Orientador: Alpina Begossi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T20:46:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Clauzet_Mariana_D.pdf: 5409647 bytes, checksum: e14b575d90ba6b706d9216550c3ea16e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Esta tese apresenta um estudo de etnoictiologia de pescadores artesanais em Guaibim/BA, nordeste do Brasil e Bonete/SP e Mar Virado/SP, sudeste do Brasil. O objetivo geral foi analisar o sistema local de classificação popular de diferentes comunidades de pescadores artesanais verificando os critérios locais de classificação popular de peixes e investigar as regras locais de uso do espaço de pesca por diferentes pescadores na comunidade do Mar Virado/SP. Os dados etnoictiológicos foram coletados através de entrevistas com uso de questionários e o auxílio de fotos de 62 espécies de peixes de ocorrência nas diferentes regiões. Os pescadores identificaram as espécies de peixes com 316 nomes genéricos e 82 binomiais e formaram 21 agrupamentos de peixes ("folk families") com 95% de correspondência com as famílias de peixes da taxonomia científica. O sistema local de classificação é baseado no reconhecimento das semelhanças e diferenças dos caracteres morfológicos, aspectos ecológicos e em aspectos utilitários das espécies. O conhecimento ecológico local dos pescadores demonstrado através dos critérios de classificação local é concordante com as informações biológicas disponíveis para as espécies de peixes. Na Enseada do Mar Virado existem regras locais respeitadas pelos pescadores para a prática da pesca com redes de espera, cerco flutuante e linhadas. O maior conflito na pesca local é sazonal, na disputa pelo espaço de pesca com pescadores comerciais na safra de camarão-branco (Litopenaeus schmitti) e tal conflito necessita da fiscalização dos órgãos ambientais competentes para ser solucionado. A elevada concordância entre as informações locais e as informações biológicas, assim como a existência de regras de uso dos recursos naturais pesqueiros explorados, evidencia que os pescadores locais conhecem os recursos que exploram e, portanto, podem ser incluídos em planos de manejo e comanejo local que fortaleçam suas respectivas regiões e também que possam ser extrapolados em escalas regional e nacional no litoral do Brasil e em outros países. / Abstract: This thesis refers to a study of ethnoichthyology of artisanal fishermen form Guaibim/BA, northeast, and Bonete and Mar Virado/SP, southeast of Brazil. The main objective was to analyze the folk system of classification of different artisanal fishing communities, verifying which criteria would be used to classify the fish species. A mapping of the fishing spots on the Mar Virado Bay was made to verify the division of the space between the artisanal fishermen and the local rules used in the fisheries. The ethnobiological data was collected through interviews using semi-structured questionnaires and fish species pictures (photos). The fishermen identified 62 species of fish with 316 generic names and 82 binomial names; they had formed 21 fish clusters ("folk families") with 95% of correspondence with the scientific taxonomy. The folk classification system is based on the morphological characters, ecological and utilitarian aspects of the species. The local ecological knowledge agreed with the available scientific information for the species. The local rules on the Mar Virado Bay are respected by the fishermen. The biggest conflict there is a dispute for the space with commercial shrimp fisheries. The local community needs the intervention of the State for the resolution of this conflict. The agreement between the local information and the scientific information as well as the existence of rules for using the natural resources evidenced that the local fishermen's knowledge about the resources must be included in the plans for the regional and national fishery management on the Brazilian's coast. / Doutorado / Aspectos Biológicos de Sustentabilidade e Conservação / Doutor em Ambiente e Sociedade

This dissertation explores why Puerto Rico’s primary stakeholders’ participation in fisheries management is tokenistic at best. While participation discourses are present in Puerto Rico’s fisheries management, a parallel discourse about ‘overfishing’ and the ‘tragedy of the commons’ has created an irreconcilable gap between primary stakeholders and the management institutions. As part of this study I collected data in an arena where various key actors (commercial fishermen, recreational fishermen and agency experts) face each other in the consultation processes, i.e. scoping meetings and public hearings. These encounters proved to occur on an (un)common ground where participation in fisheries policy-making was nearly impossible due to: 1) knowledge conflicts between users and institutional experts/scientists, where each party claimed to possess a more reliable body of knowledge about the marine resource, and 2) a generalised distrust based on different conceptualisations about marine resources and different views of whom, how and why it should (or should not) be managed. I argue that the tensions between the actors involved have led to at least two mechanisms to give the fisheries management apparatus an appearance of stability: 1) the institutionalisation of ignorance and 2) the use of fisheries regulations as a ‘boundary object’ to align the actors, and to fix their identities and responsibilities. In short, participation praxis has been reduced to a minimum given the fissures between scientific knowledge and the primary stakeholders’ knowledge and between marine resource conservation and fishing activity. But above all, participation has been restricted because primary stakeholders distrust institutions that restrict small-scale/artisanal fishing while at the same endorsing construction development in vital coastal habitats. Such development, as understood by the fishermen, is against sound environmental management, given that it impacts negatively on essential ecosystems that are crucial to the fisheries well-being.The majority of the ethnographic research was done in a fishing community in Fajardo, Puerto Rico, over an eleven-month period. I collected qualitative data about commercial fishermen’s views on the marine resource and its management. I also documented how these fishermen negotiated ‘space to manoeuvre’ in the non-participatory environmental management scenario outlined above. The ‘greening’ of commercial fishermen’s discourses is a formidable example.Three months of ethnographic research were also conducted on nearby Culebra Island in an attempt to understand the Marine Protected Area (MPA) of El Canal Luis Peña (CLP) that is ‘marketed’ as a community-based natural reserve and a no-take zone. Although the MPA does not necessarily fulfil all the requirements to be considered a community-based environmental management programme, its creation was definitely a breakthrough in marine resource management participation processes when compared to the main island. Culebra’s MPA is an interesting and challenging case-study that not only contributes to the understanding of how environmental management and policy-making is done and transformed, but also contributes to the question of how, if at all, to put together the pieces when informants disagree.

In this dissertation, I explore how, in Canada, Indigenous people’s relationships with culturally-significant plant species are an expression of Aboriginal rights, and I ask how these rights can be affirmed and exercised using a form of intersocietal law within and between First Nations and state governments. I examine how my own and others’ ethnobotanical and ethnoecological research can help to decolonize the Crown legal systems that limit Indigenous peoples in regenerating their relationships with native plant species and the ecosystems within which they are situated. In order to explore how Indigenous people’s relationships with native plant species can be expressed in law, my dissertation is grounded in a case study, developed and carried out in collaboration with the T’Sou-ke Nation, members of which have lived on southern Vancouver Island since time immemorial as part of the Straits Salish language group. Using the T’Sou-ke case study as an example, I explain how this evidence of knowledge and use of plants helps to root contemporary First Nations’ rights throughout their territories, which is essential to establishing the basis of land and resource rights that have legal force to be claimed today.I indicate current challenges faced by T’Sou-ke Nation in exercising plant-associated rights throughout their territory and outline how the current legal test for proving Aboriginal rights is problematic. The T’Sou-ke have an abundance of rich evidence of their use of 100 native plant species and of Indigenous laws and governance associated with the same. I contend that the obvious and long-standing Indigenous management of these plant species and various ecosystems on southern Vancouver Island supports a very significant claim of legal rights and I believe that my research is broadly applicable to other First Nations in BC and beyond. The T’Sou-ke Nation, historically and today, are norm creating, generating and interpreting people as reflected in their distinct social organization adapted and adjusted by their members through many changing social and ecological variables over centuries. The re-examination of the values, rules, protocols, customs and practices associated with markers of Indigenous plant use throughout Straits Salish landscapes, specifically with the assistance of Indigenous knowledge holders, as well as ethnohistorical, ethnobotanical, and traditional ecological knowledge, re-frames how evidence of land use and occupancy is presented, and, ultimately, how we might all govern these resources together. For the T’Sou-ke, laws around plants are not limited to certain traditional practices, or to specific sites or places; law also rests in species and in the long-term relationships that people have with culturally important plant species. As such, the normative ordering of T’Sou-ke laws relating to their plant use and management must be judged on T’Sou-ke terms, not by Canadian legal terms. My hope is that this research contributes to the larger discussion of acknowledging Indigenous peoples’ distinct and culturally relative rights and principles with respect to native plants, while strengthening and growing the ties that bind all British Columbians together. / Graduate / 2023-09-07

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as transformações ocorridas a partir da introdução da agricultura mecanizada para produção de alimentos em uma comunidade indígena xavante. Buscou também compreender as relações existentes entre a sua cultura e os modos de obtenção de alimentos. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se na aldeia Wede´rã, localizada na Terra indígena Pimentel Barbosa/MT. Foi utilizado o método qualitativo, com entrevistas, observação participante, conversas e desenhos. Pôde-se verificar que com o fim da mobilidade espacial nesta população e a introdução da mecanização para produção de alimentos, iniciada pela FUNAI nas décadas de 70 e 80 e mais recentemente, com o projeto da Associação Cana Rica, o arroz passou a ser base da alimentação xavante, com substituição de produtos tradicionais. Atualmente a agricultura é uma atividade importante para a alimentação xavante, com novas espécies cultivadas e incremento da produção nos quintais, onde são cultivadas frutíferas nativas e exóticas, entre outras. A compra de alimentos industrializados e a merenda escolar também contribuem para a subsistência da comunidade. Com estas novas fontes de alimentos, alterações se fizeram presentes nos papéis de gênero: a coleta não é praticada com freqüência pelas mulheres jovens, deixando de exercer um papel considerado feminino; as mulheres também não são as únicas responsáveis pelo plantio do milho, que hoje é realizado também pelos homens, alterando a imagem que os mais velhos têm sobre elas. A caça ainda é praticada entre os homens, seja com uso de arco e flecha ou com armas de fogo. Também a caça faz parte da vida espiritual xavante e não há outras fontes de proteína disponível, como há para os alimentos vegetais, o que contribui para valorizar o papel masculino. Com o incremento de produtos da agricultura, o equilíbrio alimentar não é alcançado; observa-se alta taxa de anemia na aldeia estudada, atingindo 56,3% no ano de 2006. Como possível causa, observa-se que os cultivos ocorrem nas épocas chuvosas, não sendo possível aproveitar a sazonalidade de produtos, como ocorre na coleta. Entre os esforços para alteração do quadro existente, podem ser citados os projetos da Associação Aliança dos Povos do Roncador e da ONG Nossa Tribo para valorização dos alimentos tradicionais, incluindo o plantio de roça coletiva, tendo como principais produtos o milho e feijão xavantes e ainda a retomada, com mais freqüência, da coleta pelas mulheres. Com isto pode-se observar a necessidade de um rigor maior na aprovação de projetos destinados à população indígena, pois aqueles que não consideram os valores sócio-culturais nas práticas de subsistência, acabam por interferir nas relações entre indivíduos e destes com a natureza, além de provocar problemas de saúde. / The aim of this study was analyze the transformations occurred since mechanic agriculture was introduced on food production inside an indigenous community. It looks to understand the current linkage between its culture and the way they obtain food. This study was developed in the Wede´rã village at the indigenous lands of Pimentel Barbosa/MT. The study was based on the qualitative method, using interviews, participant observation, chats and paints. Rice is now the basic food of xavante\'s diet, supplanting traditional products, consequence of spatial mobility seeking and food production mechanization, stared by FUNAI in the 70´s and 80´s and recently from the project of Cana Rica Association. Nowadays, agriculture is an important activity to xavante\'s diet, owing new plant species and increasing the orchard production, where are among others, native and exotic fruit trees and vegetable crops. School lunch, provided by government and industrialized food purchase, contributes to the community survival. As a result of these new food sources, alterations in the genre roles came. Young women stopped practicing collection; a role considered feminine, and some activities are shared with men, as the corn crop cultivation, which today is carried out together, changing the image that elders had of women. Hunting is still practiced by men, using arch and arrows or firearms. Hunting belongs to spiritual xavante\'s life and there isn\'t another protein source, as there are for vegetables, so, this activity contributes to value men\'s role. Even though agriculture products increased, the dietary equilibrium is not reached, as shows the high anemia rate of 56.3% in 2006. This could be due to the presence of crops in rainy epochs that hinder taking advantage of the products seasonal times, as occurs in collection periods. Efforts to modify the existing truth are represented by a non-governmental organization (ONG, by its initials in Portuguese) Nossa Tribo, and Aliança dos Povos do Roncador Association, with a project looking to value traditional food, including the collective vegetable gardens and orchards, having as main products, xavante´s corn and beans as well as incentivating women collection practice. Based on the exposed arguments is evident the rigour need when approving projects aimed to indigenous populations, since, those that doesn\'t consider the socio-cultural values in survival practices interfere in the relationships between individuals and consequently, between them with the environment, causing health troubles.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as transformações ocorridas a partir da introdução da agricultura mecanizada para produção de alimentos em uma comunidade indígena xavante. Buscou também compreender as relações existentes entre a sua cultura e os modos de obtenção de alimentos. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se na aldeia Wede´rã, localizada na Terra indígena Pimentel Barbosa/MT. Foi utilizado o método qualitativo, com entrevistas, observação participante, conversas e desenhos. Pôde-se verificar que com o fim da mobilidade espacial nesta população e a introdução da mecanização para produção de alimentos, iniciada pela FUNAI nas décadas de 70 e 80 e mais recentemente, com o projeto da Associação Cana Rica, o arroz passou a ser base da alimentação xavante, com substituição de produtos tradicionais. Atualmente a agricultura é uma atividade importante para a alimentação xavante, com novas espécies cultivadas e incremento da produção nos quintais, onde são cultivadas frutíferas nativas e exóticas, entre outras. A compra de alimentos industrializados e a merenda escolar também contribuem para a subsistência da comunidade. Com estas novas fontes de alimentos, alterações se fizeram presentes nos papéis de gênero: a coleta não é praticada com freqüência pelas mulheres jovens, deixando de exercer um papel considerado feminino; as mulheres também não são as únicas responsáveis pelo plantio do milho, que hoje é realizado também pelos homens, alterando a imagem que os mais velhos têm sobre elas. A caça ainda é praticada entre os homens, seja com uso de arco e flecha ou com armas de fogo. Também a caça faz parte da vida espiritual xavante e não há outras fontes de proteína disponível, como há para os alimentos vegetais, o que contribui para valorizar o papel masculino. Com o incremento de produtos da agricultura, o equilíbrio alimentar não é alcançado; observa-se alta taxa de anemia na aldeia estudada, atingindo 56,3% no ano de 2006. Como possível causa, observa-se que os cultivos ocorrem nas épocas chuvosas, não sendo possível aproveitar a sazonalidade de produtos, como ocorre na coleta. Entre os esforços para alteração do quadro existente, podem ser citados os projetos da Associação Aliança dos Povos do Roncador e da ONG Nossa Tribo para valorização dos alimentos tradicionais, incluindo o plantio de roça coletiva, tendo como principais produtos o milho e feijão xavantes e ainda a retomada, com mais freqüência, da coleta pelas mulheres. Com isto pode-se observar a necessidade de um rigor maior na aprovação de projetos destinados à população indígena, pois aqueles que não consideram os valores sócio-culturais nas práticas de subsistência, acabam por interferir nas relações entre indivíduos e destes com a natureza, além de provocar problemas de saúde. / The aim of this study was analyze the transformations occurred since mechanic agriculture was introduced on food production inside an indigenous community. It looks to understand the current linkage between its culture and the way they obtain food. This study was developed in the Wede´rã village at the indigenous lands of Pimentel Barbosa/MT. The study was based on the qualitative method, using interviews, participant observation, chats and paints. Rice is now the basic food of xavante\'s diet, supplanting traditional products, consequence of spatial mobility seeking and food production mechanization, stared by FUNAI in the 70´s and 80´s and recently from the project of Cana Rica Association. Nowadays, agriculture is an important activity to xavante\'s diet, owing new plant species and increasing the orchard production, where are among others, native and exotic fruit trees and vegetable crops. School lunch, provided by government and industrialized food purchase, contributes to the community survival. As a result of these new food sources, alterations in the genre roles came. Young women stopped practicing collection; a role considered feminine, and some activities are shared with men, as the corn crop cultivation, which today is carried out together, changing the image that elders had of women. Hunting is still practiced by men, using arch and arrows or firearms. Hunting belongs to spiritual xavante\'s life and there isn\'t another protein source, as there are for vegetables, so, this activity contributes to value men\'s role. Even though agriculture products increased, the dietary equilibrium is not reached, as shows the high anemia rate of 56.3% in 2006. This could be due to the presence of crops in rainy epochs that hinder taking advantage of the products seasonal times, as occurs in collection periods. Efforts to modify the existing truth are represented by a non-governmental organization (ONG, by its initials in Portuguese) Nossa Tribo, and Aliança dos Povos do Roncador Association, with a project looking to value traditional food, including the collective vegetable gardens and orchards, having as main products, xavante´s corn and beans as well as incentivating women collection practice. Based on the exposed arguments is evident the rigour need when approving projects aimed to indigenous populations, since, those that doesn\'t consider the socio-cultural values in survival practices interfere in the relationships between individuals and consequently, between them with the environment, causing health troubles.

The intergenerational continuity of knowledge has become a concern as small-scale societies worldwide balance the challenges of adapting to environmental change associated with globalization while retaining continuity in their ways of life. This dissertation examines the intergenerational continuity of environmental knowledge through the conceptual lens of an Ethnoecology of Practice framework (EofP) developed to guide this research. Integrating insights from political ecology, social wellbeing and adaptive learning, the EofP provides theoretical and methodological tools based on practice theory to examine the knowledge of small-scale societies. Based on fieldwork in the community of Ponta Negra (Atlantic Forest Coast, Brazil), this dissertation uses a qualitative case study strategy of inquiry guided by a phenomenological worldview. Methods included participant observation, semi-structured interviews covering livelihoods, life histories and marine and terrestrial knowledge themes, document review and a census. Chapters 4 and 5 examine the perception of marine and terrestrial natural resources by tracing their social life from harvesting grounds to exchange and consumption sites. Chapters 6 and 9 analyse historical and contemporary adaptation to environmental change. While Chapter 6 describes the adoption of the pound net fishery, Chapter 9 illustrates contemporary modes of learning associated with natural resource harvesting and presents the processes associated with production of new knowledge through the example of local participation in the tourism economy. Chapter 7 examines local perspectives on livelihood transition from a social wellbeing perspective and highlights factors underlying the continuity of natural resource harvesting practice in Ponta Negra. Chapter 8 discusses how the term Caiçara, as used in biodiversity conservation and tourism development discourses, circumscribes the relation between coastal people and their local environments to a subsistence economy, denying their current economic engagements as well as their desires and aspirations. This dissertation contributes to ethnobiological understandings of the intergenerational continuity of knowledge by providing a framework and grounding evidence that demonstrates how knowledge is generated through context-specific practice attuned to dynamic environments that leads to individual innovation. It provides a theoretical contribution to our understanding of framing and creating processes inherent to human-in environment relations that lead to fluidity in ways of life over time.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAGCA.pdf: 11486033 bytes, checksum: 8ce32fee1bb551303df4db4831fcae21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-07-30 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Ethnopedological studies have been devoted mainly to agriculture, paying little attention to other aspects (e.g. pottery) of land use. The main objective of this work was to describe and analyse local knowledge and practices among peasant potters, as related to some soils that they use as ceramic resource, in a rural village (Chã da Pia) in Northeast Brazil. Peasant soil knowledge was described and analysed through an adaptation of classic ethnoscientific techniques, attempting to articulate emic and etic data, following Marques s Comprehensive Ethnoecology. Five soil profiles were formally described by researchers (etic approach) near pits where local people obtain pottery clay. Later, peasant artisans where asked to indicate the soil categories or materials they recognized in those same soil profiles (emic approach). Samples collected during both emic and etic approaches were used to describe and analyse the soils existing near these clay sources. Peasant potters recognized variations between the topsoil and subsurface soil. They were capable of distinguishing, identifying and naming, their way, some soil materials arranged in layers ( capas ) along the soil profile: terra (earth), piçarro (gravel), cabeça do barro (clay head), barro de loiça (ceramic clay), and pedra mole (soft rock). The multi-layered arrangement of these materials along the soil profiles was similar to the arrangement of the horizons as described in formal pedology. Nonetheless, local potters did not seem to know about pedogenetic relationships among these layers. Discriminant-canonical analysis, based on chemical, physical and morphological soil features, has shown clear distinctions between the agricultural topsoil and subsurface layers from where ceramic resources may be collected. It also made possible to demonstrate physical, chemical and morphological similarity among some soil materials (as distinguished by local potters) and the pedogenetic horizons where these materials are normally found. Barro de loiça is the main ceramic resource obtained from local soils. It was found mainly as part of the the 2Bt horizon in Eutric Planosols and Haplic Solonetz. The making of ethnopedological studies in different social and pedological environments could be an aid to the advancement of formal soil knowledge, also giving an opportunity to understanding and valuing local soil knowledge and management. / Os estudos etnopedológicos têm enfocado, prioritariamente, o uso agrícola dos solos, dando pouca atenção a outros campos de comportamento, tais como a cerâmica artesanal. Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever e avaliar os conhecimentos e práticas de um grupo de artesãos camponeses ( loiceiros ), produtores de cerâmica utilitária ( loiça de barro ), sobre alguns solos que eles utilizam como recurso cerâmico em uma comunidade rural no Agreste Paraibano, Nordeste do Brasil. O saber pedológico camponês foi descrito e analisado através de técnicas adaptadas da etnociência clássica, buscando articular as abordagens emicista e eticista, com base na Etnoecologia Abrangente de Marques. Cinco perfis de solo foram descritos por agrônomos-pesquisadores (abordagem eticista) junto a barreiros de onde a população local extrai o barro-de-loiça . Posteriormente, solicitou-se a alguns camponeses que indicassem e nomeassem, nesses mesmos locais, os materiais de solo que fossem capazes de reconhecer (abordagem emicista). Amostras coletadas em ambas as abordagens foram usadas para caracterização morfológica, física e química desses solos. Os artesãos camponeses pesquisados reconheceram diferenças entre a camada arável e a sub-superfície do solo, sendo também capazes de distinguir, identificar e nomear, ao seu modo, alguns materiais de solo distribuídos em capas (camadas) superpostas ao longo do perfil, tais como: terra , piçarro , cabeça do barro , barro de loiça e pedra mole . O arranjo dessas camadas mostrou-se semelhante à distribuição dos horizontes nas descrições pedológicas formais, mas os loiceiros não demonstraram conhecimento de relações pedogenéticas entre partes do perfil. A análise discriminante canônica, baseada em propriedades físicas, químicas e morfológicas dos solos, mostrou diferenças entre as capas associadas à camada arável e aquelas mais profundas, que servem eventualmente como fonte de material cerâmico. Do mesmo modo, demonstrou-se similaridade entre alguns materiais de solo reconhecidos em capas e os horizontes pedogenéticos onde, normalmente, se situam esses mesmos materiais. Barro de loiça é o principal material de solo usado como recurso cerâmico pelos loiceiros e corresponde, localmente, a uma parte do horizonte Bt de solos classificados como Planossolo Nátrico Órtico e Planossolo Háplico Eutrófico. A realização de estudos etnopedológicos em diferentes contextos sociais e pedológicos pode contribuir para o avanço do conhecimento pedológico formal e para uma melhor compreensão e valorização dos sistemas locais de conhecimento e uso de solos.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-10T14:51:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Josivan Soares da Silva.pdf: 766504 bytes, checksum: d85f1ddd5a6f11d4b1bbfdf640ff0681 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T14:51:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Josivan Soares da Silva.pdf: 766504 bytes, checksum: d85f1ddd5a6f11d4b1bbfdf640ff0681 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-09 / The local ecological knowledge (LEK) related to natural resources and owned by traditional communities is an important tool to understand the biology of several species in natural environment. Among the species of animals used by traditional communities, Tupinambis merianae and H. malabaricus are very important because of their appreciation and use by human populations for food, in local trade and in folk medicine. Due to their ecological and socio-economic importance, the present study aimed to investigate the relationships between the LEK and the conventional ecological knowledge from ethnoecological and ecological information about diet and reproduction of these species in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. Informants who use H. malabaricus were mothly interviewed after the Association of Fishermen meetings and the T. merianae hunters were identified using the technique "snow-ball". The free list technique was used to access animals' food information and their reproductive features were recorded using semi-structured interviews. Stomach contents of animals and their reproductive structures were macroscopically analyzed with a stereomicroscope. A total of 70 hunters and 27 fishermen were interviewed. Informants did not reported different food items for the ontogenetic stages of both species. There were no significant differences between the proportions of food categories mentioned by informants and those observed in analyzing the stomach contents of T. merianae (X ² = 0.907, p = 0.6355). However significant differences between the observed and mentioned food categories were reported for H. malabaricus (X ² = 17,293, p <0.001). Reproduction of T. merianae, according to the informants, occurs from September to February, being November and December the months which presented the highest proportions of citations when compared to the other months (X ² = 36, 857, p = 0.0001). For H. malabaricus there were no significant differences between the frequency of occurrence of the species' reproductive months (G = 14.73, p = 0.1419) and the frequency of mention of these months (X ² = 0.412, p = 0.7255). Based on these results, it was observed that informants have a detailed knowledge about the biological aspects of the animals of this study, providing ecological information that can be used as hypothesis to be tested by western science. / O conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) que populações tradicionais possuem com relação aos recursos naturais se mostra uma importante ferramenta para a compreensão da biologia de diversas espécies no ambiente natural. Dentre as espécies de animais utilizadas por comunidades tradicionais, destacam-se o Tupinambis merianae e Hoplias malabaricus, que são apreciadas e utilizadas por populações humanas para alimentação, no comércio de pequena escala e na medicina popular. Devido à importância ecológica e socioeconômica destas espécies, o presente trabalho objetivou investigar as relações existentes entre o CEL e o conhecimento ecológico convencional, a partir de informações etnoecológicas e ecológicas sobre a dieta e reprodução destas duas espécies no semiárido do nordeste brasileiro. Os informantes que fazem uso de H. malabaricus foram abordados mensalmente após as reuniões da Associação de pescadores e a identificação dos caçadores que fazem uso de T. merianae foi realizada através da técnica “bola-de-neve”. A técnica da lista livre foi utilizada para acessar as informações alimentares dos animais e seus aspectos reprodutivos foram registrados a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas. O conteúdo gástrico dos animais e suas estruturas reprodutivas foram analisados macroscopicamente com auxílio de estereomicroscópio. Um total de 70 caçadores e 27 pescadores foi entrevistado. Os informantes não reportaram itens alimentares diferenciados para as fases ontogenéticas das duas espécies em estudo. Não foram constatadas diferenças significativas entre as proporções das categorias alimentares citadas pelos informantes e as observadas a partir do conteúdo gástrico de T. merianae (X² = 0.907; p = 0.6355). Todavia, diferenças significativas entre as categorias alimentares citadas e observadas foram reportadas para H. malabaricus (X² = 17.293; p <0.001). A reprodução de T. merianae, segundo os entrevistados, ocorre de setembro a fevereiro, sendo os meses de novembro e dezembro os que apresentaram maiores proporções de citação quando comparado aos outros meses (X² = 36, 857; p = 0,0001). Para H. malabaricus não foram constatadas diferenças significativas entre a frequência de ocorrência dos meses reprodutivos da espécie (G = 14,73; p = 0,1419) e a frequência de citação destes meses (X² = 0.412; p = 0,7255). Com base nestes resultados, observou-se que os entrevistados demonstraram possuir um detalhado conhecimento sobre os aspetos biológicos dos animais em estudo, fornecendo informações ecológicas que podem ser utilizadas como hipóteses a serem testadas pela ciência ocidental.

Orientador: Ivan Sazima / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T18:04:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Corneta_CarolinaMarocco_M.pdf: 6660983 bytes, checksum: 961bcd25288eb5303170ccd23a254b47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Comunidades humanas que dependem diretamente de recursos naturais geralmente mostram detalhado conhecimento sobre o ambiente que ocupam, incluindo a biologia e a ecologia de plantas e animais. A etnobiologia é a disciplina dedicada à investigação dos processos de interação das populações humanas com os recursos naturais, com especial atenção à percepção, ao conhecimento e aos diversos usos. Atualmente, a pesquisa etnobiológica tem contribuído para a complementação do conhecimento científico e têm fornecido subsídios para a implementação de planos de manejo mais efetivos e adequados à realidade dos moradores. A etnoictiologia é um ramo da etnobiologia focado em peixes, que trata de conhecimento, classificação e utilização dos peixes por comunidades humanas. Este é um trabalho de etnoictiologia realizado na Vila de Picinguaba, Ubatuba, São Paulo. O objetivo geral foi investigar, através de entrevistas com os pescadores, o conhecimento ecológico local e a classificação de 19 espécies de peixe: Cynoscion vireseens, C. guatueupa, Bairdiella ronehus, Larimus brevieeps, Mentieirrhus amer, ieanus, Mieropogonias furnieri, Umbrina eoroides (Sciaenidae), Oligoplites palometa, Caranx erysos, C. latus, Chloroseombrus ehrysurus, Selene setapinnis, Aleetis ciliaris, Seriola dumerilli (Carangidae), Diplodus argenteus (Sparidae), Priaeanthus.cruentaus (Priacanthidae), Prionotus pune tatus (Triglidae), Daetylopterus volitans (Dactylopteridae) e Poriehthys porosissimus (Batrachoididae). Os pescadores da Vila de Picinguaba mostraram um amplo conhecimento ecológico e um complexo sistema de classificação das espécies, no qual os critérios morfológicos são preponderantes. Os resultados obtidos mostram uma tendência por parte dos pescadores de conhecer melhor e classificar mais detalhadamente espécies de maior utilidade para a comunidade, seguindo a linha de pensamento denominada Materialista/Utilitarista / Abstract: Human communities that depend directly on natural resources generally show detailed knowledge about the environment they occupy, including the biology and ecology ofplants and animals. Ethnobiology is the discipline that investigates the relationship between people and natural resources, with special attention to the perception, the knowledge and the various usages. Currently, ethnobiologic research has contributed to scientific knowledge complementatioit and provided subsidies for the implementation of more effective and appropriate management plans. Ethnoichthyology focuses on the knowledge, the classification and the usage of fishes by human communities. This is a work of Ethnoichthyology held in Vila de Picinguaba, Ubatuba, São Paulo. The general objective was to investigate, through interviews with fishermen, the local ecological knowledge and classification of 19 fish species: Cynoscion virescens, C. Guatucupa, Bairdiella ronchus, Larimus breviceps, Menticirrhus americanus, Micropogoniasfurnieri, Umbrina coroides (Sciaenidae), Oligoplites palometa, Caranx crysos, C. Latus, Chloroscombrus chrysurus, Selene setapinnis, Alectis ciliaris, Seriola dumerilli (Carangidae), Diplodus argenteus (S paridae), Priacanthus. cruentaus (Pdacanthidae), Prionotus punctatus (Triglidae), Dactylopterus volitans (Dactylopteridae) and Porichthys porosissimus (Batrachoididae). Fishermen showed a large ecological knowledge and a particular system of species classification, in which morphological criteria are preponderant. The results show that fishermen know more about the ecology and classify with more details the most economically important species, following the materialist point of view / Mestrado / Mestre em Ecologia

Les plaines inondables des grands fleuves tropicaux sont des milieux caractérisés par leurs inondations périodiques au rythme des crues et des décrues. La littérature est abondante à souligner l’aspect paradoxal de ces écosystèmes, entre milieux ‘productifs’, naturellement fertilisés par les dépôts d’alluvions, et milieux ‘contraignants’ et ‘risqués’. Les modes d’exploitation mis en place par les populations vivant dans les plaines inondables sont variés mais dans la majorité des cas, les populations combinent des activités agricoles avec des activités de pêche, de pastoralisme, de chasse, et d’extraction de produits forestiers ligneux et non ligneux. La complémentarité des activités de production est reconnue dans la plupart des études comme une adaptation permettant de valoriser la diversité des ressources naturelles aux différents stades d’inondation, mais cette pluriactivité est rarement examinée en détail. En adoptant une démarche interdisciplinaire, systémique et diachronique, ce travail de thèse vise à démontrer en quoi la pluriactivité favorise l’adaptation des populations à un environnement fluctuant dont la dynamique peut s’observer à trois échelles de temps : l’échelle saisonnière, l’échelle historique du ‘temps long’, et l’échelle de la vie de l’individu. Ce travail repose sur des entretiens ethnographiques, sur la collecte de données éco-hydrologiques, et sur des analyses du paysage réalisés pendant une période de terrain de huit mois dans le village de Mossaka dans la région de la Cuvette congolaise du bassin du Congo. Nous montrons dans un premier temps que l’association spatiale et temporelle d’une multiplicité de techniques de pêche, de plusieurs systèmes agricoles (agriculture sur champs surélevés et agriculture de décrue) dans lesquels est plantée une riche agrobiodiversité ainsi que de nombreuses autres activités dépendantes ou non des ressources naturelles, permettent aux habitants de Mossaka de s’adapter à la variabilité saisonnière du niveau d’eau. Ensuite, en reconstituant la diachronie du système social-écologique, nous regardons comment les différentes activités de subsistance et leur importance relative ont évolué depuis la période précoloniale et nous identifions les principaux leviers de changements. Nous décrivons plus particulièrement les changements démographiques, écologiques, économiques et sociaux qui ont conduit à l’adoption rapide de l’agriculture de décrue depuis une trentaine d’années. Enfin, en analysant les récits de vie de plusieurs habitants de Mossaka, nous montrons que la grande flexibilité des systèmes de subsistance pluriactifs des individus permet de répondre à différents enjeux et incertitudes notamment d’ordre social. Ce travail de thèse constitue un apport au faible nombre d’études qui regardent de manière intégrée les différentes activités composant les systèmes de subsistance en plaines inondables et se prononce en faveur d’une meilleure reconnaissance de la pluriactivité et également de la diversité sociale. Ce travail participe aussi à une meilleure compréhension de la région de la Cuvette congolaise qui, malgré son rôle écologique et économique majeur, a jusque-là peu attiré les intérêts scientifiques. / Floodplains of large tropical rivers are environments characterized by periodic flooding from the river and its tributaries. Numerous studies emphasize the paradoxical aspect of these ecosystems, between ‘productive’ environments naturally fertilized by alluvial deposits, or 'constraining' and ‘risky’ environments. Livelihoods in the floodplains are varied, but in most cases people combine agricultural activities with fishing, pastoralism, hunting and the extraction of wild plant resources. Although the complementarity of production activities is recognized in most studies as an adaptation to exploit the diversity of natural resources at different stage of flooding, this multi-activity is rarely examined in detail. Adopting an interdisciplinary, systemic and diachronic approach, this thesis aims to demonstrate how multi-activity enhances the adaptation to a fluctuating environment whose dynamics can be observed at three main time scales: the seasonal scale, the historical scale and the scale of the individual's life. This work is based on ethnographic interviews, on collection of eco-hydrological data and on landscape analysis conducted during a period of eight months in the village of Mossaka in the Congolese cuvette region in the Congo basin. Firstly, we show that the spatial and temporal association of a diversity of activities allow the inhabitants of Mossaka to adapt to the seasonal variability of water level. These include a diversity of fishing techniques, several agricultural systems (raised-field agriculture and flood-recessional agriculture) in which a rich agrobiodiversity is planted, and many other activities—some depending on natural resources, others not. Secondly, by reconstructing the dynamics of the social-ecological system over time, we examine how the different activities, and their relative importance, have changed since the pre-colonial period and we identify the main drivers of change. In particular, we describe the demographic, ecological, economic and social changes that have led to the rapid adoption of flood-recessional agriculture in the last thirty years. Finally, by analyzing the life stories of several inhabitants of Mossaka, we show that the great flexibility of the multi-activity livelihood system allows people to adapt to different challenges and uncertainties—particularly social ones. This thesis contributes to the few studies that examine in an integrated manner the diversity of livelihood activities in floodplain environments, and advocates greater recognition of the importance of multi-activity livelihood systems and of social diversity. This work also contributes to a better understanding of the Congolese Cuvette region, which despite its major ecological and economic role has so far attracted little scientific interest.