This presentation is a summary key findings and recommendations for the Bandelier National Monument Traditional Use Study. This presentation was given by Dr. Stoffle during seperate meetings with National Park Service staff and the involved tribes.

This presentation is focused on the importance of plants at Pipestone National Monument. This presentation highlights key findings from the original ethnobotany study.

This presentation was created to discuss the findings of the report American Indians and Fajada Butte.

This presentation provides photographs to help the reader further illustrate the report American Indians and Fajada Butte.

This dissertation is based upon research of an emergent ethnomedicine in a botanically rich area, the Western Cape of South Africa. It examines the interface between ethnobotany and medical anthropology by investigating the biological and social factors related to the knowledge, use and trade of medicinal plants by Cape bush doctors. Incredible syncretism was observed in the identity formation of this homogenous urban group of healers who combined elements of a globally recognized eco-religion and sociopolitical movement Rastafari with several South African cultures through knowledge of medicinal plants. By rejecting colonial principals, including capitalistic biomedical systems, bush doctors have crafted a niche acquiring knowledge and herbal remedies for the treatment of common ailments. Transmission amongst Rastas and trail-and-error experimentation with herbs emphasize that plant knowledge is situational and arises through relationships. From an estimated 200 bush doctors in the Cape, 62 almost exclusively middle-aged coloured males were interviewed. They declared their mission was 'to heal all people' through a reintroduction of KhoiSan healing traditions, an indigenous ancestry largely rejected by coloureds during apartheid. An ethnobotany of bush doctors revealed that of 192 species, 181 were medicinal and included various herbs important to most South African cultural groups. This largely herbaceous pharmacopeia is narrow compared to the region's high biodiversity and thirty-three species were identified as conservation priorities. The presence of bush doctors at transportation hubs as herbal hawkers creates a diversified economy through cultivation of relationships with primarily disadvantaged coloured and black consumers. The consumption, trade and sale of local plants by bush doctors represent efforts to embody the landscape; it reasserts coloured links to indigeneity, renews respect for their heritage and affords rights to resources. By evoking tradition within their tolerant philosophy, leaders of this emergent ethnomedicine develop a racially equitable and ecologically sustainable platform for health care evidenced by medicinal plant gardens in townships and transmission of diverse ethnomedical knowledge. Bush doctors are legitimized through the performance of transmission. This phytomedicinal knowledge reifies an ideology, repositioning coloureds in a moderate stance between colonial biomedicine and traditional African ethnomedicines, but also creates a unified South African medicine.

There is a resurgence of interest in many countries in medicinal plants and their curative properties (HARBORNE & BAXTER, 1993). Little work has previously been conducted on the Sterculiaceae species, especially those located within South Africa. This was a perfect opportunity to broaden the available information on the medicinal properties and chemical constituents of this family, within KwaZulu-Natal. Of the 50 genera of the Sterculiaceae family, six are located in South Africa: Cola, Oombeya, Hermannia, Melhania, Sterculia and Waltheria . Seven Sterculiaceae species were chosen for investigation. They varied in growth type and use in traditional medicine. These species included: Oombeya rotundifolia, D. burgessiae, D. cymosa, Cola natalensis, C. greenwayi, Hermannia depressa and Sterculia murex. Plant material used in the study was collected from a variety of areas, all within KwaZulu-Natal or the Northern Province. There were two collection sites for D. rotundifolia, from differing habitats, and results were compared. The material was screened pharmacologically for anti-bacterial activity using the disc-diffusion assay and Minimal Inhibitory Assay (MIC), and for antiinflammatory activity using the COX-1 assay. Only D. rotundifolia and C. natalensis were tested for anti-bacterial activity using the disc-diffusion assay as the disc-diffusion asay was found to show inconsistencies in the results obtained. Bacteria used included: Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae being Gram-negative, and Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis being Gram-positive. D. rotundifolia exhibited activity, both anti-bacterial and bacteriostatic, in the leaf, twig and bark extracts from both collection sites. Only the water extract obtained from the leaf material of C.natalensis exhibited slight anti-bacterial activity against S. epidermidis. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined using a microdilution assay (25 mg ml-1 serially diluted 50 % to 0.195 mg ml-1). Bacteria used in the screening were: B. subtilis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and S. aureus. None of the water extracts showed any antibacterial activity. Good MIC values were exhibited by D. cymosa ethanolic leaf extracts, C. greenwayi leaf ethyl acetate extracts especially against K. pneumoniae (0.78 mg ml-1) and S. aureus (0.39 mg rnl-1) and H. depressa ethanol and ethyl acetate leaf, stem and root extracts. D. burgessiae and S. murex showed low activity, with insignificant MIC values. D. rotundifolia plant material yielded the highest anti-inflammatory activity of all the plant species, with the extracts from the Umgeni Valley Nature Reserve(UVNR) showing the best results. The lowest activity was recorded in the aqueous bark extracts (5% inhibition)and the highest from the ethanolic leaf extract (97% inhibition). D. cymosa extracts showed high activity in ethanolic leaf and twig extracts with low activity in all the other extracts. D. burgessiae, C. greenwayi and S. murex extracts showed high activity in both ethanolic and dichloromethane extracts from leaf and twig material. Activity occurred in the dichloromethane extracts of H. depressa obtained from the stem (78%) and root (81%) extracts. C. natalensis extracts showed insignificant activity. Plant material was phytochemically screened for alkaloids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides and cyanogenic glycosides. No alkaloids were detected using pH-partitioning and no cyanogenic glycosides were observed (TLC sandwich method) in any of the extracts of the seven species screened. Using the gelatin salt-block test, tannins were found to be present in the leaf and twig material of D. rotundifolia, the leaf material of C. greenwayi and the leaf, stem and root material of H depressa. The froth test indicated that saponins were present in the leaf and twig material of D. rotundifolia and leaf, root and stem material of H. depressa. The haemolysis test indicated the presence of saponins in the D. rotundifolia bark material. Screening for cardiac glycosides detected cardienolides in the leaf, twig and bark material of D. rotundifolia, and bufadienolides were detected in D. rotundifolia , D. cymosa, D. burgessiae and S. murex. Five species screened were selected for isolation of active anti-bacterial compounds: D. rotundifolia, D. burgessiae, D. cymosa, C. greenwayi and H. depressa. Material was extracted by Soxhlet and isolation techniques employed were VLC, TLC separation, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and HPLC techniques. The isolated compounds were analysed by NMR and GCMS. All isolated compounds were fatty acids: Palmitic acid, Myristic acid, Lauric acid, Stearic acid, Acetic acid as welll as stearyl alcohol, eicosane and octadecane. The aqueous eaf extract of H. Depressa exuded a thick mucilage. The production of this mucilage from the H. depressa aqueous extract may have medicinal or commercial value. A technique to separate the mucilaginous extract from the leaf material was devised. After extraction, the extract was screened to determine its sugar content through gas chromatography. It was screened for its pharmacological properties: antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity. The hydrolysing effect of -amylase and HCI on the extract was determined to find its potential use as a bulking agent for use as an appetite suppressant, laxative or against the effects of diarrhoea. It was concluded that the extract is not likely to break down easily in the human digestive system and may be effective against the three listed ailments . / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.

The coastal forests of Kenya represent a rare and threatened forest type which has over 3,000 plant taxa, of which about 500 are endemic. The patches which comprise this forest type include sacred forests, the kayas, that are rich in biodiversity. The aim of the study report was to investigate the phytosociological relationships in two selected kayas, Mtswakara and Fungo, and the plant utilisation by the people of the Duruma and Giriama tribes who live around these forests. The vegetation was sampled using the phytosociological approach developed by Braun-Blanquet. In kaya Mtswakara 51 relevés of 0.2 ha. were sampled and a total of 317 species from 191 genera in 79 families were recorded, representing 48 tree species, 134 shrubs, 82 herbs, 45 climbers, and 8 epiphytes. In kaya Fungo, 280 species from 213 genera in 74 families, representing 35 tree species, 125 shrubs, 73 herbs, 43 climbers, and 3 epiphytes, were recorded in 54 relevés. TWINSPAN classification of the data indicated the existence of four plant communities and six sub-communities in kaya Mtswakara; and three plant communities, four sub-communities, three stages, three sub-stages and one undetermined vegetation type in kaya Fungo. The phytosociological results indicated that diagnostic species for plant communities are not necessarily the dominant tree species; and interactions of edaphic factors, plant resource extraction, fire and grazing influenced the formation and distribution of vegetation types. The human populations living around the forests depend upon and utilise plant species found in the kayas to meet some of their basic domestic needs and cultural requirements. But, unlike in the past, the council of kaya elders (ngambi) cannot address all the forest management problems, due to factors such as increased disrespect of cultural traditions in the communities, increasing demands of forest plant resources due to population increase, conflicts between local faction groups claiming legitimacy in kaya management and socio-political changes. Surveys conducted in the local markets showed that although forest plants formed a small percentage of the building poles traded, the firewood trade was considerable. In addition to the regular market trade, there is a 'house-to-house' trade conducted by some community members who sell poles, timber planks and firewood which probably had been collected from the kayas. Although a considerable amount of pole resource wais available in the kayas the observed vegetation degeneration through plant resource extraction, fire, and grazing, was likely to be at a faster rate compared to the natural regenerative ability of the forests, thus threatening the existence of these kayas forests. The immediate challenges facing kaya conservation, therefore, include re-empowering the cultural management systems, and the provision of short-term and long-term alternatives for the forest plant resources in the face of increasing demand for the resources and social change. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000. / People and Plants (UNESCO)

Fritillaria camschatcensis L. Ker Gawl (Liliaceae), is a herbaceous flowering plant that grows in estuarine and subalpine habitats within its range from the northern limit in Alaska to its southern limit in western Oregon. This plant holds cultural significance in the Pacific Northwest as an important root vegetable that was cultivated in estuarine root gardens by many Indigenous Peoples. The bulbs of F. camschatcensis offered an important source of carbohydrates to a traditional diet that was high in protein, fats, oils and fibre. Lhásem is the Squamish name for F. camschatcensis, commonly known as northern riceroot, or chocolate lily. The Squamish Nation is very interested in restoring traditional plant foods into the community along with the traditional knowledge linked to them. Lhásem is a plant that many Squamish people were interested in learning about, thus it was an excellent candidate for ethnoecological restoration. Ethnoecological restoration brings cultural context, practices and technologies together with contemporary ecological restoration approaches and offers culturally relevant ways to restore a plant to the landscape. The east side of the Squamish Estuary, which borders the town of Squamish, has been impacted by a range of human-disturbances over the past century including: draining for agriculture, redirection of the Squamish River, dredging and the presence of industrial sites in close proximity to the estuary. All of these impacts have likely contributed to the decline of lhásem populations on the east side of the estuary. Through an ecological survey of the east and west sides of the Squamish Estuary I determined that the populations of F. camchatcensis are present and thriving on the west bank of the Squamish River. I collected vegetation and abiotic data and found that salinity is the most important abiotic factor affecting lhásem habitat. A logistic regression showed that salinity and the presence of lhásem are negatively correlated. Results of the vegetation data analysis indicated that Maianthemum dilatatum was an indicator for where lhásem is found growing on the west side of the Squamish Estuary and Aster subspicatus was the indicator for lhásem on the east. Lhásem restoration gardens were planted to explore the growth within one growing season across two restoration treatments, terrestrial sites and estuarine sites. The results indicate that terrestrial garden sites were more successful than estuarine garden sites and that whole bulbs were more successful than bulblets in the first year of growth. Through community interviews with elders, adults and youth, I documented the contemporary interests in the restoration of lhásem and found that the major interest of the community was focused on health, traditional food revitalization and knowledge renewal. I facilitated educational events in which Squamish Nation youth and community members learned about the plant and how to manage it in the Squamish Estuary gardens. Overall this research provides information for the future restoration of lhásem in the Squamish Estuary as well as a template to restore other culturally important plants. / Graduate

Tyrimo tikslas - surinkti ir susisteminti Alytaus rajono Daugų apylinkėje išlikusias etnofarmacines žinias. Tyrimo uždaviniai: susisteminti surinktą etnofarmacinę medžiagą Alytaus rajono Daugų apylinkėje pagal gydymui vartojamų priemonių prigimtį; nustatyti, kokios kilmės vaistingųjų medžiagų tiriamojoje teritorijoje vartojama daugiausia; nustatyti dažniausiai gydymui vartojamus vaistinius augalus, gyvūnus, grybų rūšis ir mineralinės kilmės medžiagas; nustatyti dažniausias vaistinių augalų vartojimo indikacijas tiriamojoje teritorijoje; įvertinti tyrimo metu surinktų augalinės kilmės priemonių vartojimo indikacijų atitikimą PSO monografijose pateiktoms vaistinių augalinių žaliavų vartojimo rekomendacijoms. Tyrimo metu naudojami metodai: teorinis, empirinis ir turinio analizės. Teorinis – mokslinės ir dalykinės literatūros analizė. Empirinis – gyventojų apklausa ir struktūrizuotas interviu, atlikti Alytaus rajono Daugų apylinkėje 2013 m. gegužės – rugsėjo mėnesiais. Turinio analizės metodas – surinktos etnofarmacinės informacijos grupavimas į kategorijas ir jos analizė iš įvairių pozicijų. Tyrimo metu gauti duomenys apdoroti, naudojantis „Microsoft Excel“ programa. Tyrimo metu apklausta 40 gyventojų, iš kurių bendrauti sutiko 36. Pašnekovai buvo pasirinkti atsitiktinai arba naudojant „sniego gniūžtės“ metodą, kai vienas asmuo pasiūlo kitą. Apklausa vykdyta pasinaudojus vedliu. Skirtas dėmesys respondentų liaudies medicinos žinių šaltiniams bei įgijimo būdams. 55,56%... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpose of the survey is to collect and systematize ethnopharmaceutical knowledge found in Alytus region, Daugai. The main tasks of the research are to systematize ethnopharmaceutical information, found in Alytus region, Daugai vicinity, by its origin; to determine what kind of medical materials in this territory are mainly used; to identify the most commonly used medical plants, animals, fungi species and mineral materials; to state the indications of medical plants used by respondents; to evaluate indications for usage of the herbs raised during the research accordance to the WHO recommendations of medical vegetable raw materials. Methods used during the research: theoretical, empirical and statistical. Theoretical means the analysis of scientific and special literature. Empirical means surveys of the inhabitants and structured interviews carried out in Alytus region Daugai in 2013 from May to September. Statistical means that data received during the research are processed using Microsoft Excel program. During this research 40 people were interviewed, 36 of whom agreed to communicate. The interlocutors were chosen randomly or using a “snowball” method, when one person recommends other. The survey was carried out by using a leader. Much attention was paid to the sources of the knowledge of the folk medicine and to the methods respondents obtained it. 55,56% of the respondents gave more than one source of information; 75% of the respondents said that this knowledge of... [to full text]

Historically there has been considerable debate over the origin of karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus J.R. et G. Forst.) In contrast, the extent and importance of pre-historic arboriculture in New Zealand has received little attention in the literature. This study reviews the ecology and ethnobotony of karaka and investigates its cultural and natural biogeography. Maori migration traditions frequently state that karaka was introduced to New Zealand. However, molecular evidence and finds of fossil seeds of the late Oligocene age show that karaka is endemic to New Zealand. Therefore, Maori traditions probably relate to the translocation and cultivation of karaka within the New Zealand region, for which there is abundant anecdotal evidence. Karaka fruits were a valuable addition to the Maori diet and were likely to have functioned as a replacement for traditional Polynesian precedents and entailed a rigorous regime of steaming and soaking to rid the kernal of its toxic elements. There is data to suggest selection for fruit size and/or nutritional value in cultivated karaka populations. A database of karaka distribution was compiled and populations classified as �cultural� or �unknown� on the basis of spatial association with archaeological sites. Groves classed as cultural were assumed to be cultivated or translocated by pre-historic Maori. Lack of effective seed dispersal by birds and the longevity of the trees, mean that the contemporary distribution of karaka provides a reasonable template for the extent of its prehistoric translocation and cultivation within New Zealand. Karaka has a distinct cultural and natural biogeography. The greatest overlap between cultural and unknown trees occurred in the northern North Island while the majority of trees in the lower North Island, and all trees in the South Island were classed as cultural. Prior to the arrival of Polynesians in New Zealand, karaka was probably restricted in distribution to the Northland/Auckland region. Its natural range was then extended by human translocation and cultivation to the lower North Island, South Island, Kermadec Islands, Chatham Islands and many other in-shore islands off New Zealand. Climate variables were fitted to the distribution data and discriminant analysis used to further test the classification of karaka into cultural and unknown populations. Significant differences were found in climatic parameters between groups. Cultural karaka were found in enviroments with greater solar radiation seasonality, higher evaporative demands and greater soil moisture deficits than unknown karaka. The climate profile of karaka is biased towards the same environmental correlates of pa and pit site locations, further indicating that karaka was a cultivated tree crop. It is concluded that the importance and extent of karaka arboriculture, and probably that of other endemic tree species currently restricted to the northern North Island of cultural karaka is biased towards the same environmental correlates of pa and pit site locations, further indicating that karaka was a cultivated tree crop. The extensive translocation of karaka by Maori means that it has the potential, with the application of molecular methods, to serve as a marker for prehistoric settlement and mobility. Preliminary work was begun on this aspect and a predictive model is presented of the possible relationships within and between populations of karaka. It is concluded that the importance and extent of karaka arboriculture, and probably that of other endemic tree species, has previously been overlooked. This has implications for our view of certain plant communities as unmodified by humans, and provides an impetus to protect surface vegetation as an integral part of some prehistoric archaeological sites.