om die volhoubaarheid daarvan te verseker nie. Boere in die Tuinroete het aangedui dat enige skaal van landbouproduksie geheel en al van water afhanklik is, wat hierdie sektor blootgestel en kwesbaar maak, en ‘n groot struikelblok is indien boere op dieselfde wyse bly boer. Boere is nou onderworpe aan die besluit om aan te pas of onder te gaan. Die sameloop van al hierdie faktore het die potensiaal om die “perfekte morele storm” te ontketen. Een gevolg van hierdie storm is dat, alhoewel ander moeilike etiese kwessies rondom klimaatsverandering beantwoord sou kon word, boere dit nog steeds moeilik mag vind om dié morele storm te omskryf en hoe om hierop te reageer.

O objetivo desta dissertação é investigar, no âmbito da gestão pública, as implicações éticas de afirmar e promover Direitos de cidadania por meio da criação de políticas públicas, enquanto que por mecanismos trabalhistas os têm solapado de quem está sendo responsabilizado por sua execução. Essa análise está centrada no Programa Saúde da Família, política pública objeto desse estudo, Programa caracterizado, segundo os seus idealizadores, como uma estratégia destinada a reorientar e organizar o modelo tecnicoassistencial na atenção básica em saúde. Na primeira etapa, foi desenvolvido o trabalho de coleta de dados por meio de pesquisa e análise documental, visando constituir uma visão integrada e coerente sobre peculiaridades relativas à concepção, implementação e desenvolvimento do PSF no Município de Porto Alegre. O foco dessa busca foi a localização e estudo de documentos legais e institucionais, de modo a complementar o referencial teórico do estudo. A análise dos dados mostra que o vínculo entre as práticas adotadas na contratação e remuneração dos profissionais da saúde e os princípios constitucionais que fundamentam a administração pública torna as relações de trabalho, neste âmbito, mais complexa do que aparenta ser, pois ela não é resultado de uma simples decisão, no caso, do setor saúde, em contratar desta ou de outra forma os profissionais de que necessita. Ela decorre de importantes mudanças ocorridas ao longo da década de 1990, na economia nacional, na administração pública e nas formas sociais de trabalho. Todavia, o que parece faltar é a decisão dos atores sociais em assumir o problema para si em cada esfera de governo. As secretarias municipais de saúde convivem com a paradoxal situação em que o reconhecimento do papel e da importância dos profissionais de saúde nos serviços municipais se defronta com sua incapacidade ou falta de vontade política, de vincular esse profissional de forma permanente à instituição. Tal prerrogativa, antes de ser ética, é uma condição de ordem legal. / This essay aims to investigate, in the public management ambit, the ethical implications of affirming and promoting citizenship rights through the creation of public policies, while labor mechanisms have undermined them from those who are being held responsible for their execution. This analysis is focused on the Family Health Program, a public policy that is the object of this study, characterized, according to its creators, as a strategy intended to redirect and organize the basic technical health care model. At the first stage, the data collection work was developed through documental research and analysis with the objective to constitute an integrated and coherent view about peculiarities related to the conception, implementation and development of the FHP in the city of Porto Alegre. The focus of this search was the location and study of legal and institutional documents in order to complement the theoretical reference of the study. The data analysis shows that the link between the adopted practices in the recruitment and remuneration of the health professionals and the constitutional principles that support the public administration makes the labor relations, in this ambit, more complex than it seems to be, since it is not the result of a simple decision, in this case, of the health sector to hire in this or another way the necessary professionals. It comes from important changes that occurred along the 1990`s in the national economy, in the public administration and in the social recruitment ways. Nevertheless, what seems to be absent is the decision of the social actors to assume the problem to themselves in each government sphere. The city health departments live alongside the paradoxical situation where the acknowledgement about the role and the importance of the health professionals in the municipal services faces their inability or lack of political will to attach such a professional to the institution in a permanent way. This prerogative is not only ethical, but also a legal order condition.

O objetivo desta dissertação é investigar, no âmbito da gestão pública, as implicações éticas de afirmar e promover Direitos de cidadania por meio da criação de políticas públicas, enquanto que por mecanismos trabalhistas os têm solapado de quem está sendo responsabilizado por sua execução. Essa análise está centrada no Programa Saúde da Família, política pública objeto desse estudo, Programa caracterizado, segundo os seus idealizadores, como uma estratégia destinada a reorientar e organizar o modelo tecnicoassistencial na atenção básica em saúde. Na primeira etapa, foi desenvolvido o trabalho de coleta de dados por meio de pesquisa e análise documental, visando constituir uma visão integrada e coerente sobre peculiaridades relativas à concepção, implementação e desenvolvimento do PSF no Município de Porto Alegre. O foco dessa busca foi a localização e estudo de documentos legais e institucionais, de modo a complementar o referencial teórico do estudo. A análise dos dados mostra que o vínculo entre as práticas adotadas na contratação e remuneração dos profissionais da saúde e os princípios constitucionais que fundamentam a administração pública torna as relações de trabalho, neste âmbito, mais complexa do que aparenta ser, pois ela não é resultado de uma simples decisão, no caso, do setor saúde, em contratar desta ou de outra forma os profissionais de que necessita. Ela decorre de importantes mudanças ocorridas ao longo da década de 1990, na economia nacional, na administração pública e nas formas sociais de trabalho. Todavia, o que parece faltar é a decisão dos atores sociais em assumir o problema para si em cada esfera de governo. As secretarias municipais de saúde convivem com a paradoxal situação em que o reconhecimento do papel e da importância dos profissionais de saúde nos serviços municipais se defronta com sua incapacidade ou falta de vontade política, de vincular esse profissional de forma permanente à instituição. Tal prerrogativa, antes de ser ética, é uma condição de ordem legal. / This essay aims to investigate, in the public management ambit, the ethical implications of affirming and promoting citizenship rights through the creation of public policies, while labor mechanisms have undermined them from those who are being held responsible for their execution. This analysis is focused on the Family Health Program, a public policy that is the object of this study, characterized, according to its creators, as a strategy intended to redirect and organize the basic technical health care model. At the first stage, the data collection work was developed through documental research and analysis with the objective to constitute an integrated and coherent view about peculiarities related to the conception, implementation and development of the FHP in the city of Porto Alegre. The focus of this search was the location and study of legal and institutional documents in order to complement the theoretical reference of the study. The data analysis shows that the link between the adopted practices in the recruitment and remuneration of the health professionals and the constitutional principles that support the public administration makes the labor relations, in this ambit, more complex than it seems to be, since it is not the result of a simple decision, in this case, of the health sector to hire in this or another way the necessary professionals. It comes from important changes that occurred along the 1990`s in the national economy, in the public administration and in the social recruitment ways. Nevertheless, what seems to be absent is the decision of the social actors to assume the problem to themselves in each government sphere. The city health departments live alongside the paradoxical situation where the acknowledgement about the role and the importance of the health professionals in the municipal services faces their inability or lack of political will to attach such a professional to the institution in a permanent way. This prerogative is not only ethical, but also a legal order condition.

O objetivo desta dissertação é investigar, no âmbito da gestão pública, as implicações éticas de afirmar e promover Direitos de cidadania por meio da criação de políticas públicas, enquanto que por mecanismos trabalhistas os têm solapado de quem está sendo responsabilizado por sua execução. Essa análise está centrada no Programa Saúde da Família, política pública objeto desse estudo, Programa caracterizado, segundo os seus idealizadores, como uma estratégia destinada a reorientar e organizar o modelo tecnicoassistencial na atenção básica em saúde. Na primeira etapa, foi desenvolvido o trabalho de coleta de dados por meio de pesquisa e análise documental, visando constituir uma visão integrada e coerente sobre peculiaridades relativas à concepção, implementação e desenvolvimento do PSF no Município de Porto Alegre. O foco dessa busca foi a localização e estudo de documentos legais e institucionais, de modo a complementar o referencial teórico do estudo. A análise dos dados mostra que o vínculo entre as práticas adotadas na contratação e remuneração dos profissionais da saúde e os princípios constitucionais que fundamentam a administração pública torna as relações de trabalho, neste âmbito, mais complexa do que aparenta ser, pois ela não é resultado de uma simples decisão, no caso, do setor saúde, em contratar desta ou de outra forma os profissionais de que necessita. Ela decorre de importantes mudanças ocorridas ao longo da década de 1990, na economia nacional, na administração pública e nas formas sociais de trabalho. Todavia, o que parece faltar é a decisão dos atores sociais em assumir o problema para si em cada esfera de governo. As secretarias municipais de saúde convivem com a paradoxal situação em que o reconhecimento do papel e da importância dos profissionais de saúde nos serviços municipais se defronta com sua incapacidade ou falta de vontade política, de vincular esse profissional de forma permanente à instituição. Tal prerrogativa, antes de ser ética, é uma condição de ordem legal. / This essay aims to investigate, in the public management ambit, the ethical implications of affirming and promoting citizenship rights through the creation of public policies, while labor mechanisms have undermined them from those who are being held responsible for their execution. This analysis is focused on the Family Health Program, a public policy that is the object of this study, characterized, according to its creators, as a strategy intended to redirect and organize the basic technical health care model. At the first stage, the data collection work was developed through documental research and analysis with the objective to constitute an integrated and coherent view about peculiarities related to the conception, implementation and development of the FHP in the city of Porto Alegre. The focus of this search was the location and study of legal and institutional documents in order to complement the theoretical reference of the study. The data analysis shows that the link between the adopted practices in the recruitment and remuneration of the health professionals and the constitutional principles that support the public administration makes the labor relations, in this ambit, more complex than it seems to be, since it is not the result of a simple decision, in this case, of the health sector to hire in this or another way the necessary professionals. It comes from important changes that occurred along the 1990`s in the national economy, in the public administration and in the social recruitment ways. Nevertheless, what seems to be absent is the decision of the social actors to assume the problem to themselves in each government sphere. The city health departments live alongside the paradoxical situation where the acknowledgement about the role and the importance of the health professionals in the municipal services faces their inability or lack of political will to attach such a professional to the institution in a permanent way. This prerogative is not only ethical, but also a legal order condition.

This dissertation examines how contemporary Western ethical perspectives frame moral judgments about technologies intended to expand or enhance human abilities. Of particular interest are technological advances that involve nanotechnology, a realm of technoscience that seeks the precise control of matter through deliberately designing structures, devices, and processes with novel and useful properties at the molecular scale. In this thesis I analyze trends in the emerging dialogue about the social and ethical implications of nanotechnology. There is growing awareness that technological “progress” should not outpace critical reflection over the means and ends of those advances, but I argue that there is a tension between the role of ethics and the practice of technoscience. By ethics I mean ongoing public discussion that contemplates what it means to live a “good life” and that maintains limits to human actions. By contrast, the practice of technoscience appears to be guided by the “technological imperative” which holds that we can only know what is good by first figuring out what is possible. Despite concerted interdisciplinary efforts to address the broad range of ethical issues posed by nanotechnology’s proposed goals, the prevailing tone of the current discussion tends to reveal what I call a “technoprogressive” bias, or the belief that technological development is a primary way to improve the human estate and that it leads inevitably to cumulative progress. However, because technoprogressive commentary on nanotechnology focuses on concerns that are framed mainly in terms of risk assessment, cost-benefit analyses, and utilitarian principles, technoprogressive ethics overlooks crucial ethical questions of a different nature, questions that deal with the limits of human action, the nature of justice, and the meaning of being human. To analyze the implications of technoprogressive ethics, I employ the moral philosophy of Canadian thinker George Grant because he articulates an underrepresented yet valuable critique of Western society’s relationship with technology. Grant speaks for a type of transcendental moral realism that challenges the primacy of the technological imperative, insisting that justice ultimately must be grounded upon non-negotiable limits, and that there are objective norms to which human freedom and human self-assertion have to answer.

This dissertation examines how contemporary Western ethical perspectives frame moral judgments about technologies intended to expand or enhance human abilities. Of particular interest are technological advances that involve nanotechnology, a realm of technoscience that seeks the precise control of matter through deliberately designing structures, devices, and processes with novel and useful properties at the molecular scale. In this thesis I analyze trends in the emerging dialogue about the social and ethical implications of nanotechnology. There is growing awareness that technological “progress” should not outpace critical reflection over the means and ends of those advances, but I argue that there is a tension between the role of ethics and the practice of technoscience. By ethics I mean ongoing public discussion that contemplates what it means to live a “good life” and that maintains limits to human actions. By contrast, the practice of technoscience appears to be guided by the “technological imperative” which holds that we can only know what is good by first figuring out what is possible. Despite concerted interdisciplinary efforts to address the broad range of ethical issues posed by nanotechnology’s proposed goals, the prevailing tone of the current discussion tends to reveal what I call a “technoprogressive” bias, or the belief that technological development is a primary way to improve the human estate and that it leads inevitably to cumulative progress. However, because technoprogressive commentary on nanotechnology focuses on concerns that are framed mainly in terms of risk assessment, cost-benefit analyses, and utilitarian principles, technoprogressive ethics overlooks crucial ethical questions of a different nature, questions that deal with the limits of human action, the nature of justice, and the meaning of being human. To analyze the implications of technoprogressive ethics, I employ the moral philosophy of Canadian thinker George Grant because he articulates an underrepresented yet valuable critique of Western society’s relationship with technology. Grant speaks for a type of transcendental moral realism that challenges the primacy of the technological imperative, insisting that justice ultimately must be grounded upon non-negotiable limits, and that there are objective norms to which human freedom and human self-assertion have to answer.

De senaste åren har utveckling och hantering av AI i praktiken utvecklats exponentiellt i alla branscher för att effektivisera processer. Dessvärre medför AI etiska implikationer som måste hanteras på ett etiskt korrekt sätt. Hanteras dessa etiska implikation ansvarslöst kan det möjligtvis vara till nackdel för både verksamheter och allmänheten. Den befintliga forskningen är begränsad och lyfter fram flera etiska implikationer med AI i praktiken samt svårigheter med dess hantering. Syftet med studien är att identifiera möjliga etiska implikationer med AI i praktiken samt hur dessa kan hanteras. Sex intervjuer har genomförts med experter inom området. Respektive respondenter har olika roller men vardera arbetar med AI samt etiska implikationer. De etiska implikationer som identifierades genom den empiriska datainsamlingen består främst av implikationer kring transparens, integritet och partiskhet. Med hänsyn till bristande regelverk, otydliga riktlinjer om nivån av transparens och sämre datakvalitet uppstår etiska implikationer. För att effektivt hantera bland annat tidigare nämnda etiska implikationer används EU:s riktlinjer. Utöver EU:s riktlinjer är det grundläggande att implementera arbetsmetoder från början till slutet i AI-systems projekt, det är även effektivt att ha ett kompetenscentrum tillgängliga för råd och anvisningar. / In recent years, the development and management of AI in practice have developed exponentially in all industries to streamline processes. Unfortunately, AI carries ethical implications that must be managed in an ethically correct way. If these ethical implications are managed irresponsibly, it could significantly harm businesses and the public. The existing research is limited and highlights several ethical implications of AI in practice as well as difficulties with its management. The bachelor´s thesis is written in Swedish. The purpose of the study is to identify possible ethical implications with AI in practice and how these can be managed. Six interviews have been conducted with experts in the field. Each respondent has different roles, however, the respondents work with AI and ethical implications. The ethical implications that were identified through the empirical data collection mainly consist of implications around transparency, integrity, and bias. Furthermore, the lack of regulations, unclear guidelines on the level of transparency, and poorer data quality, causes significant ethical implications. To effectively manage the ethical implications, EU guidelines are used. In addition to EU guidelines, it is fundamental to implement work methods from start to finish in AI systems projects. Furthermore, it is effective to have an internal competence center available for advice and instructions.