Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-174). Also available on the World Wide Web.

This thesis investigated the pharmacology and phytochemistry of Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow) flowers, roots, stems, and leaves based on ethnobotanical reports in North America, with a focus on applications in a respiratory model. Seasonal changes in the phytochemical profile of yarrow were also assessed. A comprehensive dataset of medicinal Asteraceae was created after collecting ethnobotanical reports from the Native American Ethnobotany (NAEB) database. Using residual and binomial analyses, 14 tribes of Asteraceae were quantitatively evaluated and ranked within ten therapeutic categories as either over- or under-selected for treatment by North American indigenous peoples. Flora belonging to the Anthemideae tribe were over-utilized as pulmonary aids, particularly species of Achillea. Yarrow was selected for further analysis in the subsequent chapters of this thesis. The respiratory pharmacology of yarrow was examined by testing the immunomodulatory effects of four plant parts in an in vitro assay using BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells. Concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 were quantified using ELISA kits. Flowers demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity at 40 μg/ml in both assays, and also at 20 μg/ml in the IL-8 assay, suggesting a dose-dependent response. Roots displayed significant pro-inflammatory activity at all concentrations. A second mechanism of action via the endocannabinoid system was tested through inhibitory enzyme assays for fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), in which the flowers and roots were most active. Since extracts of the four plant parts exhibited significantly different bioactivities, active metabolites previously identified in yarrow were quantified in each part through the targeted profiling of phenolics and alkylamides using analytical chromatographic techniques. Phenolic compounds were found at highest concentrations in the flowerheads, while alkylamides were detected predominantly within roots. An accompanying phenological analysis of alkylamide and phenolic levels in all parts was explored. Collectively, this research provides the first integrated comparison of yarrow ethnobotany, bioactivity, and phytochemistry across different parts of the plant, contributing novel insights into the traditional, contemporary, and future uses of one of North America’s most important medicinal plants.

Six topics are presented, relevant to agricultural research on two horticultural varieties of Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz and Pav.) Standl. Chapter 1, “Review of the economic and ethno-botany of the genera of the family Nyctaginaceae," includes a summary of literature on the topics included in the title, and an original taxonomic update of plant names used correctly and incorrectly as synonyms for Mirabilis jalapa, the type name for the plant family Nyctaginaceae. M. jalapa has been substituted for medicinal jalap from Mexico. Names in the Convolvulaceae for medicinal Jalap are also updated here, as they show the origin of many names which have been incorrectly used as synonyms in the Mirabilis literature. Chapter 2, “History of Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz and Pav.) Standl.; Growth and use in the Andes,” is also a literature review, incorporating information from several documents and papers which have only recently become readily available internationally via the Internet. These documents were translated into English for this chapter. Research in Chapter 3, “Field trials of Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz and Pav.) Standl. grown in North America; Growth, yield and quality traits,” showed that M. expansa horticultural varieties 'L' and 'T' are tolerant to the intense weather conditions of southern Illinois, when grown on constructed sand plots. In Chapter 4, “Amino Acid profiles for two horticultural varieties of Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz and Pav.) Standl.: A rare indigenous Andean crop grown in southern Illinois,” M. expansa was examined for its amino acid values and those values considered in terms of differnces between the two varieties and above and below ground structures. In addition, soil amendments peat and steer manure, considered alone and together, as well as structure and variety, were examined for their effect on production of amino acids in ANOVAs and Tukey-adjusted LS-Means run in SAS 9.3. In Chapter 5, “Nutrients, Comparison of Amino Acid Profiles, and Cytotoxicity Testing for Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz and Pav.) Standl.,” the amino acid profiles for M. expansa from the previous chapter are compared to profiles for other crops, eggs and milk. M. expansa is shown relatively to contain extremely high amounts of total protein. In addition published values for other nutrients for M. expansa taken from translated material are combined into two tables. Also, a cytotoxicity assay carried out in collaboration with researchers at Ohio State University was used to see if the southern Illinois M. expansa material was active against highly sensitive HT-29 colon cancer cells. Negative results from that assay serves as preliminary data for a lack of toxicity due to micro-molecules in the crop. Chapter 6, “Inexpensive nitrogen chambers for conservation of herbarium specimens,” was an outgrowth of the need to find a chemically benign manner for storing herbarium specimens of Mirabilis, used in research which led to the work described in the previous chapters. The results show that valved oxygen barrier bags, designed for clothing storage, with a small number of oxygen absorbers, can retain conditions for sufficient periods to treat specimens for pests. This allows the bags to be used as inexpensive nitrogen chambers, to treat herbarium specimens in place of expensive nitrogen systems or freezers, and without the toxic chemicals historically used in herbaria for the same purpose.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cultrera_m_me_botfca.pdf: 689308 bytes, checksum: 964dc88de2251ab72a18d9d37a11eedf (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar se moradores da periferia de uma pequena cidade de interior cultivam plantas alimentares e em que medida mantêm relações com as áreas rurais. Para tanto, foi feito um levantamento etnobotânico das plantas alimentares cultivadas por moradores de cinco bairros da periferia de Santo Antonio do Leverger, MT, identificando a origem dos materiais de plantio e doações dos mesmos, as áreas de cultivo estabelecidas pelos moradores, bem como os aspectos sócio-econômicos relacionados com a prática agrícola. Foram feitas duas amostragens: a primeira aleatória, de 135 domicílios, e a segunda através da Análise por Julgamento, onde 30 unidades familiares foram escolhidas por terem alguma área sendo constantemente manejada. Verificou-se que os moradores cultivam plantas alimentares em quintais, terrenos, roças na “praia” e roças em “campo fora”, sendo comum o cultivo em mais de uma área por família, principalmente pelos entrevistados da segunda amostra (50%). Foram encontradas pelo menos 93 espécies de plantas pertencentes a 38 famílias botânicas, sendo as mais freqüentes: Anacardiaceae e Rutaceae. As plantas alimentares encontradas em maior número de domicílios foram a mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) (n=30) e a banana (Musa spp) (n=27). Foram citadas mais plantas perenes (68%) para quintais, ao contrário dos terrenos e roças, onde as anuais foram mais citadas (56% e 81,3%, respectivamente). A maioria das plantas cultivadas nas unidades familiares (n=696) teve origem externa e foram obtidas principalmente através da rede social (n=353) e mercado (n=208); outras foram originadas de plantas já cultivadas pelas famílias (n=246). A maior parte das aquisições (84,5%, n=583) e das doações (85%, n=205) ocorreram dentro do município, principalmente dentro da área urbana, mas houve trocas com a área rural... / The goal of this study was to investigate if outskirts residents of a small interior city cultivate food plant and how is the relation that they keep with rural areas. For this was carried out an inventory of the food plants used by the residents of five districts of Santo Antonio de Leverger-MT, identifying the origin and the destiny of the plant material donated, the cultivated areas and the socioeconomic aspects related with the local agriculture. For this, in a first moment, it was used a random sample composed of 135 households. After this, a judgment sample was conducted, where 30 households having managed areas, were selected. The results indicated that the outskirt’s residents maintain food plants in their homegardens, unoccupied land areas, cultivated fields on the lowland and dryland. A family usually has more than one cultivated area, specially the ones interviewed in the second sample. Ninety three species and 38 botanical families were identified, being Anacardiaceae and Rutaceae, the most found botanical families. Cassava (n=30) and banana (n=27) were the most encountered plants. Perennial plants were commonly found in homegardens (68%). In “terrenos” and “roças” the annual plants were dominant (56% and 81.3%, respectivally). Considering the origin of the plants, we found that the greater number of cultivated ones were obtained from external sources (n=696); specially throught social network (n=353) and market source (n=208). A total of 246 plants were originated by plants already cultivated by the families. The majority of this material was obtained in the urban zones of the municipality, besides existing exchanges with the rural zone. The people who most exchange and receive this plant material have some characteristics in commum: they are usually from rural areas, cultivate the greatest amount of plants in their properties and maintain...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-02T11:16:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-05-05Bitstream added on 2014-12-02T11:21:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000791371.pdf: 3073551 bytes, checksum: dded436ea0083dc798d48e48c50222f1 (MD5) / Mais de 3,3 milhões de pessoas no mundo estão expostas a malária. Os medicamentos utilizados no combate à doença já apresentam sinais de resistência. No Brasil 99% dos casos acontecem na Amazônia legal. É uma doença endêmica da região do Alto rio Negro, considerada uma região cultural sui generis, onde mais de 90% dos habitantes são indígenas, falantes de 23 línguas, e a floresta é preservada e pouco conhecida pela ciência acadêmica. É o primeiro trabalho etnobotânico sobre plantas antimaláricas na região. As negociações para obtenção de autorização de pesquisa foram intensas entre os anos de 2010 e 2013, a pesquisa de campo foi realizada entre setembro de 2011 e julho de 2012 e setembro a novembro de 2013 em cinco comunidades indígenas. Foram registradas 46 espécies utilizadas no tratamento da malária pertencentes a 24 famílias botânicas, a maioria nativa do domínio fitogeográfico da Amazônia. As percepções culturais acerca da doença foram registradas, assim como o nome de algumas plantas nas principais línguas da região e foi feito um estudo de fitonímia da Língua Geral Amazônica. Das 46 espécies 14 possuem estudos científicos comprovando sua atividade antimalárica e 25 podem ser consideradas interessantes para estudos científicos futuros. Apenas cinco espécies apresentaram consenso de uso. O grande número de espécies nativas utilizadas, os fatores históricos e as percepções culturais dos participantes a cerca da doença demonstram que há conhecimento local e sua aplicação, assim com a necessidade de proteção ambiental e cultural da área, e a urgência de programas que promovam a cultura medicinal local e auxiliem o entendimento intercultural / More than 3.3 million people worldwide are exposed to malaria. The drugs used in combating the disease already show signs of resistance. In Brazil 99% of cases occur in Legal Amazônia. It is an endemic disease in the Upper Negro River considered a sui generis cultural region, where more than 90 % of inhabitants are native speakers of 23 languages, and the forest is preserved and unknown to science. It is the first ethnobotanical work on antimalarial plants in the region. Negotiations for obtaining research permission were intense between 2010 and 2013. And the fieldwork was carried out between September 2011 and July 2012 and September and November 2013, in five indigenous communities . 46 species are used to treat malaria were recorded belonging to 24 botanical families, most native of the Amazon phytogeographical area. Cultural perceptions of the disease were recorded, as well as the name of some plants in the two major languages of the region and a study of fitonímia in Língua Geral Amazônica was made. 14 of the 46 species have scientific studies proving its antimalarial activity and 25 can be considered interesting for future scientific studies. Only five species showed consensus in use. The large number of native species used and cultural perceptions of the participants about the disease demonstrate that there is local knowledge and its application as the need for environmental and cultural protection of these area, and the urgency of programs that promote the local medical culture and assist intercultural understanding.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-14T14:18:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alejandro Lozano Balcazar.pdf: 872682 bytes, checksum: e3abd135cdb60662dc0bab0b46db32ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-14T14:18:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alejandro Lozano Balcazar.pdf: 872682 bytes, checksum: e3abd135cdb60662dc0bab0b46db32ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-15 / This search analyzes a pharmacopoeia under the optics of the apparency hypothesis. This hypothesis divides plants into apparent and not apparent ones, being the first, in a simple way, perennial woody plants, and the second herbaceous with short life cycle. The apparency hypothesis, when facing the ethnobotany, proposes a positive relationship between the availability of species (usually measured by phytosociological parameters) and its use value for people (calculated through ethnobotanical information). In the community of Caçimbas, settlement which uses plant resources from the Cerrado of the Araripe National Forest (FLONA-Araripe) in the State of Ceará, semi-structured interviews were used to obtain the inventory of medicinal plants, their collection site, diseases for which they are indicated, and calculate its use value, as well as their commercial and practical importance. During the process of botanical collections was set the habit of the plants and they also were featured into woody and non woody ones. The herbaceous habit and the woody plants had the greatest richness of etnoespécies, the herbaceous and non woody ones had the highest practical value, and anthropogenic areas resulted to be the main source of medicinal plants; herbs and trees had equal versatility in the treatment of diseases and they do not differ in regards to the use value. The trees stood out as the most commercially important. In addition, two vegetation plots were held at FLONA to test the relationship between phytosociological parameters and the use and commercial value of the medicinal plants. The commercial and use value were not correlated with the abundance, frequency or ecological importance index of the plants. This study provides information for the development and management plan of the Araripe National Forest, indicating how is the dynamic of use of medicinal plants resources by a nearby community, and allowing the analysis of the role of the FLONA in the cultural, practical and commercial dynamics of use of medicinal plants. This survey provides data on the use of medicinal plants in Brazilian semiarid, arriving with information about the application of the apparency hypothesis in understanding the dynamics of use of these resources. / Esta pesquisa foi baseada na análise de uma farmacopéia sob a ótica da hipótese da aparência. Esta hipótese divide as plantas em aparentes e não aparentes, sendo, simplificadamente, as primeiras lenhosas perenes e as segundas herbáceas de ciclo de vida curto. A hipótese da aparência, quando virada para a etnobotánica, propõe uma relação positiva entre a disponibilidade das espécies (usualmente medida por parâmetros fitossociológicos) e o seu valor de uso para as pessoas (calculado por meio de informações etnobotânicas). Na comunidade de Caçimbas, povoado que utiliza recursos vegetais no cerrado da Floresta Nacional do Araripe (FLONA-Araripe) estado do Ceará, foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas para obter o inventário das plantas medicinais, seu local de coleta, doenças para as que são indicadas, e calcular seu valor de uso, valor comercial e importância prática. Durante coletas botânicas foi definido o hábito das plantas e também foram caracterizadas em lenhosas e não lenhosas. O hábito herbáceo e as lenhosas tiveram a maior riqueza de etnoespécies, as não lenhosas herbáceas são as de maior valor prático, e as zonas antropogênicas resultaram ser a principal fonte de plantas medicinais; ervas e árvores resultaram igualmente versáteis no tratamento de doenças e não se diferenciaram quanto ao valor de uso. As árvores se destacaram como as de maior importância comercial. Além disso, duas parcelas de vegetação foram realizadas na FLONA para testar a relação entre parâmetros fitossociológicos e o valor de uso e valor comercial das plantas medicinais. O valor de uso e valor comercial não se correlacionaram com a abundancia, freqüência e índice de valor de importância ecológico das plantas medicinais. O presente estudo fornece informação para o desenvolvimento do plano de manejo da Floresta Nacional do Araripe (FLONA-Araripe) indicando como é a dinâmica de uso de plantas medicinais por uma comunidade adjacente, e possibilitando a análise do papel da FLONA no valor cultural e importância prática e comercial das plantas medicinais. Esta pesquisa fornece dados sobre o uso de plantas medicinais no semiárido brasileiro, aportando com informações sobre a aplicação da hipótese da aparência na compreensão da dinâmica de uso desses recursos.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-10T13:47:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Caroline Gomes Crepaldi.pdf: 761598 bytes, checksum: 197f78095216f61140becbe798346538 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T13:47:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caroline Gomes Crepaldi.pdf: 761598 bytes, checksum: 197f78095216f61140becbe798346538 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Euphorbiaceae stands out in the group of the angiosperm species richness and the number of uses reported in ethnobotanical surveys in Brazil and other tropical countries. In climate semiarid Brazilian species of the family are among the most used by rural populations. This study investigated the use of species available from the family for a rural population of the region Araripe National Forest. It is a protected area of lush vegetation and peculiar located in the Araripe, considered by the Ministry of Environment as of primary importance for the conservation and lacking in scientific research. The vegetation sampling was performed through collection opportunistic Araripe National Forest in and around the community between August 2011 and June 2012. Data collection was performed in ethnobotanical Cacimbas rural community, located in the vicinity of the National Forest Araripe, after the collection period. 153 families were selected by lottery, with which semi-structured interviews were conducted with use of checklist-interview, containing photographs and scanned images of dried plants including all species. In vegetation sampling, were found 26 species of Euphorbiaceae, highlighting the Croton genus (6 species). This study adds 22 new occurrences of Euphorbiaceae in the region compared to previous surveys. The species most recognized by the informants in the interviews was Ricinnus communis L. (Rapeseed) and is more versatile compared to uses. The species Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava and cassava) had the highest Importance Value for the community ponds. Also stood out in the intended use C. heliotropiifolius (canopy) and J. gossypifolia (pinion purple). The usage category was cited as medicinal, and most useful species are obtained by informants in anthropogenic areas. The wealth of the region Euphorbiaceae proved representative, but further studies are indicated in the study area. The dynamic use of Euphorbiaceae in the rural population studied does not seem to pose threats to native species of the area. / Euphorbiaceae destaca-se no grupo das Angiospermas pela riqueza de espécies e pela quantidade de usos reportados em levantamentos etnobotânicos no Brasil e em outros países tropicais. No domínio do clima semiárido brasileiro espécies da família estão entre as mais utilizadas pelas populações rurais. O presente trabalho investigou o uso das espécies disponíveis da família por uma população rural da região da Floresta Nacional do Araripe. Trata-se de uma área protegida de vegetação exuberante e peculiar localizada na Chapada do Araripe, considerada pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente como de importância prioritária para a conservação e carente de investigação científica. A amostragem da vegetação foi realizada por meio de coletas oportunísticas na Floresta Nacional do Araripe e nos arredores da comunidade entre agosto de 2011 e junho de 2012. A coleta de dados etnobotânicos foi realizada na comunidade rural Cacimbas, localizada no entorno da FLONA Araripe, após o término do período de amostragem vegetal. Foram selecionadas 153 famílias através de sorteio, com as quais foram realizadas entrevistas semi estruturadas, com uso de checklist-entrevista, contendo fotografias e imagens digitalizadas das plantas secas incluindo todas as espécies de Euphorbiaceae encontradas na vegetação da FLONA. Na amostragem da vegetação, foram encontradas 26 espécies de Euphorbiaceae, destacando-se o gênero Croton (6 espécies). Este estudo acrescenta 22 novas ocorrências de Euphorbiaceae para a região em relação a levantamentos anteriores. A espécie mais reconhecida pelos informantes nas entrevistas foi Ricinnus communis L. (mamona), sendo também a mais versátil em relação aos usos. A espécie Manihot esculenta Crantz (mandioca e macaxeira) obteve o maior índice de Valor de Importância para a comunidade de cacimbas. Destacaram-se também em indicações de uso C. heliotropiifolius (velame) e J. gossypifolia (pinhão roxo). A categoria de uso mais citada foi medicinal, e a maioria das espécies úteis são obtidas pelos informantes em zonas antropogênicas. A riqueza de Euphorbiaceae na região mostrou-se representativa, porém estudos mais aprofundados são indicados na área de estudos. A dinâmica de uso de Euphorbiaceae na população rural estudada parece não representar ameaças às espécies nativas da área.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The restinga ecosystem has been one of the most impacted in Brazil due to its coastal location, where the housing boom and Unregulated tourism are the main factors degrading. The northern coast of Sergipe is included in this reality, mainly due to the unique beauty of the region. Attempts to conserve species has been scarce and recent, still requiring more structure to the units of local conservation. In order to meet both the conservation of natural resources on improving socioeconomic conditions in the region was created in the municipality of Pirambu, a rural settlement land reform mode agroextractive: Assentamento Agroextrativista São Sebastião. The settlement covers 28 families, who were residents of nearby land currently regulated, and which have as their main economic activities in the extraction of mangaba (Harconia speciosa L.), handicrafts from the straw ouricurizeiro (Siagrus coronata Beccari Matius) and family farming. The objective of this study was to investigate how does the relationship between man and the environment botanist, with the methods and techniques employed by the ethnobotany, in order to raise possible discussions about the sustainability of these resources in the settlement. For better understanding and organization of data, this study is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 presents a brief review of the main authors and themes related to the research , as well as a characterization of the study area, based on available literature and data obtained in the field. Chapter 2 it is a collection of botanical species considered useful by the residents. In this, we performed a general characterization of the study area, based on socioeconomic information provided by residents, associated with the listing of all known species useful. The 106 species listed were grouped into seven categories of use, and some were inserted in more than one category, namely: Food (43), Medical (46), Fuel (22), Craft (3), Mystic-religious (10), Ornamental (6) and Other (5). The species were classified according to their use and value to the category Fuel, we applied the technique of Rapid Spatial Insider. Chapter 3 was a specific study of the homegardens of the town. Twenty-five homegardens have been visited and all species with diameter at ground level were recorded ≥ 3, and computed their heights, canopy and location in space in the homegarden. Was investigated the importance of the yard to keep the family through semi-structured, and the division of labor and management techniques employed. Chapter 4 was a study with the objective of understanding the relation between the children of school-age settlement compatible to the elementary school and the local environment. We used a triangulation of methods to achieve the desired responses: making individual drawings, map-making and collective application of semi-structured interviews. Data from several studies point to a wealth of local biodiversity yet little explored, as opposed to certain species that may be under pressure to use, thus concluding the need for further multidisciplinary studies that value local knowledge in building strategies for sustainable development in the settlement that the name itself shows the proposal to use natural resources rationally, socioeconomic and environmental justice. / O ecossistema de restinga tem sido um dos mais impactados no Brasil devido à sua localização litorânea, onde a expansão imobiliária e o turismo desordenado são os principais fatores degradantes. O litoral norte do estado de Sergipe se inclui nessa realidade, principalmente devido às belezas singulares da região. Tentativas de conservação das espécies têm sido escassas e recentes, ainda necessitando de maior estrutura para as unidades de conservação locais. Com o intuito de atender tanto à conservação dos recursos naturais quanto à melhoria socioeconômica da população foi criado na região, no município de Pirambu, um assentamento rural de reforma agrária de modalidade agroextrativista: o Assentamento Agroextrativista São Sebastião. O assentamento abrange 28 famílias, que já eram residentes das proximidades da terra atualmente regularizada, e que têm como principais atividades econômicas o extrativismo da mangaba (Harconia speciosa L.), o artesanato a partir da palha do ouricurizeiro (Siagrus coronata Matius Beccari) e a agricultura familiar. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi investigar como se dá a relação entre as pessoas e o meio ambiente botânico, através dos métodos e técnicas empregados pela etnobotânica, com o fim de suscitar possíveis discussões acerca da sustentabilidade destes recursos no assentamento. Para melhor compreensão e organização dos dados, este estudo encontra-se dividido em quatro capítulos. O capítulo 1 traz uma breve revisão dos principais autores e temas relacionados à pesquisa, bem como uma caracterização da área de estudo, com base na literatura disponível e em dados obtidos em campo. O capítulo 2 trata-se de um levantamento de espécies botânicas consideradas úteis pelos moradores. As 106 espécies identificadas foram enquadradas em sete categorias de uso, e algumas se inseriram em mais de uma categoria, a saber: Alimentícia (43), Medicinal (46), Combustível (22), Artesanal (3), Místico-religiosa (10), Ornamental (6) Outros (5). As espécies foram classificadas quanto ao seu Valor de Uso e, para a categoria Combustível, foi realizada a técnica do Ordenamento Rápido do Informante. O capítulo 3 foi um estudo específico do uso dos quintais da localidade. Vinte e cinco quintais foram visitados e todas as espécies com diâmetro a nível do solo ≥ 3 foram registradas, e computadas as respectivas alturas, copa e localização espacial no quintal. Foi averiguada a importância do quintal para o sustento familiar através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, bem como a divisão de trabalho e as técnicas de manejo empregadas. O capítulo 4 foi um estudo realizado com o objetivo de conhecer a percepção das crianças do assentamento, em idade escolar compatível ao Ensino Fundamental, do meio ambiente local. Foi utilizada uma triangulação de métodos para se chegar às respostas desejadas, a saber: confecção de desenhos individuais, confecção de mapas coletivos e aplicação de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Os dados obtidos nos diversos estudos apontam para uma riqueza de biodiversidade local ainda pouco explorada, em oposição a determinadas espécies que podem estar sofrendo pressão de uso, deste modo, concluindo pela necessidade de novos estudos multidisciplinares que valorizem o conhecimento local na construção de estratégias para o desenvolvimento sustentável no assentamento, que no próprio nome evidencia a proposta de se utilizar dos recursos naturais de maneira racional, socioeconômica e ambientalmente justa.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Segundo a OrganizaÃÃo Mundial de SaÃde, medicina tradicional à a soma das experiÃncias prÃprias de uma cultura, utilizada para prevenir, tratar e curar doenÃas fÃsicas e mentais. No Nordeste brasileiro, o uso de plantas medicinais como prÃtica terapÃutica està constantemente presente. Nesse contexto, os mercados pÃblicos abrigam os herbanÃrios, orientadores do uso e preparo de plantas, conservando a transmissÃo oral. A etnobotÃnica surge como mediadora entre os discursos cientÃfico e tradicional, envolvendo o fator cultural e sua interpretaÃÃo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as prÃticas populares e tradicionais de uso de plantas medicinais comercializadas em trÃs mercados pÃblicos do Nordeste brasileiro. Caracterizou-se como observacional, descritivo e exploratÃrio, realizado nos mercados SÃo SebastiÃo, CearÃ, Central de JoÃo Pessoa, ParaÃba e SÃo JosÃ, Pernambuco, no perÃodo de fevereiro a agosto de 2011. Aplicou-se um questionÃrio abordando questÃes socioeconÃmicas, sobre o comÃrcio de plantas e informaÃÃes sobre cada espÃcie vegetal vendida. Participaram 33 herbanÃrios cadastrados nesses mercados, destes, 57,6% do sexo feminino (n=19), 24,2% possuÃam mais de 60 anos de idade e 96,9% eram naturais do Nordeste (n=32). Em relaÃÃo à escolaridade, 42,4% concluÃram o ensino mÃdio (n=14). Vendiam em mÃdia 40 unidades de espÃcies vegetais por dia, sendo a remuneraÃÃo inferior a um salÃrio mÃnimo mensal em 28,5% dos casos (n=6), dentre os que responderam essa questÃo. O tempo mÃdio de trabalho nesse ofÃcio foi de 16 anos. Utilizavam como fonte de conhecimento as relaÃÃes interpessoais 37% (n=29), e 9,63% jà participaram de algum treinamento sobre o manejo de plantas medicinais (n=3). Do total de espÃcies citadas (n=311), chegou-se ao nÃmero de 43 coincidentes nos trÃs mercados. Calculou-se a importÃncia relativa (IR) , sendo as plantas de maior destaque: alecrim (IR=1,87); jatobà (IR=1,72) e eucalipto (IR=1,44). ApÃs identificaÃÃo botÃnica do material-testemunho, confirmou-se a indicaÃÃo popular para o alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). As amostras de jatobà fornecidas por fornecedores do Mercado Central de JoÃo Pessoa estavam infÃrteis, impossibilitando a identificaÃÃo precisa (Hymenaea aff courbaril.). Jà as do Cearà e Pernambuco, foram identificadas como Hymenea stignocarpa Hayde O eucalipto comercializado era o Eucalyptus citriodora, o qual, segundo à literatura cientÃfica, deveria ser utilizado como desinfetante domÃstico. Foi observado, tambÃm, o Fator do Consenso do Informante (FCI), sendo o tratamento para transtornos do sistema respiratÃrio o mais prevalente (FCI=0,65), apresentando 64 espÃcies citadas e 17 tipos de usos distintos reportados. A ausÃncia de atividades em grupo prejudica a qualidade desse ofÃcio, colocando em risco a saÃde da populaÃÃo que recorre aos herbanÃrios na esperanÃa de cura para seus males. A realizaÃÃo de oficinas educativas sobre o uso adequado de plantas medicinais poderia qualificar essa profissÃo, estimular a entrada de mais pessoas nessa atividade e (re)conquistar da sociedade brasileira o reconhecimento das prÃticas populares e tradicionais do uso de plantas medicinais. / According to the World Health Organization, traditional medicine is the sum of personal experiences of a culture resorted to prevent, treat and cure physical and mental diseases. In northeastern Brazil, the use of medicinal plants as a therapeutic practice is diffusely present. In this context, public markets shelter herbalists, guiding the use and preparation plant, conserving the oral transmission. The Ethnobotany arises as a mediator between scientific and traditional discourses involving the cultural factor and its interpretation. The aim was to investigate the popular and traditional practices of medicinal plants using commercialized in three public markets in Northeast Brazil. It was characterized as observational, descriptive and exploratory, held in SÃo SebastiÃo (CE), Central (PB) and SÃo Josà (PE) markets in the period from February to August 2011. It was applied a questionnaire addressing socioeconomic issues on the trade of plants and information about each species sold. 33 participants registered herbalists, of whom 57.6% were female (n = 19), 24.2% were older than 60 years old and 96.9% were born in the Northeast (n = 32). Regarding education, 42.4% completed high school (n = 14). They sold an average of 40 units per day, and getting less than the minimum monthly wage by 28.5% of cases (n = 6), among those who answered this question. The average working time in this job was 16 years. Used as a source of knowledge the interpersonal relationships 37% (n = 29) and 9.63% have attended some training on the management of medicinal plants (n = 3). Of the species mentioned (n = 311), came to the number of 43 matching the three markets. We calculated the relative importance (RI), and the most outstanding plants: rosemary (RI = 1.87); jatobà (RI = 1.72) and eucalyptus (RI = 1.44). After botanical identification of the material-witness, it was confirmed the nomination popular to rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). The samples provided by middlemen jatobà Central Market, PB, were infertile, precluding accurate identification (Hymenaea courbaril aff.). The samples from Ceara and Pernambuco were identified as Hymenea stignocarpa Hayde. The Eucalyptus was sold, which, according to scientific literature should be used as a household disinfectant. It was also observed, the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), and treatment for disorders of the respiratory system the most prevalent (ICF = 0.65), with 64 species listed and 17 different types of uses reported. The absence of group activities affect the quality of that office, putting at risk the health of the population that uses the herbalists hoping the cure for their ills. The educational workshops on the proper use of medicinal plants could qualify these professionals, stimulate the entry of more people in this activity and (re)gain the recognition of Brazilian society practices of popular and traditional use of medicinal plants.

Magister Artium - MA / This study falls within the framework of the larger multidisciplinary university health initiative (MUTHI) objectives to investigate and document the use of local medicinal plants for the treatment of HIV and symptoms of related opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis, thrush and shingles in the Western Cape. The study stems from twelve months fieldwork in Strand, Western Cape and the collection of plants from Mpoza, Eastern Cape for a variety of reasons. The study ethnographically documents when, under which circumstances and where plants are collected for use.As far as I am aware this is the first anthropological study which "follows" traditional healers in the Western Cape to a site in the Eastern Cape where they collect plants. Seventeen plants were collected from different genera which traditional healers reported to use as treatment for suspected HIV and related symptoms. For each plant I describe the medicinal uses,preparatory techniques and plant parts used as suggested by traditional healers. I also explore healer's aetiologies concerning plants, treatments and the social-material relations which are prevalent in my research settings.