在全球化的影響下，傳統與現代的衝突顯得尤為尖銳，如何保護並發展傳統的民族文化，是普遍面臨的議題。 　　侗錦產生於侗族的生活中，展現出豐富而精彩的圖案紋樣，強烈地反映了他們對生命、大自然和民族文化的熱愛和崇敬，同時也滲透著民族文化的樂觀精神、凝聚著人們對美好未來的嚮往，侗錦可以說將侗族最真誠的情感表現了出來。 　　本研究地域範疇以湖南省懷化市通道侗族自治縣的侗錦傳承區域為主，侗錦傳承區域占全縣面積60%，主要分佈在該縣之西部以及南部百里侗族文化長廊的各鄉鎮。 　　作者在通道縣以及周邊的其他侗族地區田調時間前後長達七年，對於通道縣的侗錦進行了具體的收集和整理的工作。立基於這個基礎之上，作者充分瞭解了關於通道縣侗錦藝術的形成背景、產生因素、內外的特徵以及目前的實際情況，同時也深入探討其蘊涵的文化精神、現代價值以及其在工藝美術中的運用。此外，本文也結合織錦文化資源保護的現狀，分析政府與民間所採取的傳承原則與實際方法。 　　本研究期許通過對通道侗錦的整理與分析，找出侗錦藝術存在的各種意義與價值，並希望以此引起社會對通道侗錦文化從認識進而重視、從重視進而保護與弘揚。因此本研究透過從政府保障非物質文化遺產的角度入手，對非物質文化遺產保護的具體執行層面進行探討，其中主要是探討政府應該如何扮演傳承文化主導者的角色。作者先由戰略層面探討政府對侗錦織造技藝如何保護與傳承、如何制定政策、如何復振，再由戰術層次探討政府如何組織民間所擁有的研習管道、如何強化傳承人與學習生之間的互動狀況、如何開展侗錦的未來等問題。 　　本研究最後的重點聚焦於侗錦文創可能性的分析。侗錦展演如何在各項文化體驗活動中展現其潛力，俾便達成藝術生活化的可能性？侗錦文化如何以文化創意產業的型態經營，俾能超越地域性的侷限?當大眾聚焦在文創產品的真實性議題的時候，如何藉之促成族人對於侗錦文化認同的差異性，以及侗錦如何在村寨形成傳承認知的效應?侗錦藝術是否能夠活化通道縣侗錦文創產業的契機，進而提升侗錦文化發展的主體性? 　　本研究最終期待透過這樣以學術性的方式，探討侗錦非物質文化遺產的生存與發展現狀，提供侗族在進行適度保護性旅遊與再利用政策的時侯，將這一項國家級的非物質文化遺產推向市場、推向國際。

Thesis (M.A.)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes older adults (65 years and older) have towards euthanasia. The subjects of the study were people 65 years of age and older who reside in homes for the aged within the Cape Metropolis. An equal number of subjects from the African, Coloured and European communities were randomly selected. A biographical questionnaire as well as the Euthanasia Attitude Scale and the Purpose In Life Test, were administered. The influence of four variables were focused on, namely age, ethnicity, meaning in life and health. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis and one-way ANOV A analysis were used. Ethnicity, meaning in life and health were not found to have a significant correlation with euthanasia. Age was the only variable found to have a significant correlation with euthanasia. The findings were discussed and certain recommendations were made. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om vas te stel wat die houding van ouer volwassenes (65 jaar en ouer) is ten opsigte van genadedood. Die proefpersone was almalouer as 65 jaar en woonagtig in ouetehuise binne die Kaapse Metropool. 'n Gelyke aantal proefpersone van die Afrika, Kleurling en Europese gemeenskappe is willekeurig gekies. 'n Biografiese vraelys, asook die "Euthanasia Attitude Scale" en "Purpose In Life Test", is gebruik. Die invloed van vier veranderlikes, naamlik: ouderdom, kultuur, betekenis in die lewe en gesondheid, is ondersoek. Pearson korrelasionele koëffisiënt en een-rigting ANOV A ontledings is gebruik. Etnisiteit, betekenis in die lewe en gesondheid het nie beduidend met genadedood gekorreleer nie, ouderdom was die enigste veranderlike wat beduidend met genadedood gekorreleer het. Die bevindinge is bespreek en sekere aanbevelings is gemaak.

The methodology of exploring stereotypes in spoken languages has been described in Jerzy Bartmiński's papers in great detail.Bartmiński works with three types of data (linguistic, textual and empirical ones), which he uses to formulate a cognitive definition describing the stereotype of the explored phenomenon. This work is the first of its kind to attempt to apply this methodology to exploring ethnic stereotypes in the Czech Sign Language. Sign languages are visual-motoric by their nature and lack a written form, which brings certain difficulties when exploring textual data. Therefore, for the purpose of exploring stereotypes in these languages the aforementioned method had to be modified in numerous ways. It is especially the linguistic data which have become important here, along with the empirical ones to a certain extent. It turns out that the sought stereotypes are most frequently contained in the very form of the sign (in the so-called parameters, i.e. hand shape, location, movement etc.) or in modifications of its parameters. This is documented on ten different ethnic stereotypes in the Czech Sign Language.

Les Thaïs dont il est question dans cette thèse ont été détachés et cédé avec l'ancien territoire siamois de Patchan Khirikhet ou Ko Kong à la colonie française du Cambodge en 1904. En conséquence, des Thaïs sont restés dans le territoire cambodgien de Ko Kong jusqu'à présent. À plusieurs époques, toutefois, les Thaïs-Ko-Kong ont choisi de traverser la frontière afin de rentrer définitivement dans la terre patrie de Thaïlande ; l'époque des Khmers Rouges tout particulièrement a provoqué la plus grande de ces immigrations et une nouvelle dispersion des Thaïs de Ko Kong. La majorité des immigrants thaïs-Ko-Kong a trouvé refuge dans le district de Khlong Yai, dans la province frontalière de Trat. Aujourd'hui, le district thaïlandais de Khlong Yai et la province cambodgienne de Ko Kong sont ainsi l'espace transfrontalier principal des Thaïs-Ko-Kong. Cette recherche a pour le but de répondre à trois questions principales sur l'ethnogenèse des Thaïs-Ko-Kong, les identités dynamiques des Thaïs-Ko-Kong et l'hégémonie des frontières des Thaïs-Ko-Kong. Les Thaïs-Ko-Kong ne sont pas un groupe ethnique, ils sont une « ethnie-frontières », un pseudo groupe ethnique, qui s'est formé par une histoire commune liée à la délimitation des frontières et par l'expérience des immigrations depuis le Cambodge. / The Thai people studied in this research have been separated with the ancient Siamese territory of Patchan Khirikhet or Ko Kong and given to the French colony of Cambodia in 1904. Consequently, they constitute nowadays a Thai ethnic minority in Ko Kong province of Cambodia. From generation to generation, at many occasions the Thais of Ko Kong have decided to cross the borderline to go back to their ancestor's homeland. But the main immigration, the dispersion and the disappearance of many Thais from Ko Kong occurred during the Khmers Rouges period. A majority of the Thai migrants from Ko Kong province have settled down at Khlong Yai district at the extreme East of Trat province, in Thailand. At the present time, Khlong Yai district of Thailand and Ko Kong province of Cambodia are therefore a core trans-boundary area for the Thais of Ko Kong. The aims of this research are at answering three mains questions concerning the ethnogenesis, the dynamic identities of the Thais of Ko Kong and their hegemonic controls of the borderlines and border areas. The Thais of Ko Kong are not an ethnic group. They are an « border ethnic group », a pseudo-ethnic group, who have been formed by their common history of the delimitation of frontiers in 1904 and their migration experiences from Cambodia.

Considerando a existência de poucos estudos sobre os iorubás e o fato de constituirmos uma sociedade de marcante presença africana, esta investigação debate, entre outros temas, pertença grupal, relações étnico-raciais e liberdade de crença no Brasil. Tendo por objeto de estudo a metamorfose identitária de sacerdotisas e sacerdotes não-africanos do coletivo Egbé Oduduwa, inspirada no convívio com lideranças religiosas iorubás, nascidas e residentes em Abeokutá (Ogun State, Nigeria), a pesquisa foi realizada em espaços de prática da Religião Tradicional Iorubá em Mongaguá (São Paulo, Brasil), Pium (Tocantins, Brasil), Abeokutá, Liubliana (Liubliana, Eslovênia) e La Coruña (Galícia, Espanha). O percurso teórico desta investigação permitiu traçar um panorama de estudos sobre as religiões de matrizes africanas no Brasil e reunir dados sobre: raça-etnia como bases ideológicas do colonialismo e do pós-colonialismo; caminhos de enfrentamento do racismo e marcos do pensamento psicológico brasileiro. As definições de Psicologia da Religião adotadas, próprias das Ciências Psi no continente africano, particularmente na Nigéria e África do Sul, privilegiaram a ótica negro-africana. O percurso das investigações em campo permitiu aprofundar conhecimentos sobre a concepção iorubá de universo, tempo e pessoa e a Religião Tradicional Iorubá como princípios socializadores. O procedimento de coleta de dados incluiu observação participante, entrevistas com as lideranças religiosas que compuseram a amostra de pesquisa e diálogos com informantes orais; para sua análise os dados foram organizados em torno de eixos temáticos emergentes das falas das lideranças entrevistadas; a interpretação dos dados foi realizada com base na sabedoria iorubá veiculada por tradicionalistas da palavra oral e em relevantes expoentes do pensamento científico africano e europeu. Além de estimular e subsidiar debates sobre a construção de uma psicologia inspirada em saberes tradicionais, entre os quais os negro-africanos, se pode concluir, com base no corpo teórico de referência e no conteúdo dos diálogos entabulados, que sociedades tradicionais têm muito a oferecer ao processo contínuo de (re)construção teórico-metodológica dos Saberes Psi, e que o conhecimento desses Saberes Ancestrais pode instrumentalizar agentes sociais em seus esforços por combater a discriminação étnico-racial , em favor da Justiça e da Paz / Considering the existence of few studies on the Yorubás and the fact that we constitute a society with a strong African presence, this research debates, among other subjects, group membership, ethnic-racial relations and freedom of belief in Brazil. The object of study was the identity metamorphosis of the collective Egbé Oduduwanon-African priests, inspired by the relationship with Yoruba religious leaders born and resident in Abeokuta (Ogun State, Nigeria). The research was carried out in spaces of practice of Yoruba Traditional Religion in Mongagua (São Paulo, Brazil), Pium (Tocantins, Brazil), Abeokuta, Ljubljana (Ljubljana, Slovenia) and La Coruña (Galicia, Spain). The theoretical course of this investigation allowed to draw a panorama of studies on African matrices of Brazilian religions and to gather data on: race-ethnicity as ideological bases of colonialism and post-colonialism; fight against racism and historic landmarks of Brazilian psychological thinking. The definitions of Psychology of Religion adopted, proper to the Psi Sciences on the African continent, particularly in Nigeria and South Africa, favored the Black African optics. The course of the investigations in the field allowed to deepen knowledge on the Yoruba conception of universe, time and person and the Traditional Religion Yoruba as socializers principles. The data collection included participant observation, interviews with the religious leaders who composed the research sample and dialogues with oral informants; for their analysis the data were organized around thematic axes emerging from the speeches of the leaderships interviewed; the data´s interpretation were carried out on the basis of Yoruba wisdom conveyed by traditionalists of the oral word and in relevant exponents of African and European scientific thought. Besides stimulating and subsidizing debates on the construction of a Psychology inspired by traditional knowledge, among them Black Africans, based on the theoretical body of reference and the content of the dialogues one can conclude that traditional societies have much to offer to the continuous process of theoretical and methodological (re)construction of the Psi knowledge, and that the knowledge of these Ancestral Knowledge can instrumentalize social agents in their efforts to combat ethnic-racial discrimination in favor of Justice and Peace

Introdução: No Brasil, a desigualdade social é um problema que precisa de enfrentamento mais efetivo e respeito às particularidades dos diversos grupos sociais. O envelhecimento no município de São Paulo, numa perspectiva étnico-racial, ainda é pouco conhecido e não se sabe o quanto os determinantes sociais de saúde influenciam desfechos de saúde nesta população. Medir a incapacidade funcional em idosos é um indicador universalmente admitido para se diagnosticar condições de saúde. O presente estudo levanta a hipótese de que há diferenças na prevalência de incapacidades funcionais entre idosos de diferentes estratos raciais. Objetivos: Identificar os fatores determinantes da incapacidade funcional de idosos, considerando a condição raça/cor da pele e descrever os perfis de incapacidade funcional de idosos de acordo com as variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e modo de vida, na perspectiva étnico-racial e quanto a incapacidade funcional. Método: Realizou-se um estudo transversal com a coorte de 2010 do Estudo Saúde e Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento (SABE), considerando três desfechos para a variável dependente incapacidade funcional: déficit de mobilidade funcional, dificuldade nas Atividades Básicas ou Instrumentais de Vida Diária (ABVD e AIVD, respectivamente). A variável de análise foi a raça/cor da pele e as variáveis independentes foram as demográficas, socioeconômicas e modo de vida. Para a análise estatística, utilizaram-se o teste qui-quadrado com o fator de correção de Rao-Scott e modelos de regressão de Poisson (para a variável raça cor categorizada em negros e brancos) e regressão logística multinomial (para a variável raça/cor categorizada em pretos, pardos e brancos). A medida de associação escolhida foi a Razão de Prevalência (RP). Resultados: Foram considerados 1263 idosos para esta análise: 62 por cento brancos, 30,9 por cento pardos e 7,1 por cento pretos que, após os procedimentos de ponderação passaram a representar a população de 1.244.372 pessoas idosas, dos quais, 771.510 brancos, 384.511 pardos e 88.350 pretos do município de São Paulo. As características demográficas, socioeconômicas e modo de vida mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes e piores para pretos e pardos, na maioria das vezes. Ser do sexo feminino, ter 80 ou mais anos de idade, estar viúvo, não saber ler ou escrever, ter baixa escolaridade (até 4 anos de estudo), não estar trabalhando e nunca convidar pessoas para virem à sua casa ou sair para lugares públicos estiveram estatisticamente associadas ao déficit de mobilidade funcional ou à dificuldade em uma ou mais ABVD ou AIVD. Nos modelos de regressão, ser preto teve maior RP nos desfechos de déficit de mobilidade e dificuldade em 2 ou mais AIVD, enquanto que a RP foi maior para pardos quando o desfecho foi dificuldade em 2 ou mais ABVD. Discussão: As diferenças não puderam ser explicadas apenas em função das condições demográficas, socioeconômicas e modo de vida dos diferentes grupos raciais, suscitando que a iniquidade em saúde e o racismo no campo da saúde estiveram presentes nas desigualdades sistemáticas encontradas nos grupos raciais investigados. Conclusão: As desigualdades encontradas entre as categorias raciais apontaram para situações sistemáticas de desvantagens para idosos pardos e, principalmente, idosos pretos. Racismo e iniquidade em saúde foram as condições explicativas dessas desigualdades / Introduction: In Brazil, social inequality is a problem that needs more effective confrontation and respect for the specific characteristics of the different social groups. Aging in the city of São Paulo, from an ethnic-racial perspective, is still little known and it is not known how the social determinants of health influence health outcomes in this population. Measuring functional disability in the elderly is a universally accepted indicator for diagnosing health conditions. The present study raises the hypothesis that there are differences in the prevalence of functional disabilities among elderly people of different racial strata. Objectives: To identify the determinants of the functional incapacity of the elderly, considering the race / skin color and to describe the profiles of functional incapacities of the elderly according to covariates on demographic, socioeconomic and way of life conditions, from the ethno-racial perspective and functional disability. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out using the 2010 cohort of the Health and Welfare and Aging Study (SABE), considering three outcomes for the dependent variable on functional disability: functional mobility deficit, difficulty in Basic or Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (BADL and IADL, respectively). The variable of analysis was race / skin color and the independent variables were the demographic, socioeconomic and way of life characteristics. For the statistical analysis, the chi-square test with the Rao-Scott correction and Poisson regression models (for the variable race color categorized in blacks and whites) and multinomial logistic regression (for the categorized race / color variable in black, brown and white). The measure of association chosen was the Prevalence Ratio (PR). Results: A total of 1263 elderly people were considered for this analysis: 62 per cent whites, 30.9 per cent browns and 7.1 per cent blacks who, after weighting procedures, represented the population of 1,244,372 elderly people, of which 771,510 whites, 384,511 pardos and 88,350 blacks from the city of São Paulo. Demographic, socioeconomic and way of life characteristics showed statistically significant differences and worse for blacks and browns, most of the time. Being female, 80 or older, widowed, unable to read or writing, having low schooling (up to 4 years of schooling), not working and never inviting people to come to your home or go out to public places were statistically associated with functional mobility deficit or with difficulty in one or more BADL or IADL. In the regression models, being black had greater PR in the mobility deficit and difficulty in 2 or more IADL, whereas PR was higher in brown people when the outcome was difficulty in 2 or more BADL. Discussion: Differences could not be explained solely by the demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle conditions of the different racial groups, suggesting that health inequity and health racism were present in the systematic inequalities found among the racial groups assessed. Conclusion: The inequalities found among the racial categories pointed to systematic situations of disadvantages for brown elderly and, mainly, for black elderly. Racism and inequity in health were the explanatory conditions of these inequalities

Introdução: No Brasil, a desigualdade social é um problema que precisa de enfrentamento mais efetivo e respeito às particularidades dos diversos grupos sociais. O envelhecimento no município de São Paulo, numa perspectiva étnico-racial, ainda é pouco conhecido e não se sabe o quanto os determinantes sociais de saúde influenciam desfechos de saúde nesta população. Medir a incapacidade funcional em idosos é um indicador universalmente admitido para se diagnosticar condições de saúde. O presente estudo levanta a hipótese de que há diferenças na prevalência de incapacidades funcionais entre idosos de diferentes estratos raciais. Objetivos: Identificar os fatores determinantes da incapacidade funcional de idosos, considerando a condição raça/cor da pele e descrever os perfis de incapacidade funcional de idosos de acordo com as variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e modo de vida, na perspectiva étnico-racial e quanto a incapacidade funcional. Método: Realizou-se um estudo transversal com a coorte de 2010 do Estudo Saúde e Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento (SABE), considerando três desfechos para a variável dependente incapacidade funcional: déficit de mobilidade funcional, dificuldade nas Atividades Básicas ou Instrumentais de Vida Diária (ABVD e AIVD, respectivamente). A variável de análise foi a raça/cor da pele e as variáveis independentes foram as demográficas, socioeconômicas e modo de vida. Para a análise estatística, utilizaram-se o teste qui-quadrado com o fator de correção de Rao-Scott e modelos de regressão de Poisson (para a variável raça cor categorizada em negros e brancos) e regressão logística multinomial (para a variável raça/cor categorizada em pretos, pardos e brancos). A medida de associação escolhida foi a Razão de Prevalência (RP). Resultados: Foram considerados 1263 idosos para esta análise: 62 por cento brancos, 30,9 por cento pardos e 7,1 por cento pretos que, após os procedimentos de ponderação passaram a representar a população de 1.244.372 pessoas idosas, dos quais, 771.510 brancos, 384.511 pardos e 88.350 pretos do município de São Paulo. As características demográficas, socioeconômicas e modo de vida mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes e piores para pretos e pardos, na maioria das vezes. Ser do sexo feminino, ter 80 ou mais anos de idade, estar viúvo, não saber ler ou escrever, ter baixa escolaridade (até 4 anos de estudo), não estar trabalhando e nunca convidar pessoas para virem à sua casa ou sair para lugares públicos estiveram estatisticamente associadas ao déficit de mobilidade funcional ou à dificuldade em uma ou mais ABVD ou AIVD. Nos modelos de regressão, ser preto teve maior RP nos desfechos de déficit de mobilidade e dificuldade em 2 ou mais AIVD, enquanto que a RP foi maior para pardos quando o desfecho foi dificuldade em 2 ou mais ABVD. Discussão: As diferenças não puderam ser explicadas apenas em função das condições demográficas, socioeconômicas e modo de vida dos diferentes grupos raciais, suscitando que a iniquidade em saúde e o racismo no campo da saúde estiveram presentes nas desigualdades sistemáticas encontradas nos grupos raciais investigados. Conclusão: As desigualdades encontradas entre as categorias raciais apontaram para situações sistemáticas de desvantagens para idosos pardos e, principalmente, idosos pretos. Racismo e iniquidade em saúde foram as condições explicativas dessas desigualdades / Introduction: In Brazil, social inequality is a problem that needs more effective confrontation and respect for the specific characteristics of the different social groups. Aging in the city of São Paulo, from an ethnic-racial perspective, is still little known and it is not known how the social determinants of health influence health outcomes in this population. Measuring functional disability in the elderly is a universally accepted indicator for diagnosing health conditions. The present study raises the hypothesis that there are differences in the prevalence of functional disabilities among elderly people of different racial strata. Objectives: To identify the determinants of the functional incapacity of the elderly, considering the race / skin color and to describe the profiles of functional incapacities of the elderly according to covariates on demographic, socioeconomic and way of life conditions, from the ethno-racial perspective and functional disability. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out using the 2010 cohort of the Health and Welfare and Aging Study (SABE), considering three outcomes for the dependent variable on functional disability: functional mobility deficit, difficulty in Basic or Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (BADL and IADL, respectively). The variable of analysis was race / skin color and the independent variables were the demographic, socioeconomic and way of life characteristics. For the statistical analysis, the chi-square test with the Rao-Scott correction and Poisson regression models (for the variable race color categorized in blacks and whites) and multinomial logistic regression (for the categorized race / color variable in black, brown and white). The measure of association chosen was the Prevalence Ratio (PR). Results: A total of 1263 elderly people were considered for this analysis: 62 per cent whites, 30.9 per cent browns and 7.1 per cent blacks who, after weighting procedures, represented the population of 1,244,372 elderly people, of which 771,510 whites, 384,511 pardos and 88,350 blacks from the city of São Paulo. Demographic, socioeconomic and way of life characteristics showed statistically significant differences and worse for blacks and browns, most of the time. Being female, 80 or older, widowed, unable to read or writing, having low schooling (up to 4 years of schooling), not working and never inviting people to come to your home or go out to public places were statistically associated with functional mobility deficit or with difficulty in one or more BADL or IADL. In the regression models, being black had greater PR in the mobility deficit and difficulty in 2 or more IADL, whereas PR was higher in brown people when the outcome was difficulty in 2 or more BADL. Discussion: Differences could not be explained solely by the demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle conditions of the different racial groups, suggesting that health inequity and health racism were present in the systematic inequalities found among the racial groups assessed. Conclusion: The inequalities found among the racial categories pointed to systematic situations of disadvantages for brown elderly and, mainly, for black elderly. Racism and inequity in health were the explanatory conditions of these inequalities

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença de Crohn (DC) é uma doença inflamatória intestinal (DII) crônica de etiologia desconhecida, apesar de fatores genéticos e ambientais estarem envolvidos. Os fatores étnicos relacionados com a DC são muito controversos. Parece haver uma maior incidência em brancos, porém alguns estudos demonstram aumento da prevalência entre negros nos últimos 30 anos e sugerem diferenças na apresentação clínica. O Brasil apresenta uma população miscigenada, com importante imigração européia e africana. Temos dois objetivos principais: 1) caracterizar os pacientes com DC em um centro de referência brasileiro e 2) correlacionar as características fenotípicas dos nossos pacientes com a raça/cor e ancestralidade. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 273 pacientes acompanhados no Ambulatório de Intestino do HC-FMUSP com o diagnóstico de DC previamente estabelecido. Dados demográficos, o curso e as características clínicas da doença, manifestações extra-intestinais, uso de medicamentos e escores de gravidade foram registrados a partir dos prontuários e de entrevistas com os pacientes. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (164 pacientes, 60%). A média da idade dos pacientes foi 40,3 anos + 13,9, sendo que a média da idade de início dos sintomas foi 28,4 anos + 12,7. A raça/cor predominante foi branca (68,8%), seguida por parda (21,5%), preta (7,8%), amarela (1,5%) e indígena (0,4%). História familiar de DII estava presente em 36 pacientes (13,2%). Cento e trinta e três pacientes referiram história de tabagismo (48,7%). Doença fistulizante foi registrada em 45,2% dos pacientes e 67% dos pacientes apresentaram algum tipo de manifestação extra-intestinal. A localização predominante da doença conforme a classificação de Viena foi íleo-colônica em 39,5% dos pacientes. A distribuição de sexo por raça/cor foi semelhante em todas as raças. Não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as diferentes raças. Analisando apenas brancos e negros (pretos + pardos), verificamos que foi semelhante a distribuição de sexo (60% de sexo feminino entre os brancos e 59% entre os negros; p=0,98), a presença de história familiar de doença inflamatória intestinal (16,2% entre os brancos e 7,6% entre os negros, p=0,08), a presença de doença fistulizante (43,5% dos brancos versus 48,7% dos negros; p=0,49), a presença de manifestações extra-intestinais (67% dos negros versus 66,9% dos brancos; p=1,0) e uso de corticosteróides (65,7% dos negros versus 73,9% dos brancos; p=0,21). Os brancos apresentaram doença restrita ao íleo terminal em 42,4% versus 23,4% nos negros (p=0,009). Não houve diferença na proporção de indivíduos necessitando cirurgia: 46,2% dos negros foram submetidos a cirurgia comparado com 53,2% dos brancos (p=0,34). Ao analisarmos a ancestralidade e não raça/cor declarada, também não encontramos nenhuma associação com idade do início dos sintomas, doença fistulizante, manifestações extra-intestinais, uso de imunossupressores, uso de corticosteróides ou cirurgia prévia. CONCLUSÕES: No Brasil, não encontramos diferenças na apresentação clínica ou gravidade da DC de acordo com raça/cor ou com a ancestralidade. / INTRODUCTION: Crohns disease (CD) is increasingly recognized in diverse ethnic populations. Ethnic factors related do CD are highly controversial. Apparently, there seems to be a higher incidence among white subjects. However, studies conducted in USA have shown an increase in prevalence among black subjects in the last 30 years. Overall, there is lack of information concerning the clinical phenotype (disease presentation and progression) so as to race, and literature remains controversial. Brazil has a multiracial society, with important European immigration and also Africans. AIM: to analyze the influence of race and/or ancestry on clinical presentation and progression in a multiracial society living in the same environment. METHODS: Two hundred and seventy three patients with CD seen in gastroenterology clinic of Hospital das Clínicas between June 2005 and July 2006 were analyzed to determine whether there were significant differences among racial/ancestry groups. Race was self-declared according to the classification used by IBGE (Brazilian Demographical Census classifies people according to race or skin color, which is declared by the person himself/herself according to the fallowing options: white, black, brown/mixed, yellow or indian). Ancestry (also declared by the patient) was described as European, African, mixture of African and European, Indian, Asian or another/unknown. The definition of disease location was according to the Vienna classification. The severity of disease was measured by the use of steroids, the use of immunomodulators (azathioprine or methotrexate) and the need of surgeries related to the disease. The evaluation of extra-intestinal manifestations consisted of 3 main categories: ophthalmological, dermatological and articular. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS statistic software. RESULTS: Whites comprised 68.8%, blacks 7.8%, brown/mixed 21.5% and yellow 1.5%. One patient reported itself as American Indian. Comparing the whites and the African Americans (blacks and brown/mixed), we found no significant difference with respect to family history of inflammatory bowel disease (16.2% vs 7.6%; p=0.08), mean age at the onset of symptoms (27+12 vs 30+12; p=0.07), steroids use (73.9% vs 65.7%; p=0.21), immunomodulators use (74.3% vs 74%; p=0.96), surgery need (53.2% vs 46.2; p=0.34), perforating disease (43.5% vs 48.7%; p=0.49), ocular manifestations (8.8% vs 9.0%; p=0.96), skin manifestations (15.5 vs 15.8%; p=0.94), articular (64.5% vs 63.3% p=0.89). Smoking habits, a possible confounding factor, was similar in the two groups. The whites have more frequent disease location at the ileum (42.4% vs 23.4%; p= 0.009). Analyzing the ancestry, there were 36.8% European, 3.8% mixture of African and European, 9.2% African, 7.9% Indian, 1.3 Asian and 41% Brazilian/other/unknown. If we analyze the European ancestry compared to African, there were no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences among the races (as defined by skin color) in most of the studied variables. There were difference only in respect to disease location, as described previously by others. It seems that in a multiracial society as Brazil, race, in respect of skin color or ancestry, may have some influence, but it is not an important factor defining presentation or progression of CD.

Les groupes ethniques minoritaires sont parmi les secteurs de la société qui sont menacés en permanence par des risques plus élevés de catastrophes. Le fondement d'un tel constat est les impacts négatifs disproportionnés de catastrophes passées. Il est de ce fait nécessaire d'intégrer tous les groupes ethniques en particuliers les minorités dans la réduction des risques de catastrophe (RRC). Pourtant, la communauté scientifique a peu étudié le rôle de l’ethnicité dans la vulnérabilité et la capacité des populations exposées à divers aléas. Ainsi les praticiens sur le terrain et les organisations non-gouvernementales (ONG), ne possèdent pas de méthodes et d’outils appropriés pour intégrer les minorités ethniques dans la RRC. En plus, des exemples de méthodologies et de politiques visant à rendre cet objectif opérationnel et institutionnalisés sont également limités. Cette étude vise à répondre à ces lacunes, en prenant l’exemple des communautés multiethniques autour de Mont Kanlaon situé sur l'île de Negros aux Philippines. La zone d'étude se caractérise par une grande diversité ethnique composé d'au moins trois grands groupes ethniques (Ilonggos, Cebuanos et Bukidnons). Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que cette mosaïque constitue une dimension importante de la RRC puisque chaque groupe ethnique possède ses propres formes de vulnérabilité et de capacité face aux aléas volcaniques et d’autres origines. Ces minorités ethniques sont parmi les secteurs les plus vulnérables de la société philippine en raison de leur statut marginalisés. En outre, les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que chaque groupe ethnique possède des capacités issues en grande partie de ressources locales qui sont utiles aux fins de la RRC. / The ethnic minority groups are among the sectors of the society who are permanently threatened by higher risk of disasters. The basis of such claim is the disproportionate negative impacts of both major and minor disasters. There is thus a pressing need to integrate ethnic minority groups in disaster risk reduction (DRR). However, within the scientific community, there are limited studies in the current literature of disaster that investigated the role of ethnicity in shaping the vulnerability and capacity of the ethnic groups. The authorities, non-government organizations (NGOs), and researchers have limited defined methods and tools to make such as objective operational in the field. Finally, plans, actions and policies to make such objective institutionalized are also limited. This study aimed to fulfill those gaps. The study has adapted an integrated DRR framework and a methodology that follows the ideals and principles of Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRR). The present study focuses on the multiethnic communities surrounding Mt. Kanlaon located in the island of Negros, Philippines. The study area is characterized by a great ethnic diversity composed of at least three major ethnic groups (Ilonggos, Cebuanos, and Bukidnons). The results of the study suggest that this ethnic mosaic constituted a major dimension of DRR because each ethnic group portrays different vulnerabilities and capacities in the face of volcanic hazards and other natural hazards. These ethnic minorities are among the most vulnerable sectors of the Philippine society due to their marginalized and minority status. In addition, the results of this study also suggest that each ethnic group possesses capacities derived from local resources that are useful for the purpose of DRR.

Apesar de há muitos anos os índios brasileiros lutarem por uma educação escolar diferenciada, foi apenas a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988 que a Educação Escolar Indígena tornou-se política pública no País e, desde então, aumentou muito o número de educadores envolvidos com a questão, especialmente no que se refere à formação de professores indígenas. No entanto, uma das primeiras questões que emerge desse encontro é como trabalhar de forma diferenciada, se pouco se sabe sobre as mais de 200 etnias do País. Além disso, tem-se, de um lado, a escola munida de um conhecimento em geral instituído por parâmetros nacionais; a escrita com papel central; o professor, em geral, desconhecido do grupo; e o ambiente escolar bastante distinto da residência. De outro, uma cultura onde saberfazer, mito e história se inter-relacionam; o conhecimento, em geral transmitido por um membro mais velho do grupo, é feito de forma oral ou por meio de um saber-fazer diário; e a sala de aula é a própria casa ou a floresta. Nesse sentido, este trabalho, realizado em um processo educacional com professores da etnia Gavião, de Rondônia, buscou, por meio de diálogo, caminhos para possíveis interações de distintas formas de conhecimentos ligados tanto à escola quanto ao saber-fazer indígena e em especial os relacionados à Matemática. Para tanto, foram organizados dois cursos, conduzidos por discussões em torno das construções tradicionais do grupo. Essas discussões possibilitaram vir à tona histórias, mitos, saber-fazer e alguns aspectos relevantes para a cultura do grupo, mas até então desconhecidos até mesmo pelos próprios professores indígenas. Quanto aos aspectos matemáticos, os professores indígenas, auxiliados pela ferramenta da modelagem matemática, puderam decodificar um saber-fazer presente na construção da maloca tradicional e, dessa forma, dar sentido a um conhecimento que anteriormente não fazia sentido ao grupo. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida por uma metodologia de trabalho de ordem qualitativa, de cunho etnográfico, com aspectos históricos e antropológicos e com aporte teórico principal da Etnomatemática. / Despite the fact that Brazilian Indigenous Peoples have long fought for appropriate schooling, it was only with the promulgation of the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 that Indigenous School Education acquired the status of a public policy in the country, and since then there has been a significant increase in the number of educators engaged in that matter, especially as regards the formation of indigenous teachers. However, a preliminary question that arises is to how to accomplish a differentiated work given that little is known about the more than 200 ethnic groups in Brazil. Besides that, we have, on the one hand, schools provided with a knowledge often established by national parameters; writing ability having a central role; the teacher, in general, being unknown to the group; school environment radically different from living place. On the other side, there is a culture in which know how, myths and history are tightly interrelated; knowledge, often transmitted by an older member of the group, is done orally or through daily know how; the classroom is their own house or the forest itself. In this sense, the present work, carried out in an educational process with teachers from the Gavião ethnic group, in Rondônia, aimed, through dialogues, to devise ways of establishing interactions among different forms of knowledge related to school and indigenous know how as well, focusing especially on Mathematics. In order to do that, two courses were given in which indigenous constructions were taken as the moving power of the debates. Such discussions gave rise to stories, myths and know how as well as some other aspects relevant to the groups culture, as yet unknown even to the indigenous teachers themselves. Concerning mathematical aspects, the indigenous teachers, with the aid of mathematical modeling tools, were able to decode a know how present in the construction of the traditional maloca, and thus giving meaning to a knowledge that made no sense to the group until then. The research was carried out with a qualitative methodology of work, having an ethnographic character, with historical and anthropological aspects, Ethnomathematics being its main theoretical framework.