Na presente pesquisa foi elaborada uma metodologia investigativa inerente aos efluentes de estaÃÃes de tratamento de esgotos no estado do CearÃ. Para esse estudo foram considerados padrÃes DBO (Demanda BioquÃmica de OxigÃnio), DQO (Demanda QuÃmica de OxigÃnio), SST (SÃlidos Suspensos Totais), CF (Coliformes Fecais), Temperatura, Compostos Nitrogenados (AmÃnia, FÃsforo, Nitrato) e pH, como os parÃmetros mais representativos, por serem usuais no monitoramento de ETEâs, conforme os patamares estabelecidos pelo CONAMA (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente) e por legislaÃÃes estaduais SEMACE (SuperintendÃncia do Meio Ambiente do Estado do CearÃ). O principal objetivo foi elaborar uma metodologia investigativa à qualidade do tratamento de esgotos, bem como analisar a variabilidade das amostras efluentes, a confiabilidade, a estabilidade das estaÃÃes, classificar os efluentes quanto Ãs normas do Programa de PoluiÃÃo de Bacias HidrogrÃfica (PRODES) e analisar o impacto do polimento de efluentes utilizando microalgas do tipo Spirulina platensis. A metodologia foi a abordagem e a experimentaÃÃo, qualitativa e quantitativa de parÃmetros, compreendendo avaliaÃÃo da eficiÃncia, confiabilidade e estabilidade, que contribuiram para a aproximaÃÃo das sistemÃticas de projeto com alteraÃÃes das variÃveis referentes Ãs ETEâs. A avaliaÃÃo Ãs normas mostrou que as ETEs estudadas atingiram desempenhos irregulares, considerando os padrÃes de eficiÃncia e nÃveis de confianÃa rigorosos. TambÃm, foi verificado que, o mÃximo padrÃo atingido pelas EstaÃÃes cearenses se mostrou ser o nÃvel F, considerado de patamar mediano. Constatou-se ainda que, o polimento com microalgas promoveu um abatimento de 51,5%, 39,4% e 38,7% da carga de DQO, DBO e SST, respectivamente, com relaÃÃo ao efluente do esgoto tratado convencionalmente / In the present research was an elaborate investigative methodology inherent in effluent from sewage treatment plants in the State of CearÃ. For this study were considered patterns BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), COD (chemical oxygen demand), TSS (Total suspended solids), CF (faecal coliforms), temperature, Nitrogen Compounds (Ammonia, phosphorus, nitrate) and pH, as the most representative parameters, as usual in the monitoring of ETE's, as the levels established by CONAMA (National Environment Council) and by State laws SEMACE (supervision of the Environment of the State of CearÃ). The main objective is to elaborate a methodology research to quality of sewage treatment, as well as analyze the variability of the effluent samples, reliability, stability, sort the waste stations as Pollution program standards of Hydrographic Basins (PRODES) and analyze the impact of effluent polishing using microalgae like Spirulina platensis. The methodology was the approach and experimentation, qualitative and quantitative information, including evaluation of the efficiency, reliability and stability, which contributed to the rapprochement of systematic project with changes of variables concerning ETE ' s. The evaluation showed that the standards ETEs studied reached irregular performances, considering the standards of efficiency and strict confidence levels. Also, it was verified that the default maximum hit from Cearà Stations turned out to be the level F, considered median level. It was noted further that the polishing with microalgae promoted a reduction of 51.5%, 39.4% and 38.7% of the load of cod, BOD and TSS, respectively, with respect to the conventionally treated sewage effluent.

Den genomförda litteraturstudien är av integrativ ansats med syfte att granska eventuella effekter av kriminalitetsprogrammet Enhanced Thinking Skills (ETS). Studien har genomförts genom en granskning av 14 internationella studier, utvärderingar och metaanalyser av ETS. En systematisk metod har tillämpats för att kunna besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar. I analysförfarandet har det skett en syntetisering för att sammanställa och jämföra de olika artiklarna. Vidare har analysen stärkts genom tidigare forskning och de teoretiska utgångspunkterna kognitiv teori, återfall i brott samt utvärderingsproblematik. Resultatet tyder på att ETS programmet har positiv effekt för de intagna. Främst för programfullföljare och lämpliga deltagare (medelriskintagna). Varaktigheten av ETS effektivitet kan dock inte garanteras på grund av brist på uppföljningar. Genom litteraturöversikten har det belysts problem som kan uppstå vid utvärderingar. Dessa problem är matchningen av ETS-gruppen och kontrollgruppen, tidsperioden för utvärderingar, om de intagna är lämpade att delta i programmet, olika kontrollvariabler samt behandlingstroheten. De brister som urskilts i slutsatsen har föranlett förslag till vidare forskning.

L'objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier la biogéographie et l'évolution de deux groupes de plantes en Iran: Verbascum et Artemisia. Pour réaliser cet objectif, plusieurs phylogénies moléculaires ont été construits pour chacun de ces deux genres, et plusieurs caractères morphologiques ont été analysés. Les échantillons pour cette thèse ont été collectés en Iran au cours de mission de terrain et comparés aux spécimens d'herbier de plusieurs herbiers en Europe et en Iran. Cette étude a permis la collecte de presque toutes les espèces d'Iran. Pour les études moléculaires des feuilles ont été prélevées et conservées dans du silica-gel, à partir duquel l'ADN a été extrait et séquencé pour plusieurs régions. Pour Verbascum nous avons construit une phylogénie moléculaire comprenant 77 taxons représentant 38 espèces, à l'aide de la région nucléaire (ITS) et de quatre régions chloroplastiques (trnL-F, trnS-G, trnH-psbA et matK en partie). Les caractères morphologiques utilisés pour délimiter les groupes taxonomiques dans ce grand genre ont été examinées attentivement et comparées à la phylogénie moléculaire. Nous avons construit une autre phylogénie pour Artemisia avec seulement deux régions nucléaires ITS et ETS, en raison de l'insuffisance de résolution des marqueurs chloroplastiques pour ce genre. Nous avons pu inclure 48 taxa dans notre analyse, 22 en provenance d'Iran et 26 en provenance de Turquie. Comme de nombreuses études ont déjà été menées sur Artemisia, nous avons inclus nos séquences dans une grande phylogénie, incluant presque toutes les séquences publiées lors d'études précédentes en vue de construire un cadre phylogénétique robuste pour notre étude et de juger de l'apport des espèces turques et iraniennes à la phylogénie d'Artemisia. Les résultats de la phylogénie moléculaire de Verbascum montrent qu'il s'agit d'un genre monophylétique, mais n'a pas permis de proposer de classification infra-générique en accord avec la classification de Murbeck (1933) ou d'Huber-Morath (1981). Certains des caractères clés proposées par ces auteurs sont plésiomorphes et seule une combinaison de caractères peut aider à faire quelques regroupement. Au cours de cette étude deux espèces nouvelles ont été décrites: V. shahsavarensis et V. parsana et des espèces sont notées pour la première fois en Iran. L'inclusion des espèces iranienness et turques d'Artemisia a permis d'élargir les études existantes particulièrement pauvres en espèces provenant de ces deux régions. Les résultats phylogénétiques pour Artemisia ont montré que la région ETS fournit plus de sites variables et potentiellement informatifs qu'ITS. Cependant l'ajout de taxons iraniens et turcs n'a pas résolu les problèmes de délimitation des lignées majeures d'Artemisia et les résultats largement congruents avec les études précédentes. En outre, nos résultats confirment la décision d'inclure dans Artemisia certaines espèces comme Sphaeromeria capitata (A. capitata) et Sphaeromeria argentea (A. macarthuri) dans le genre Artemisia. En conclusion ce travail apporte des données nouvelles pour un genre peu étudié comme Verbascum et pour Artemisia des données sur des espèces non incluses précédemment dans les phylogénies d'Artemisia. Globalement cette étude a aussi démontré que les caractères morphologiques ne suffisent pas à définir de classification sub-générique dans ces deux genres et indiquent clairement que certains sous-genres ou des sections d'Artemisia comme Verbascum , exigent des changements dans leur délimitation. / The purpose of this doctoral thesis was to investigate the biogeography and evolution of two groups of plants in Iran: Verbascum and Artemisia. To fulfill this objective, molecular phylogenies were built for these two genera and morphological characters were analyzed. Samples were collected in Iran during field trips and compared to herbarium specimens from several herbaria in Europe and Iran. During this survey nearly all species from Iran were collected. For molecular studies they were collected in silica-gel, from which DNA was extracted and sequenced for several regions. For Verbascum we constructed a phylogeny with 77 taxa representing 38 species and sequenced them with Nuclear (ITS) and four chloroplastic regions (trnL-F, trnS-G, trnH-psbA and partial matK). Morphological characters used to delimits taxonomic groups in this large genus were closely examined and compared to the molecular phylogeny. We built another phylogeny for Artemisia with only nuclear regions ITS and ETS due to the lack of resolution of chloroplastic markers for this genus. We were able to include 48 taxa in our analysis, 22 from Iran and we added 26 from Turkey. As many studies have already been conducted on Artemisia, we also included them into a large phylogeny, with almost all the previous published sequences of Artemisia to establish a robust phylogenetic framework. The results from Verbascum's molecular phylogeny showed this is a monophyletic genus, but it cannot confirm the previous sub-genera classification provided by Murbeck (1933) and Huber-Morath (1981). Our result showed that some of the key characters proposed by those authors are plesiomorphic and probably only a combination of character states can help to do some grouping. During the survey of Verbascum species, some new records for Iran and two news species were encountered: V. shahsavarensis and V. parsana. The inclusion of Iranian and Turkish species of Artemisia widened the existing studies particularly poor in species from both regions. The phylogenetic results of Artemisia showed that partial ETS could provide more variable and potentially informative sites than the whole ITS. However the addition of Iranian and Turkish taxa did not produce topology conflicts among the major Artemisia lineages and results largely agreed with previous studies with a few exceptions. Also, our results confirm the decision to sink some species like Sphaeromeria capitata (A. capitata) and Sphaeromeria argentea (A. macarthuri) into the genus Artemisia. This work brought new data to a poorly known genus, Verbascum in that region and added species not included previously in phylogenies for Artemisia. Overal this study showed that morphological characters alone are not enough to define subgeneric classification. The result of Verbascum pave the way for future investigations, and Artemisia analysis clearly states that some subgenus or sections of Artemisia, require changes in their delimitation.

Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous interrogeons sur la concurrence que peut potentiellement apporter les recycleurs sur un marché des matières premières traditionnellement dominé par un oligopole minier. Dans quelle mesure les recycleurs peuvent-ils concurrencer les firmes minières et quels sont les effets sur l'oligopole? Comme deuxième axe de recherche, nous tenons compte du différentiel d'externalités environnementales qui existe entre les deux types d'offre. Nous intégrons donc dans notre modèle une subvention au recyclage ainsi qu'une taxe sur la pollution minière, ceci, en réponse aux deux distorsions de marché que sont la structure non concurrentielle de l'extraction minière et les externalités qui sont associées à cette activité. Pour donner une dimension empirique à cette thèse, nous utilisons les marchés du minerai de fer et de l'acier. Préalablement à l'analyse de la concurrence avec les recycleurs, nous effectuons dans le cadre du Chapitre 1, une analyse de l'évolution des marchés du fer et de l'acier suite au choc de demande des années 2000. La concentration de la demande autour des sidérurgistes chinois ainsi que la stratégie mise en place par les autorités à partir de 2010, aboutissent à l'existence d'un monopsone contrarié sur le marché mondial du minerai de fer.En se recentrant sur l'amont de la chaîne de valeur, notre Chapitre 2 pose le cadre théorique de la concurrence entre les entreprises minières et les recycleurs. A travers un modèle Cournot-Stackelberg, nous montrons que la part de marché du secteur minier augmente avec le degré de concurrence de ce secteur. Les recycleurs ne peuvent en effet pas augmenter de manière significative leur part de marché si une technologie de recyclage efficace n'est pas, dans le même temps, associée à une importante disponibilité de déchets. Cette double condition est également nécessaire pour garantir la diminution de la rente minière. Par ailleurs, nous mettons en avant l'existence d'un niveau de technologie de recyclage minimum pour que les recycleurs puissent entrer sur le marché. La prise en compte du différentiel d'externalités environnementales dans le Chapitre 3 renforce la nécessité d'une augmentation de l'offre de matières secondaires, au regard de son effet bénéfique sur le bien-être. L'instauration d'une taxe environnementale sur la production minière s'avère, à cet effet, moins pertinente qu'une subvention au recyclage. La taxe renforce la contrainte de capacités pour les recycleurs, repose sur une nécessaire évaluation de la pollution minière difficile à réaliser pour certaines matières premières, et des limites quant à sa mise en œuvre semblent également se poser. A l'inverse, l'instauration d'une subvention au recyclage aurait des effets significatifs sur les parts de marché des recycleurs et sur la nécessaire baisse des dommages liés à l'extraction. Comme nous le montrons, la différence d'effets entre les deux politiques est d'autant plus forte lorsque le niveau de recyclage initial est faible. Enfin, en s'intéressant à une politique publique axée sur la demande de matières plutôt que sur l'offre, le Chapitre 4 met en exergue la faible incitation du marché européen du carbone sur la baisse des émissions de CO$_2$ des sidérurgistes, et donc sur un potentiel recours accru à la matière secondaire. Nous montrons également comment cette politique climatique interfère avec la politique de concurrence car elle bénéficie essentiellement aux leaders du marché, au détriment du principe de concurrence libre et non faussée qui prévaut au sein du marché commun. Plus surprenant, nos résultats indiquent que le leader du marché est la firme la moins efficace dans la consommation de matières premières, par rapport à la quantité d'acier produite et aux émissions de CO2 générées. A l'inverse, la firme qui semble être la plus efficace est, dans le même temps, celle qui aurait été la moins avantagée dans l'attribution des quotas gratuits depuis 2007. / In addition to a solution for managing end-of-life products, recycling is also an alternative to the production of virgin raw materials. In this thesis, we are therefore wondering about this new form of competition that could potentially include recyclers, on a commodity market traditionally dominated by a mining oligopoly. To what extent can recyclers compete with mining firms and what are the effects on oligopoly? As a second line of research, we consider the differential of environmental externalities that exists between the two types of supply. We therefore include in our model a recycling subsidy and a tax on mining pollution, in response to the two market distortions: the non-competitive structure of mining extraction and the externalities that are associated with this activity. To give an empirical dimension to this thesis, we use the iron and steel industry. Prior to the analysis of the competition with recyclers, we carry out in Chapter 1, an analysis of the evolution of the markets of iron and steel following the demand shock since the year 2000. The concentration of the demand from Chinese steelmakers as well as the strategy put in place by the authorities from 2010, led to a new market structure of the world iron ore market: a thwarted monopsony.By focusing on the upstream value chain, Chapter 2 sets the theoretical framework for competition between mining firms and recyclers. Through a Cournot-Stackelberg model, we show that the market share of the mining sector increases with the degree of competition in this sector. Recyclers cannot significantly increase their market share if an efficient recycling technology is not associated with a high availability of waste. This dual condition is also necessary to ensure the reduction of the mining rent. In addition, we highlight the requirement of a minimum level of recycling technology for recyclers to enter the market.Taking into account the differential of environmental externalities in Chapter 3 strengthens the need for increasing the supply of secondary materials, with regard to its positive effect on social wellfare. For this purpose, the introduction of an environmental tax on mining extraction is less relevant than a subsidy for recycling. The tax reinforces the capacity constraint for recyclers, relies on a necessary assessment of mining pollution that is difficult to achieve for certain raw materials, and there are limits on its implementation which also seem to arise. On the other hand, the introduction of a recycling subsidy would have a significant impact on recyclers' market share and the necessary reduction of extraction-related damages. As we show, the difference in effects between the two policies is even stronger when the initial level of recycling is low.Finally, by focusing on a public policy based on the demand for materials rather than on supply, Chapter 4 highlights the weak incentive of the EU-ETS to reduce CO2 emissions from steelmakers, and therefore a potential increase of the secondary input instead of the virgin one. We also show how this climate policy interferes with the EU competition policy because it mainly benefits market leaders, to the detriment of the principle of free and undistorted competition prevailing in the EU market. More surprisingly, our results indicate that the market leader is the least efficient firm in the consumption of raw materials, considering the quantity of steel produced and the CO$_2$ emissions generated. Conversely, the firm that seems to be the most efficient would also have been least favoured when free allowances were allocated from 2007 onwards.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第23448号 / 経博第646号 / 新制||経||299(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 諸富 徹, 教授 岡 敏弘, 准教授 長谷川 誠, 特定准教授 Rudolph Sven / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DFAM

Master thesis on topic Design of intelligent data distribution network is focused on the design of KNX bus system. The theoretical part is focused on problematic of KNX technology and on the rules, regulations and forms which must correct project documentation contain. The practical part is focused on creation of complete design of project documentation KNX bus system. In this thesis is basically shown how project documentation should look like.

The thesis is focused on bus systems and their control by GUI. Basic energy management principles and the mostly known bus systems are analysed in the first – theoretical part of the paper. The theoretical part is then focused on software tool ETS 4, which is used for activation of system installation KNX. Software tool SmartServer, which is used for communication between bus system KNX and web interface, is described at the end of the first theoretical part. Two laboratory boards assembled of KNX and DALI parts were constructed in the second – practical part. Three laboratory tasks, which are prepared so they are related to theoretical description in previous part, were submitted in next step. Aim of the first task is to introduce basics of the board and PriOn interface. The second task is focused on DALI components and temperature control with PriOn regulating device. Creating of basic visualization and controlling of the board with SmartServer is described in the last task.

The thesis deals with the topic of intelligent installation systems in the context of non-industrial automation. The first part discusses the KNX technology as well as realization of educational board demonstrating the i-bus® intelligent installation by ABB, designed according to KNX/EIB standard. Text further explains the specifics of board elements in detail. Second part is dedicated to created tutorial tasks, targeted to be used by students. These tasks are focused on the basic board element properties and their collaboration.

2,2′-Bipyridine (BPy), one of the most widely used ligands in coordination chemistry, exists naturally in the s-trans conformation but must preorganize to the s-cis conformer in order to form chelating complexes. Lower stability of the s-cis conformer was mainly attributed to steric 3,3′-hydrogen clashes and nitrogen lone pair-lone pair interactions, but recent trends in the literature suggest that these clashes might be bonding interactions in similar molecules. These close contacts are also present in metal complexes with BPy and are often used as “steric repulsions” in order to explain trends in formation constants. In the present work we investigate the CH•••HC interaction in the free ligand as well as in ZnII(BPy)n(OH2)6-2n and NiII(BPy)n(OH2)6-2n complexes. We use multiple distinct advances in theoretical chemistry in order to arrive at a consistent and coherent model describing these interactions. The Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) reveals the presence of an atomic interaction line (a bond path) for the CH•••HC interaction. Using the Interacting Quantum Atoms (IQA) energy decomposition scheme we show that the CH•••HC interaction is attractive and quantum mechanical in nature. The Extended Transition State coupled with Natural Orbitals for Chemical Valence (ETS-NOCV) energy decomposition scheme show favorable orbital mixing, and Non-Covalent Interaction (NCI) analysis reveals that no steric (Pauli) strain exists in the valence (overlap) regions of the interaction - electron density is concentrated rather than depleted in the bonding region. We also studied various other interactions, ranging from purely repulsive (N--N interaction in the s-cis conformer of BPy), purely electrostatic (CH•••N interaction in s-trans conformer of BPy), H-bonding (CH–N and CH–O bonds in complexes) to coordination bonds and covalent bonds. Using a comparative approach, we show the similarities and differences among the interactions, and conclude that the CH•••HC interaction cannot be classified as a “steric repulsion” - the interaction is similar in properties to every studied known bonding interaction and opposite in nature to the studied known repulsions. Finally, we suggest novel interpretations and understanding of the nature of intramolecular interactions and the field of theoretical chemistry, as well as representing the first work to combine and corroborate QTAIM, IQA, NCI and ETS-NOCV findings. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Chemistry / unrestricted

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of a market-based greenhouse gases price on green innovation by testing the Hicksian theory of induced innovation. To test whether causality exists, panel data compiled of 30 countries over 13 years (2005-2017) have been used. The study is restricted to the European Union emission trading scheme, where the price of EUA has been used as a market-based price for greenhouse gases. To capture the effect on innovation, an approximation for innovation in the form of patent counts have been employed using the patent category Y02 constructed by the EPO. The result suggests that green innovation is affected by the price of the EUA, total CO2 emissions and tax revenue from energy. This study employed a knowledge stock variable that was not found to be significant, contrary to previous literature on induced innovation. The incidence rate ratio associated with the  permits price indicates that a one euro increase in price would result in a 1.135 % increase in the patenting of green technology. The result suggests that a higher price in  permits would stimulate innovation of green technology within the European Union.