Mémoire (M.Ress.Renouv.)-- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1993. / Bibliogr.: f. 145-153. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Mémoire (M.Ress.Renouv.)-- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1993. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Orientador: Paulo Roberto Kawano / Resumo: Introdução: Embora a LTU seja conhecida pela humanidade desde a antiguidade, o real mecanismo envolvido na formação do cálculo renal ainda não foi completamente esclarecido. Trata-se de um processo complexo, envolvendo uma doença multifatorial resultante de interações entre fatores ambientais, predisposição genética e distúrbios metabólicos. Alterações nos fatores dietéticos têm sido propostas para prevenir ou minimizar o risco da litíase recorrente. Dentre estes fatores, o cranberry tem sido sugerido como potencial agente terapêutico capaz de atenuar os efeitos da hiperoxalúria, porém com resultados ainda controversos. Objetivo: Avaliar as eventuais repercussões metabólicas e histológicas decorrentes da suplementação oral da dieta com cranberry, sobre as alterações morfológicas e urinárias secundárias à hiperoxalúria provocada por agentes indutores, em um modelo experimental em ratos. Métodos: Foram utilizados 40 ratos machos da raça Sprague-Dawley, randomicamente distribuídos em quatro grupos: GRUPO 1 (G1: n=7) controle clínico; GRUPO 2 [G2: Etileno glicol (EG) a 0,5%+vitamina D3 (VD3), n=11] no qual a hiperoxalúria foi induzida a partir da administração de EG diluído em água e ofertado em associação com a VD3 (Colecalciferol) na dose de 0,5 μM; GRUPO 3 [G3: EG 0,5%+VD3+Cranberry); n=11] no qual os animais receberam as mesmas drogas ofertadas ao G2 acrescido de xarope de cranberry na dose de 800mg/kg peso/dia; GRUPO 4 (G4, n=11) animais suplementados apenas com a cranberry ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Dans cette thèse, nous avons considéré les spectres de la molécule CH2=CD2. Dans la partie expérimentale, nous avons enregistré des spectres infrarouges à haute résolution (~ 0,0025 cm-1) et fait une attribution complète des transitions enregistrées. Nous avons pu assigner pour la première fois un grand nombre de transitions des combinaisons peu intenses υ4+υ10, υ4+υ7 et de l'harmonique 2υ10; de bandes interdites par symétrie υ4, υ7+υ10, υ8+υ10; et des bandes «chaudes» υ7+υ10–υ10 et υ8+υ10–υ10. Pour la première fois, plus de 7000 transitions inconnues des bandes fondamentales υ2, υ3, υ6, υ7, υ8, υ10, υ12 et de l'harmonique 2υ7 ont été assignées. Sur la base de la théorie des opérateurs de perturbation et des propriétés de symétrie de la molécule étudiée, nous avons construit un hamiltonien effectif puis ajusté les énergies vibrationnelles expérimentales de quatorze états vibrationnels. De cette étude, il a résulté un écart-type pour l'ajustement d'environ (1,7–2,5)×10−4 cm−1 pour diverses régions spectrales. Nous avons également mesuré les valeurs expérimentales des intensités et des demi-largeurs et avons calculé les paramètres du moment dipolaire effectif et des coefficients d'auto-élargissement de la molécule CH2=CD2. / In this thesis we have considered spectra of the CH2=CD2 molecule. In the experimental part we recorded high-resolution (~ 0.0025 cm-1) infrared spectra and made full assignment of the recorded transitions. We were able to assign for the first time a lot of transitions to the weak combinations υ4+υ10, υ4+υ7 and 2υ10 overtone; forbidden due to the symmetry υ4, υ7+υ10, υ8+υ10; «hot» υ7+υ10–υ10 and υ8+υ10–υ10 bands. More than 7000 previously unknown transitions were assigned to the fundamental bands υ2, υ3, υ6, υ7, υ8, υ10, υ12 and 2υ7 overtone. On the base of operator perturbation theory and the symmetry properties of the studied molecule, we constructed an effective Hamiltonian and then fitted experimental ro-vibrational energies of fourteen vibrational states. As a result, rms-deviation of the fit was about (1.7–2.5)×10−4 cm−1 for various spectral regions. We measured also experimental values of intensities and halfwidths and calculated parameters of effective dipole moment and self-broadening coefficients of the СH2=СD2 molecule.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / With an increase in the amount of harmful carbon emissions in the atmosphere as well as a decrease in the availability of fossil fuels, there is a relatively high demand for alternate energy devices. Solar cells have become an alternative option in aid of leading the way for clean energy; however these devices are relatively expensive and have an efficiency that is relatively low in comparison to that of fossil fuelled energy. As a result the cost of the solar cell needs to be reduced by reducing the amount of silicon used in order to compete with fossil fuelled devices; however this decrease would lead to a decrease in efficiency. In recent years silver nanoparticles have been extensively researched as a result of its extraordinary optical, electrical, catalytic, magnetic and antibacterial properties. As a result of these properties, the nanoparticles may be applied to many research areas such as photovoltaics, catalysis and medical fields. The optical properties of silver nanoparticles may thus be exploited in order to increase absorption and in turn the efficiency of the solar cell devices. This study focuses on the optimization of the polyol synthesis to possibly obtain uniformly dispersed silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles would then be incorporated onto amorphous silicon thin films, deposited by hot wire chemical vapour deposition, by spraying a suspension of the silver nanoparticles onto the thin films. The silver nanoparticles were viii characterized by Ultra Violet Visible Spectroscopy (UV-VIS), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, and Thermogravimetric Analysis. The thin films with the incorporated silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-VIS, and High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy. It was shown that silver nanoparticles with various morphologies were produced by the polyol synthesis and may be used to enhance light trapping of thin film photovoltaic devices.

Ethylene glycol intoxication, suicidal as well as accidental, belongs to serious, immediately life-threatening poisonings, which can however be cured even in the most severe cases (provided early recognition and correct treatment), including the restoration of renal function to the original state. Ethylene glycol is most notably present in anti-freeze cooling liquids for vehicles (such as Fridex). Consumption of 100-150 ml of such a solution is considered a lethal dose in humans. follows Oral ingestion is followed by rapid absorption. Metabolic decomposition takes place predominantly in the liver by way of alcohol dehydrogenase, to glycoaldehyde, which is further metabolised to glycolic acid and oxalic acid. The clinical aspect is dominated by acute renal failure which is caused by acute tubular necrosis. Toxicological examination including an assessment of ethylene glycol levels in both blood and urine, with prognostic relevance, is indispensable to diagnostics of the poisoning as well as from the standpoint of differential diagnostics. Therapeutic measures include gastric lavage within one hour of ingestion and administration of activated charcoal. Administration of ethanol and fomepizole, compounds that bind alcohol dehydrogenase and thus prevent the conversion of ethylene glycol to its toxic metabolites, is considered valid causal treatment with simultaneous early institution of hemodialysis (even in cases of hitherto intact renal function). As fomepizole is currently not available in the Czech republic, ethanol remains the only antidote. Therapy further includes correction of metabolic acidosis by way of bicarbonates, and intravenous application of thiamine and pyridoxine. Therapy of such a grave condition must entail infirmary care provided by professional nurses as a necessary complement. The nurse serves their function in securing the patient's airways, connecting the patient to mechanical ventilation, monitoring physiological functions, assistance with invasive entry, as well as conducting sample extractions, assuring proper hygiene, the prevention of decubitus ulcers etc. It has been the aim of an extensive effort during my analysis of this topic to collate an up-to-date summary of practical knowledge on ethylene glycol intoxication, as well as subsequent therapeutic options for such patients, based on collected information and available source material. This final thesis, entitled "Approach and Options for Nurses in Therapy of Ethylene Glycol-intoxicated Patients" has been created relying on a body of purely theoretical Czech and foreign sources. To attain awareness of the current state of medical sciences described on the following pages, many professional and scientific publications, books as well as journals and websites of registered professional societies had to be studied. The aim of a detailed inspection of such an extensive body of data has been to provide relevant findings based on the facts determined. The accumulated information is further specified in particular sections. The first deal with intoxication, elimination and first aid in the pre-hospitalization phase from a broader perspective. Without these elementary notes the thesis as a whole would lack in conclusiveness. From this section the thesis fluidly continues with ethylene glycol intoxication itself, its treatment and all the way to the role of the nurse including particular therapeutic measures. These sections contain specific recommendations issuing from news and cutting-edge research on ethylene glycol poisonings.

Os experimentos tiveram como objetivo determinar a taxa de eclosão dos embriões vitrificados em volumes diferentes de 9,0 M de etileno glicol. Simultaneamente, testou-se dois procedimentos de estocagem dos fios de teflon, denominados caixa de aço inoxidável e globete/raque. No experimento I, os 881 embriões coletados foram distribuídos em 4 tratamentos: tratamento 1 (T1= controle): 307 embriões foram cultivados in vitro em meio PBSm, acrescido de 0,4% de BSA; tratamento 2 (T2): 292 embriões foram expostos à solução de glicerol 10% acrescida de 0,4% de BSA, envasados em palhetas de 0,25 mL e submetidos ao congelamento pelo método rápido em Biocool; tratamento 3 (T3): 138 embriões foram expostos durante 2 minutos à solução de desidratação (10% de EG + 6% BSA em PBSm) e então transferidos para a solução de vitrificação (50% de EG + 6% de BSA em PBSm), onde permaneceram por 30 segundos e foram colocados em volume de 1 μL no interior de um fio de teflon, medindo 0,4 mm de diâmetro, 2,0 cm de comprimento e 0,05 mm de espessura. Os fios foram acondicionados em uma caixa de aço inoxidável para serem armazenados em nitrogênio líquido; tratamento 4 (T4): 144 embriões foram expostos à solução de desidratação (10% de EG + 6% BSA em PBSm) e após 2 minutos, foram transferidos para a solução de vitrificação (50% de EG + 6% BSA em PBSm), onde permaneceram por 30 segundos, sendo após transferidos para um volume de 1 μL no interior do fio de teflon. Os fios de teflon foram estocados em globetes unidos às raques e mantidos em nitrogênio líquido. Após o aquecimento, os embriões foram cultivados em PBSm suplementado com 0,4% de BSA. As taxas de eclosão embrionária observadas foram: T1=76,29% (245/307); T2=41,05% (117/292); T3=37,98% (54/138) e T4=26,78% (37/144). No segundo experimento, 747 embriões foram distribuídos em 3 tratamentos: tratamento 1 (T1= controle): 80 embriões foram cultivados in vitro em meio KSOM acrescido de 0,4% de BSA; tratamento 2 (T2): 334 embriões expostos em solução de glicerol 10% acrescida de 0,4% de BSA, foram envasados em palhetas de 0,25 mL e submetidos ao congelamento pelo método rápido em Biocool; tratamento 3 (T3): 333 blastocistos foram expostos durante 2 minutos à solução de desidratação (10% de EG + 0,4% BSA em PBSm) e então transferidos para tubos eppendorf de 2,0 mL em contato com a solução de vitrificação (50% de EG + 0,4% BSA em PBSm). Após o cultivo in vitro, as taxas de eclosão embrionária observadas nos 3 tratamentos foram respectivamente: 88,75% (71/80), 40,44% (141/334) e 19,70% (66/333). Baseado nesses resultados conclui-se que embriões Mus domesticus domesticus submetidos à técnica de vitrificação após exposição à solução de 9,0 M de etileno glicol e envase em fios de teflon assegurou índices satisfatórios de sobrevivência embrionária. As taxas de sobrevivência dos embriões Mus domesticus domesticus foi independente do procedimento de estocagem em botijão de nitrogênio líquido. A vitrificação em solução de 9,0 M de etileno glicol com envase em tubos eppendorf não foi eficiente para promover altas taxas de sobrevivência embrionária, mas proporcionou segurança biológica aos embriões, durante o armazenamento. / This work was performed with Mus domesticus domesticus embryos to verify the in vitro viability of vitrified embryos using differents volumes of ethylene glycol–based solution. The experiment I consisted of four treatments. The 881 collected embryos were arranged as follows: treatment 1(control): 307 fresh embryos were cultured in vitro in PBSm + 0.4% BSA without being exposed to either dehydration or cryoprotectants agents; treatment 2: 292 embryos were loaded into 0.25 mL french straws containing 10% glycerol + 0.4% BSA in PBSm and after 10 minutes the straws were submitted to the rapid-freezing procedure (Biocool®, controlled freezer); treatment 3:138 embryos were exposed during 2 minutes to a dehydration solution (10% ethylene glycol + 6% BSA in PBSm) and then transferred to the vitrification solution (50% ethylene glycol + 6% BSA in PBSm) in teflon wire with 0.4 mm diameter, 2 cm length and 0.05 mm thickness containing the drop of 1μL volume, and placed into stainless steel box for the storage in LN2; treatment 4:144 embryos were exposed to a dehydration solution (10% ethylene glycol + 6% BSA in PBSm) and after 2 minutes were transferred to the teflon wire, that was previousily loaded with 1μL of the vitrification solution (50% ethylene glycol + 6% BSA in PBSm). Finally, the teflon wires were placed into plastic globets attached to aluminum canes and maintained in LN2. After thawing, the embryos were serially washed in PBSm, and then cultured in PBSm supplemented with 0.4% BSA. The hatched blastocyst rates observed in the treatments were: T1=76.29% (245/307); T2=41.05% (117/292); T3=37.98% (54/138) and T4=26.78% (37/144). In the second experiment, 747 embryos were arranged as follows: treatment 1(control): consisted of 80 fresh embryos cultured in vitro in KSOM medium + 0.4% BSA without being exposed to either dehydration or cryoprotectants agents; treatment 2: 334 embryos were loaded into 0.25 mL french straws containing 10% glycerol + 0.4% BSA in PBSm and after 10 minutes the straws were submitted to the rapid-freezing procedure (Biocool®, controlled freezer); treatment 3: 333 embryos were exposed during 2 minutes to a dehydration solution (10% ethylene glycol + 0.4% BSA in PBSm) and then transferred to the eppendorf tubes loaded with the vitrification solution (50% ethylene glycol + 0.4% BSA in PBSm). After in vitro culture, the hatched blastocysts rates observed were: T1=88.75% (71/80); T2=40.44% (141/334) and T3=19.70% (66/333). Based on these results it is concluded that the embryos of Mus domesticus domesticus submitted to vitrification procedure after being exposed to 9.0 M of ethylene glycol – based solution and loaded in teflon wires were efficient to promote satisfactory embryo survival rates. The survival rate of Mus domesticus domesticus embryos was independent of the LN2 storage procedure. The vitrification procedure after being exposed to 9.0 M of ethylene glycol – based solution and loaded in eppendorf tubes were not efficient to promote high embryo survival rate, but to warrant the embryo’s biologically security during storage in liquid nitrogen.

O complexo 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropilfenil)-acenaftenodiimina-dicloroníquel(II) (1), em combinação com metilaluminoxano (MAO) foi utilizado para polimerizar eteno utilizando altas pressões e temperaturas. Foram investigados os efeitos da pressão de eteno, da temperatura, do tempo de reação e da quantidade de catalisador bem como, as propriedades dos polietilenos sintetizados. Os polietilenos obtidos com o sistema (1)/MAO foram altamente ramificados. As ramificações variaram de metil até hexil ou até mais longas, sem adição de comonômero. Os polietilenos não apresentaram metilas isoladas, apresentando uma grande quantidade de metilas 1,4, metilas 1,5 e metilas 1,6 e cadeias longas. A presença de ramificações foi devido ao mecanismo denominado chain-walking. Os valores de ramificações nos PE foram maiores que 105 e menores que 277 ramificações/1000C. O aumento do número de ramificações foi devido ao aumento na temperatura de polimerização e uma diminuição da pressão de eteno. Os PE obtidos com o sistema (1)/MAO apresentaram peso molecular (Mw) elevado entre 44.000 e 105.000 Daltons e valores de polidispersão de 2,0 a 4,0, dependendo das condições reacionais. O peso molecular dos polímeros diminuiu com o aumento da temperatura de polimerização. / The combination of 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediiminedichloronickel( II) (1) and methylaluminoxane (MAO) was highly active in ethylene polymerization under high pressures and temperatures. Herein we investigated the effects of ethylene pressure, reaction temperature, reaction time and amount of catalyst on polymer properties and reaction performance. The polyethylenes obtained with 1/MAO are highly branched. The branches goes from methyl to hexyl or even longer, and this without comonomer addition. These polyethylenes obtained do not shows isolated methyl groups, but shows 1,4-methyl, 1,5 and 1,6 methyl patterns. The branching was due to the so-called chain-walking mechanism. The branch content, which is in the range 105 to 277 branches/1000 C, increased with the temperature rising or the ethylene concentration decrease. The polyethylenes produced with these system have molecular weight between 44.000 and 105.000 Daltons and polydispersions from 2,0 to 4,0 depending on the reactions conditions. The polymer molecular weight tended to decrease with increasing polymerization temperature.

Utilizing an experimental facility which was prepared to conduct performance tests on heat exchangers; experiments were completed in an attempt to see verifiable improvements in overall heat transfer coefficient in engine coolant with nanoparticles suspended at different weight percentages. The different fluids tested were: base ELC (Extended Life Coolant), ELC with 0.002 wt% CNT (Carbon Nanotubes), ELC with 0.02 wt% CNT, ELC with 0.02 wt% MWNT's (Multiwalled Nanotubes) and water. The volume percents range from 0.00164 volume% to 0.0164 volume% which seemed quite small, but according to Caterpillar representatives, were the best concentration. These fluids were tested at standard flowrates which this type of heat exchanger would be used in as well as a higher air flowrate and lower coolant flowrates in an attempt to gather more verifiable data. Results were obtained regarding the change in heat transfer ability of engine coolant with suspended nanoparticles. For this system under these specific conditions, there was verifiably no increase in UA as nanoparticles were added to the coolant. The benefits of adding nanoparticles to engine coolant have potential to be great, but the cost of nanoparticles and difficulty keeping them suspended may outweigh any benefits obtainable in this type of set up.

Nesse trabalho foi analisada a viabilidade da utilização de poli(tereftalato de etileno) reciclado, PET, como agente de contenção de areia, utilizando o PET virgem e o poli(óxido de metileno), POM, para comparação. As amostras recebidas foram caracterizadas utilizando ressonância magnética nuclear de carbono-13 (13C-NMR), calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), análise termogravimétrica (TG), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) e cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho (SEC). Também foram realizados ensaios mecânicos para avaliação da permeabilidade de um pacote de grãos, segundo as normas API RP 61 e API RP 58. Dessa forma, uma quantidade pré-definida dos polímeros granulados foi confinada separadamente em células cilíndricas metálicas, juntamente com substâncias normalmente utilizadas no tratamento de formações portadoras de hidrocarbonetos (como HCl a 15%, Dietileno-triamino-penta-acetato de potássio a 10 % e mistura de solventes, tais como xileno 45 %, óleo diesel 45 % e butilglicol 10 %) e também a petróleo e água do mar. As amostras foram submetidas a temperatura e pressão constantes, além de agitação por rotação, na temperatura de 70 C e na pressão de 24,1 MPa. Os ensaios duraram de 24 a 96 horas para os produtos químicos mais agressivos e 172 dias para a água do mar e o petróleo. Para os testes mais longos, foram coletadas amostras periodicamente, a fim de se verificar as condições de cada polímero, utilizando as técnicas anteriormente citadas, com exceção de 13C-NMR. A permeabilidade foi analisada ao final do período de exposição previsto. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os observados para os polímeros não-expostos, sendo constatada a degradação do POM quando em contato com HCl a 15 %, mas sem observar variações significativas que indicassem a degradação apreciável de qualquer dos tipos de PET nas condições testadas, sendo concluído que a utilização do PET reciclado como agente de contenção de areia é viável. / This work analyses the viability of applying recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, as sand control agent, using virgin PET and poly(methylene oxide), POM, for comparison means. The polymer samples were characterized by carbon-13 magnetic nuclear resonance (13C-NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TG), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Also, mechanical experiments were performed, in order to determine the grain pack permeability, according to API RP 61 and API RP 58. In this way, a predefined amount of polymer grains were separately confined into cylindrical metallic cells, with substances commonly used to treat hydrocarbon formations (15 % HCl, 10 % potassium diethylene triamine pentaacetate and a solvent mixture, like xylene 45 %, diesel oil 45 % and EGMBE 10 %) and sea water and petroleum, likewise. The samples were submitted to a temperature of 70oC, a pressure of 24,1 MPa, which were maintained constant. Cell rotational agitation did not varied in the experiments. The exposure time was 24 and 96 hours, for the aggressive chemical products, and 172 days for sea water and oil. During the latter period, samples were periodically collected to test the polymer conditions, using all the above techniques, but the 13C-NMR. The pack permeability was analyzed only by the end of each established exposition period. The test results were compared to those obtained to non-exposed polymers and they have shown that POM was degraded by 15 % HCl. On the other hand, PET samples did not present significant changes under test conditions. Therefore, it has being concluded that the use of recycled PET as sand control agent is viable.