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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Use of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants in cattle by Setswana-speaking people in the Madikwe area of the North West Province

Van der Merwe, Deon 13 September 2010 (has links)
The role of plants in the treatment of disease and enhancement of production in animals in South African rural communities is poorly documented. Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) methods were employed to describe the use of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants in cattle by Setswana-speaking people in the Madikwe area of the North West Province of South Africa. Information was gathered from key spokespersons through individual interviews, group interviews, guided field walks and observations. Ethnoveterinary uses in cattle of 46 plant species representing 24 families were recorded. Plants were used in 84 % of the total number of ethnoveterinary remedies. These plants were used alone (64 %) or in mixtures (36 %) for 43 indications. The most important indications for the use of ethnoveterinary remedies were retained placenta, diarrhoea, gallsickness, fractures, eye inflammation, general ailments, fertility enhancement, general gastrointestinal problems, heartwater, internal parasites, coughing, redwater and the reduction of tick burdens. Plant materials were prepared in various ways including, infusion (36 %), decoction (33 %), infusion or decoction (13 %), ground fresh material (6 %), sap expressed from fresh material (3 %), charred (2 %) and dried (1 %). Unprocessed, fresh material was used in 6 % of remedies. The most common dosage form was a liquid for oral dosing (83 %). Other dosage forms included, drops, licks, ointments, lotions and powders. Liquid remedies for oral dosing were administered using a bottle. The study indicated that Setswana-speaking people in the North West Province have a rich heritage of ethnoveterinary knowledge, which includes all aspects of ethnoveterinary medicinal plant use. The impact of ethnoveterinary medicinal plant use on medicinal plant population densities was also assessed through a comparison of the medicinal plant densities inside and outside the Madikwe Game Reserve. Belt transects were used in a stratified trial design to record plant densities. No statistically significant differences in medicinal plant densities that could be attributed to medicinal plant use, were found. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2000. / Paraclinical Sciences / Unrestricted
2

Inhibition of infective larvae exsheathment and egg hatching of the nematode Haemonchus contortus with extracts of tannin-rich plants / Inibições do desembainhamento de larvas infectantes e da eclodibilidade do nematoide Haemonchus contortus com extratos de plantas taniníferas

Gomes, Edgard Franco 23 September 2013 (has links)
The aim of this work was to assess the bioactivity of extracts of the tannin-rich plants Acacia mearnsii, Myracrodruon urundeuva, Caesalpinea bracteosa and Leucaena leucocephala against egg and infective larvae stages of Haemonchus contortus. Two in vitro assays were held: an Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) and a Larval Exsheathment Inhibition Assay (LEIA). The EHA consists of the incubation of previously recovered eggs from infected animal\'s faeces in a solution of plant extract for 24 hours and later differentiation between larvae and nonhatched eggs. The concentrations used were 50.00, 25.00, 12.50, 6.25, 3.12, 1.56, 0.78 and 0.39 mg/mL for A. mearnsii; 1.56, 0.78, 0.39, 0.19, 0.09 and 0.04 mg/mL for M. urundeuva; 6.25, 3.12, 1.56, 0.78, 0.39 and 019 mg/mL for C. bracteosa; and 6.25, 3.12 and 1.56 mg/mL for L. leucocephala. The LEIA consists in the artificial exsheathment of infective larvae, obtained by previous coproculture, after a three hour incubation period with plant extract solution in the concentrations 1,200, 600, 300 and 150 \'mü\'g/mL. The 50 and 99 lethal doses (LD) were calculated for both tests. A dose-dependent effect was found in the two tests, except for L. leucocephala in EHA, where it was not possible to calculate DL50 and DL99 with the chosen doses. The DL50 results for EHA were 0.18, 0.32, and 7.20 mg/mL and for DL99 were 4.31, 5.41, and 187.26 mg/mL, respectively for M. urundeuva, C. bracteosa, and A. mearnsii. For LEIA, the DL50 were 0.40, 0.52, 1.24, and 2.24 mg/mL and for DL99 these were 2.37, 2.28, 19.99 and 2.53 x 103 mg/mL respectively for M. urundeuva, A. mearnsii, L. leucocephala and C. bracteosa. The two highest concentrations of A. mearnsii and the three highest for C. bracteosa were effective (more than 90% of bioactivity); the three highest concentrations of M. urundeuva and the 0.78 mg/mL level of C. bracteosa were moderately effective (between 80 and 90% of bioactivity); the concentrations with low effectiveness (between 60 and 80% of bioactivity) were the 12.50 mg/mL (A. mearnsii), 0.19 mg/mL (M. urundeuva), and 0.39 mg/mL (C. bracteosa); all other concentrations were ineffective (less than 60% of bioactivity). For the LEIA, only the highest dose from A. mearnsii and M. urundeuva were effective; the 600 \'mü\'g/mL were moderately effective and all other doses were ineffective. It should be observed that even if the dose is ineffective against exsheathment, some concentrations were able to significantly delay the process. It was observed that the extracts had bioactivity in vitro within the chosen doses against the hatchability of eggs and exsheathment of larvae of H. contortus, except for L. leucocephala, which was not able to block the hatching of eggs / Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho verificar a bioatividade dos extratos das plantas taniníferas Acacia mearnsii, Myracrodruon urundeuva, Caesalpinea bracteosa e Leucaena leucocephala contra os estágios de ovo e de larva L3 infectante de Haemonchus contortus. Para isso, dois ensaios in vitro foram realizados: o Teste da inibição da eclodibilidade dos ovos (TIEO) e o teste da Inibição do desembainhamento larvar (TIDL). O TIEO consiste na incubação de ovos recém recuperados das fezes de animais infectados em solução liquida de extrato de planta por 24 horas e posterior diferenciação entre larvas e ovos não eclodidos. As concentrações utilizadas para A. mearnsii foram de 50,00, 25,00, 12,50, 6,25, 3,12, 1,56, 0,78 e 0,39 mg/mL; 1,56, 0,78, 0,39, 0,19, 0,09 e 0,04 mg/mL para M. urundeuva; 6,25, 3,12, 1,56, 0,78, 0,39 e 0,19 mg/mL para C. bracteosa; e 6,25, 3,12 e 1,56 mg/mL para L. leucocephala. O TIDL consiste no desembainhamento artificial de larvas infectantes, obtidas através de coprocultura, que passaram por período de incubação de três horas em solução liquida de extratos de plantas nas concentrações 1.200, 600, 300 e 150 \'mü\'g/mL. As doses letais (DL) 50 e 99 foram calculadas para ambos testes. Um efeito dose-dependente foi encontrado para os dois testes, exceto para a L. leucocephala no TIEO, onde não foi possível calcular o valor da DL50 e DL99 para o respectivo teste nas doses escolhidas. Os resultados da DL50 para TIEO foram de 0,18, 0,32 e 7,20 mg/mL e da DL99 foram de 4,31, 5,41 e 187,26 mg/mL respectivamente para M. urundeuva, C. bracteosa e A. mearnsii. Para o TIDL, a DL50 foi de 0,40, 0,52, 1,24 e 2,24 mg/mL e da DL99 foi de 2,37, 2,28, 19,99 e 2,53 x 103 mg/mL respectivamente para M. urundeuva, A. mearnsii, L. leucocephala e C. bracteosa. Para o TIEO, as duas maiores concentrações de A. mearnsii e as três maiores de C. bracteosa foram efetivas (mais de 90% de bioatividade); as três maiores concentrações de M. urundeuva e a 0,78 mg/mL de C. bracteosa foram moderadamente efetivas (entre 80 e 90% de bioatividade); as concentrações de pouca efetividade (entre 60 e 80% de bioatividade) foram a 12,50 mg/mL (A. mearnsii), 0,19 mg/mL (M. urundeuva), e 0,39 mg/mL (C. bracteosa); as demais concentrações foram consideradas ineficientes (menos de 60% de bioatividade). Para o TIDL, apenas a maior concentração de A. mearnsii e M. urundeuva foram efetivas; a concentração de 600 \'mü\'g/mL de M. urundeuva foi moderadamente efetiva; todas as outras concentrações foram ineficientes. Entretanto, deve-se observar que apesar de ineficientes em bloquear o desembainhamento, algumas concentrações atrasaram significativamente o desembainhamento das larvas, sendo esse um resultado de interesse. Assim, foi observado que os extratos, excetuando o extrato de L. leucocephala quanto a eclodibilidade, possuem bioatividade in vitro nas doses utilizadas contra a eclosão dos ovos e contra o desembainhamento das larvas de H. contortus
3

Antibacterial activity of selected plants used in ethnoveterinary medicine

Mahlo, Salome Mamokone January 2006 (has links)
Thesis (M.Sc. (Agriculture)) --University of Limpopo, 2006 / Refer to document / National Research Foundation (NRF) and Cannon Collins Educational Trust Fund of Southern Africa (CCETSA)
4

Levantamento etnoveterinárioaplicado à caprinocultura em assentamentos rurais de Mossoró - Rio Grande do Norte / Survey etno veterinary medical plants applied to goat in rural settlementsof great Mossoró-Rio Grande do Norte

Souza, Thulianne Lopes de 25 August 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-01-26T13:46:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ThulianneLS_DISSERT.pdf: 3299799 bytes, checksum: cd0a2a0b29c69ca43f04d3473f094d74 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-26T13:46:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThulianneLS_DISSERT.pdf: 3299799 bytes, checksum: cd0a2a0b29c69ca43f04d3473f094d74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-25 / Ethnoveterinary research is defined as the science that involves the opinion and knowledge of popular practices, used for the treatment and prevention of diseases that affect animals. Among the branches of this science is herbal medicine consisting in the treatment of diseases using medicinal plants, this practice is becoming more widespread, and it is evident in fact, because of the valuable lessons of past generations and the future treatment of humans and animals may replace or reduce the use of synthetic drugs, allowing the existence of a means balancing at room. With this research attempts to revive the popular knowledge about the use of medicinal plants in goats in rural settlements, located in the municipality of Mossoró/RN, Northeastern Brazil, and to achieve this goal have been made visits to settlements, applying questionnaires to producers of goats that live in these places on therapeutic indications and ways of using plants to treat diseases that these animals.Simultaneously were collected copies of the said plants, whichthey were identified and deposited in the herbarium MOSS, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid.The medicinal uses have been described 38 species belonging to 23 botanical families, reported by 106 respondents aged over 18 years. The families of plants with the largest representation in the consultation were Fabaceae (7 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (4 spp.), Lamiaceae (3 spp.). The most frequent species were Heliotropium indicum L. (Fedegoso), Ximenia americana L. (Ameixa- brava) e Aloe vera(babosa). The bark and the leaves were predominantly the parties mentioned. The data collected by this research showed that farmers goats, have access and knowledge to a wide variety of medicinal plants responsible for supplying different diseases that affect goats. And it can be seen that even with today's technological advances the groupin this study has interest in the use of plants for medicinal purposes / A pesquisa etnoveterinária é definida comoa ciência que envolve a opinião e o conhecimento das práticas populares, utilizadas para o tratamento e prevenção de doenças, que acometem os animais. Dentre os ramos dessa ciência está a fitoterapia que consiste no tratamento das doenças utilizando plantas medicinais, esta prática está cada vez mais difundida, e evidencia-se de fato, devido aos valiosos ensinamentos das gerações passadas, e no futuro o tratamento de humanos e animais poderá substituir ou reduzir a utilização dos fármacos sintéticos, possibilitando a existência de um meio ambiente em equilíbrio. Com isso a pesquisa busca resgatar o conhecimento popular sobre o uso de plantas medicinais em caprinos nos assentamentos rurais, situados no município de Mossoró/RN, região Nordeste do Brasil. E para atingir este objetivo foram realizadas visitas aos assentamentos, aplicando-se questionários aos produtores de caprinos que residem nestes locais, buscando indicações terapêuticas e formas de utilização de plantas no tratamento de enfermidades que acomentem esses animais. Simultaneamente foram coletados exemplares das plantas citadas, as quais foram identificadas e depositadas no herbário MOSS, da Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido.Foram descritos os usos medicinais de 38 espécies, pertencentes a 23 famílias botânicas, reportadas por 106 informantes com idade acima de 18 anos. As famílias de plantas com maior representatividade na consulta foram Fabaceae (7 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (4 spp.)e Lamiaceae (3 spp.).As espécies mais citadas foram Heliotropium indicum L(Fedegoso), Ximenia americana L(Ameixa- brava) e Aloe vera(Babosa). As cascas e as folhas foram as partes predominantemente citadas. Os dados levantados por esta pesquisa evidenciaram que produtores rurais de caprinos têm acesso e conhecimento a uma ampla variedade de plantas medicinais responsáveis por suprir diferentes enfermidades que acometem caprinos. E percebeu-se que mesmo com os avanços tecnológicos atuais o grupo em estudo apresenta interesse na utilização de plantas com a finalidade medicinal / 2017-01-25
5

Inhibition of infective larvae exsheathment and egg hatching of the nematode Haemonchus contortus with extracts of tannin-rich plants / Inibições do desembainhamento de larvas infectantes e da eclodibilidade do nematoide Haemonchus contortus com extratos de plantas taniníferas

Edgard Franco Gomes 23 September 2013 (has links)
The aim of this work was to assess the bioactivity of extracts of the tannin-rich plants Acacia mearnsii, Myracrodruon urundeuva, Caesalpinea bracteosa and Leucaena leucocephala against egg and infective larvae stages of Haemonchus contortus. Two in vitro assays were held: an Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) and a Larval Exsheathment Inhibition Assay (LEIA). The EHA consists of the incubation of previously recovered eggs from infected animal\'s faeces in a solution of plant extract for 24 hours and later differentiation between larvae and nonhatched eggs. The concentrations used were 50.00, 25.00, 12.50, 6.25, 3.12, 1.56, 0.78 and 0.39 mg/mL for A. mearnsii; 1.56, 0.78, 0.39, 0.19, 0.09 and 0.04 mg/mL for M. urundeuva; 6.25, 3.12, 1.56, 0.78, 0.39 and 019 mg/mL for C. bracteosa; and 6.25, 3.12 and 1.56 mg/mL for L. leucocephala. The LEIA consists in the artificial exsheathment of infective larvae, obtained by previous coproculture, after a three hour incubation period with plant extract solution in the concentrations 1,200, 600, 300 and 150 \'mü\'g/mL. The 50 and 99 lethal doses (LD) were calculated for both tests. A dose-dependent effect was found in the two tests, except for L. leucocephala in EHA, where it was not possible to calculate DL50 and DL99 with the chosen doses. The DL50 results for EHA were 0.18, 0.32, and 7.20 mg/mL and for DL99 were 4.31, 5.41, and 187.26 mg/mL, respectively for M. urundeuva, C. bracteosa, and A. mearnsii. For LEIA, the DL50 were 0.40, 0.52, 1.24, and 2.24 mg/mL and for DL99 these were 2.37, 2.28, 19.99 and 2.53 x 103 mg/mL respectively for M. urundeuva, A. mearnsii, L. leucocephala and C. bracteosa. The two highest concentrations of A. mearnsii and the three highest for C. bracteosa were effective (more than 90% of bioactivity); the three highest concentrations of M. urundeuva and the 0.78 mg/mL level of C. bracteosa were moderately effective (between 80 and 90% of bioactivity); the concentrations with low effectiveness (between 60 and 80% of bioactivity) were the 12.50 mg/mL (A. mearnsii), 0.19 mg/mL (M. urundeuva), and 0.39 mg/mL (C. bracteosa); all other concentrations were ineffective (less than 60% of bioactivity). For the LEIA, only the highest dose from A. mearnsii and M. urundeuva were effective; the 600 \'mü\'g/mL were moderately effective and all other doses were ineffective. It should be observed that even if the dose is ineffective against exsheathment, some concentrations were able to significantly delay the process. It was observed that the extracts had bioactivity in vitro within the chosen doses against the hatchability of eggs and exsheathment of larvae of H. contortus, except for L. leucocephala, which was not able to block the hatching of eggs / Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho verificar a bioatividade dos extratos das plantas taniníferas Acacia mearnsii, Myracrodruon urundeuva, Caesalpinea bracteosa e Leucaena leucocephala contra os estágios de ovo e de larva L3 infectante de Haemonchus contortus. Para isso, dois ensaios in vitro foram realizados: o Teste da inibição da eclodibilidade dos ovos (TIEO) e o teste da Inibição do desembainhamento larvar (TIDL). O TIEO consiste na incubação de ovos recém recuperados das fezes de animais infectados em solução liquida de extrato de planta por 24 horas e posterior diferenciação entre larvas e ovos não eclodidos. As concentrações utilizadas para A. mearnsii foram de 50,00, 25,00, 12,50, 6,25, 3,12, 1,56, 0,78 e 0,39 mg/mL; 1,56, 0,78, 0,39, 0,19, 0,09 e 0,04 mg/mL para M. urundeuva; 6,25, 3,12, 1,56, 0,78, 0,39 e 0,19 mg/mL para C. bracteosa; e 6,25, 3,12 e 1,56 mg/mL para L. leucocephala. O TIDL consiste no desembainhamento artificial de larvas infectantes, obtidas através de coprocultura, que passaram por período de incubação de três horas em solução liquida de extratos de plantas nas concentrações 1.200, 600, 300 e 150 \'mü\'g/mL. As doses letais (DL) 50 e 99 foram calculadas para ambos testes. Um efeito dose-dependente foi encontrado para os dois testes, exceto para a L. leucocephala no TIEO, onde não foi possível calcular o valor da DL50 e DL99 para o respectivo teste nas doses escolhidas. Os resultados da DL50 para TIEO foram de 0,18, 0,32 e 7,20 mg/mL e da DL99 foram de 4,31, 5,41 e 187,26 mg/mL respectivamente para M. urundeuva, C. bracteosa e A. mearnsii. Para o TIDL, a DL50 foi de 0,40, 0,52, 1,24 e 2,24 mg/mL e da DL99 foi de 2,37, 2,28, 19,99 e 2,53 x 103 mg/mL respectivamente para M. urundeuva, A. mearnsii, L. leucocephala e C. bracteosa. Para o TIEO, as duas maiores concentrações de A. mearnsii e as três maiores de C. bracteosa foram efetivas (mais de 90% de bioatividade); as três maiores concentrações de M. urundeuva e a 0,78 mg/mL de C. bracteosa foram moderadamente efetivas (entre 80 e 90% de bioatividade); as concentrações de pouca efetividade (entre 60 e 80% de bioatividade) foram a 12,50 mg/mL (A. mearnsii), 0,19 mg/mL (M. urundeuva), e 0,39 mg/mL (C. bracteosa); as demais concentrações foram consideradas ineficientes (menos de 60% de bioatividade). Para o TIDL, apenas a maior concentração de A. mearnsii e M. urundeuva foram efetivas; a concentração de 600 \'mü\'g/mL de M. urundeuva foi moderadamente efetiva; todas as outras concentrações foram ineficientes. Entretanto, deve-se observar que apesar de ineficientes em bloquear o desembainhamento, algumas concentrações atrasaram significativamente o desembainhamento das larvas, sendo esse um resultado de interesse. Assim, foi observado que os extratos, excetuando o extrato de L. leucocephala quanto a eclodibilidade, possuem bioatividade in vitro nas doses utilizadas contra a eclosão dos ovos e contra o desembainhamento das larvas de H. contortus
6

The potential role of antibacterial, antioxidant and antiparasitic activity of Peltophorum africanum Sond. (Fabaceae) extracts in ethnoveterinary medicine

Bizimenyera, Edmund Senkike 31 January 2008 (has links)
There is an increasing interest in ethnomedical and ethnoveterinary practices, especially as it relates to the use of medicinal plants for treating various ailments. As a result, the current trend in government health authorities is to integrate herbal medicine with primary healthcare. This arises because nearly 80% of people in the developing world, particularly those from rural communities where modern drugs are unaffordable, inaccessible or, unavailable, depend on phytomedicine for primary healthcare. Despite this, however, most medical and veterinary professionals distrust herbal medicines due to concerns of scientific evidence of efficacy and safety. Hence, there is need for their validation, before herbal medicines gain wider acceptance and use. Traditional healers and rural farmers use extracts of Peltophorum africanum (a medicinal plant wide-spread in southern Africa and other tropical regions), to treat diarrhoea, helminths and abdominal parasites, dysentery, HIV-AIDS, acute and chronic pain, anxiety and depression, infertility, and to promote well-being and resistance to diseases. To evaluate these ethnobotanical leads, dried leaves, bark and root from mature P. africanum (Fabaceae) trees were extracted with acetone, ethanol, dichloromethane and hexane. Chromatograms were made on silica gel plates. Thin layer chromatograms (TLC) were sprayed with 0.2% 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) for qualitative screening for antioxidants. Quantification of antioxidant activity was done in comparison with L-ascorbic acid and Trolox (6-hydroxy-2, 5, 7, 8-tetranethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid). With regard to the extracts, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. The total antibacterial activity (TAA), signifying the volume to which active compounds present in 1 g of plant material can be diluted and still inhibit bacterial growth, was also determined. In vitro anthelmintic activity was evaluated by effects of acetone extracts on the egg hatching and larval development of parasitic nematodes Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. The eggs and larvae of the two parasites were incubated in various concentrations of the leaf, bark and root extracts for two and five days respectively. Furthermore the efficacies of the acetone extracts were tested on lambs artificially induced with H. contortus and T. colubriformis infections. Toxicity was performed in brine shrimp and MTT assay on Vero monkey kidney cells. The extracts had substantial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with MIC values of 0.08 mg ml-1 for Staphylococcus aureus and 0.16 mg ml-1 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; the corresponding TAA values were 1263 and 631 ml g-1. The acetone extracts the bark, and root of P. africanum had higher antioxidant activity than L-ascorbic acid (Vitamin-C) and Trolox (6-hydroxy-2, 5, 7, 8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid), a synthetic vitamin-E analogue, and much higher than Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). The standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) is widely employed for its significant benefit in neurological disorders. The respective EC50 for the P. africanum root , bark and leaf extracts, L-ascorbic acid, and EGb761 were 3.82 µg ml-1, 4.37 µg ml-1, 6.54 µg ml-1, 5.04 µg ml-1, and 40.72 µg ml-1. The extracts inhibited egg hatchability and larval development (from L1 to infective stage L3) of both H. contortus and T. colubriformis (both parasitic nematodes of ruminants) at concentrations of 0.2-1.0 mg ml-1. The plant extracts, at concentrations of 5-25 mg ml-1 completely lysed larval forms (L1) and eggs of the nematodes. In all assays, the root extracts had higher antibacterial, antioxidant and anthelmintic activity than the bark and leaf. Although the extracts were safe and non-toxic, the reduction in faecal egg and adult worm counts in lambs infected with H. contortus and T. colubriformis was not statistically significant (P=0.073). From the acetone extracts of the root, a brownish crystalline compound, bergenin was isolated. Bergenin was also assayed for toxicity with brine shrimp and Vero monkey kidney cells like the extracts, where the compound was found to be not toxic. In a disc diffusion test, the inhibitory activition of bergenin was determined for the bacteria E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Mycobacterium vaccae, and the fungi Sporobolomyces salmonicolor and Penicillium notatum. Bergenin had reasonable antimicrobial activity against S. salmonicolor, moderate activity against M. vaccae, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, but non inhibitory against P. notatum. P. africanum extracts have therefore, potential for treatment of infection-related diseases by either directly inhibiting bacterial growth or by stimulating the immune system of the host. The traditional use of P. africanum concoctions against diarrhoea, dysentery and unthriftness, may be also due to anthelmintic activity as these signs are consistent with parasitic astroenteritis. Antioxidants are also important in boosting the immunity, critical in the management of helminthosis. There is ample scientific and empirical evidence supporting the use of plantderived antioxidants in the control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and neurological diseases. Synergistic activity of plant antioxidants has been proposed as a mechanism by which viral replication and immune cell killing in HIV infection can be inhibited. Antioxidants may have neuro-protective (preventing apoptosis), as well as neuro-regenerative roles. Due to the high antioxidant activity of its extracts, P. africanum has prospects in the chemotherapy of HIV and management or control of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus there is great potential of P. africanum extracts in medicine. Further isolation and bioassay characterization of bioactive compounds from P. africanum is recommended as well as refinement of in vivo tests in target livestock, or clinical trials. Better methods of plant extraction easily adaptable to rural communities for sustainable exploitation of the tree, may have to be devised especially those using the leaves instead of bark or root. / Thesis (PhD(Paraclinical Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Paraclinical Sciences / unrestricted
7

Screening of four plants commonly used in ethnoveterinary medicine for antimicrobial, antiprotozoal and anti-oxidant activity

Naidoo, Vinasan 08 March 2005 (has links)
Urginea sanguinea, Aloe marlothii, Elephantorrhiza elephantina and Rhoicissus tridentate are all plants utilized for the management of tick borne diseases in the Madikwe area of North-west province. These plants, in certain concoctions, are believed to be effective against “seme”, “gala” and “Bolwetsi jwa mothlapo o moshibidu” which we have assumed to represent heartwater, gallsickness and redwater from circumstantial epidemiological data available. To obtain a representative extract, which would be indicative of the general activity of the plant, only acetone or methanol extracts were tested for the presence of antimicrobial, antiparasitic or anti-oxidant activity within that specific plant. Activity in all cases made use of either an in vitro biological assay or more specific chemical tests, which were validated in all cases. Ehrlichia ruminantium, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi, all grown in specific cell cultures, were used as a model for evaluating the efficacy against the common protozoan and rickettsial diseases caused by these organisms in livestock. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, four human nosocomial infectious agents, were used as an indicator for the presence of antibacterial activity against these common animal bacterial pathogens. Diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl and the trolox equivalent anti-oxidant chemical assays were used to determine anti-oxidant activity, which although not curative, may aid in the recovery from an infection by stimulating the immune system. The activities demonstrated among the various plants and organisms were not consistent. E. elephantine extracts were the most effective, with activity demonstrable in all biological and chemical screening assays. Although R. tridentate demonstrated poor activity (> 100 ìg/ml) against the tick-borne parasites, the plant extract did demonstrate significant anti-oxidant activity. U. sanguinea extracts showed good activity in both the antibacterial and anti-rickettsial assays (EC50 = 44.49 ng/ml), which may be due to the presence of the toxic bufadienolides present within the plant. A. marlothii possessed significant anti-rickettsial activity (EC50= 111.4 µg/ml) and to a lesser degree antibacterial activity. The results of the study support the use of these plants against heartwater, gallsickness and redwater, which gives credence for the traditional use against “Seme, Gala, and Bolwetsi jwa mothlapo o moshibidu”. Further studies are required to isolate and determine the structure of the active compounds of these plants as well as to confirm the safety and efficacy of the extracts against disease conditions in livestock. Copyright / Urginea sanguinea, Aloe marlothii, Elephantorrhiza elephantina and Rhoicissus tridentata word tradisioneel gebruik vir die bekamping van siektes deur bosluise oorgedra in die Madikwe gebied van die Noordwes provinsie. Ekstrakte van hierdie species word gebruik teen “seme”, “gala” en “Bolwetsi jwa mothlapo o moshibidu” wat waarskynlik op hartwater, galsiekte and rooiwater dui volgens die beskikbare epidemiologiese data. Asetoon en metanol ekstrakte is gebruik vir die bepaling van antimikrobiese, antiparasitiese en antioksidant aktiwiteite in verskillende species deur gevalideerde in vitro metodes. Selkulture van Ehrlichia ruminantium, Babesia caballi en Theileria equi, , is in ‘n model gebruik om die doeltreffendheid van ekstrakte teen algemene siektes deur protozoa en ricketsias te bepaal. Vier algemene menslike nosokomiale patogene Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, is gebruik om antibakteriese aktiwiteit van ekstrakte te bepaal. Difeniel-pikrielhidrasiel en die trolox ekwivalente anti-oksidant essajeermetode is gebruik om anti-oksidantaktiwiteit te bepaal. Antioksidante mag herstel na infeksies bespoedig deur stimulering van die immuunstelsel. Daar was ‘n groot verskil in die aktiwiteite tussen die verskillende ekstrakte en organismes. E. elephantina ekstrakte was die mees doeltreffende met die biologiese and chemiese bepalings. R. tridentata het sterk anti-oksidantaktiwiteit gehad, maar het lae aktiwiteit (> 100 µg/ml) teen bosluis-oorgedraagde parasiete gehad. U. sanguinea ekstrakte was aktief in beide die antibakteriese en anti-riketsiale bepalings (EC50 = 44.49 ng/ml), wat moontlik toegeskryf kan word aan die giftige bufadienoliede teenwoordig in hierdie species. A. marlothii ekstrakte het betekenisbolle anti-riketsiale aktiwiteit (EC50 = 111.4 µg/ml) maar slegs geringe antibakteriese aktiwiteit gehad. Hierdie resultate bevestig die moontlike waarde van hierdie species teen hartwater, galsiekte and rooiwater, en ondersteun die tradisionele etnoveterinêre gebruik teen “Seme, Gala, and Bolwetsi jwa mothlapo o moshibidu”. Verdere studies word benodig om die 5 aktiewe verbindings te isoleer en te karakteriseer en om die veiligheid en doeltreffendheid van ekstrakte teen hierdie siektes in vee te bevestig. / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Paraclinical Sciences / unrestricted
8

Tick control practices in communal Tsholotsho

Mkhize, Christopher Jabulani 03 1900 (has links)
This study assessed the use of indigenous acaricides in Tsholotsho, Zimbabwe. An observational study design plus laboratory analysis were used in this study. Data on demographic profiles and tick control practices in 21 villages was collected using a questionnaire. Seven hundred and fifty nine (n=759) ticks were collected from cattle using systematic sampling at 15 dip tanks. Marula efficacy was assessed using pregnancy, repellence and mortality tests. Farmers used several tick control remedies (physical removal, chemicals, and plant and animal extracts), some of which have potential to harm the health of the public. Marula caused significant decrease in mass among pregnant ticks (p<0.05), had a significant kill percentage (p< 0.05), and also repelled, killed and hindered egg laying. The active ingredients in marula formulations should be investigated. The extra-label use of conventional acaricide, and the use of compounds with potential to harm the public health needs to be regulated. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

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