This study investigates Kinyarwaanda sexuality taboo words and their meaning in Rwandan culture to enable the youth to improve their communication and the values of Rwandan culture. It explores whether the use of Kinyarwaanda sexuality taboo words is a good way to communicate with one another or is a transgression of Rwandan culture. Its intent is to see the value that Rwandans assign to verbal taboos, particularly sexuality taboo words, to see how these taboos regulate Rwandans lives, to see the attitudes Rwandans hold towards them, and to find out the link there might be between sexuality taboo words, the information dissemination on HIV/AIDS and the spread of AIDS.

Notre recherche trouve sa raison d’être au cours de l’été 2007 lorsque le marché américain des prêts immobiliers hypothécaires - les désormais célèbres prêts subprimes, octroyés aux ménages en situation de difficulté financière et dont la capacité de remboursement était très faible, voire nulle - s’effondre en engendrant une crise très violente qui, en l’espace de quelques mois, s’étend au monde entier et frappe les secteurs les plus divers de la finance jusqu’à atteindre, comme il était prévisible, l’économie réelle. Confrontés à ces faits et inondés par une avalanche de mots identiques, de discours dangereusement uniformes, de solutions uniques étrangement partagées par tout le monde, nous avons été envahis par un sentiment de mécompréhension, de perplexité et de méfiance qui nous a incité à lire entre les lignes, à analyser, filtrer et interpréter l’information qui nous parvenait. Cette activité nous a permis de porter notre réflexion sur l’hypothèse que la presse diffuse un type de discours homogène, unique et standardisé se caractérisant par le recours à certaines techniques discursives permettant de soutenir le modèle économique néolibéral et d’orienter le lecteur vers une perception de la réalité économique façonnée à l’image de celui-ci. Nous appellerons ce discours, discours économiquement correct. Cette hypothèse sera vérifiée suite à l’analyse d’un ensemble d’articles issus des pages économiques de trois quotidiens français et de trois quotidiens italiens d’information générale et d’importance majeure : Le Monde, Libération, Le Figaro, La Stampa, La Repubblica et Il Corriere della Sera. Compte tenu de ces considérations, notre objectif sera celui d’analyser la manière dont la presse traite le problème de la crise et notre domaine de recherche sera celui des pages économiques de la presse générale ; nous serons donc confrontés à l’analyse d’un langage – ou plus exactement, d’un discours – de vulgarisation économique. Dans la première partie de notre travail – conçue comme un état des lieux de la problématique posée – nous introduirons les concepts clés de notre recherche. Nous approcherons donc ici les questions définitionnelles en proposant, dans un premier temps, une description historique retraçant les étapes principales du développement de l’euphémisme du Moyen Âge au XXIe siècle et, dans un deuxième temps, une réflexion autour du concept même d’euphémisme. Nous prêterons également attention à l’évolution du journalisme économique. La deuxième partie de notre travail fera donc l’objet d’une étude dont la problématique s’inscrit dans la volonté de préciser la nature du discours économiquement correct. La troisième partie de notre thèse se présentera comme une réflexion autour du caractère manipulatoire du discours économiquement correct.Dans la quatrième partie, nous élaborerons un outil lexicographique bilingue, répertoriant les substituts potentiellement euphémiques identifiés au cours de notre recherche. / The aim of this work is to study the way in which the euphemization of economic speech, vulgarized by general press, supports the elaboration of a homogeneous and standardized speech characterized by the use of some speech techniques supporting neoliberalism. This speech will be called economically correct. This work is based upon a corpus consisting of a set of articles from the economic pages of the national French and Italian dailies Le Monde, Libération, Le Figaro, La Stampa, La Repubblica et Il Corriere della Sera.

Magister Artium - MA / This thesis is a sociolinguistic exploration of the research that was conducted on the Manenberg community. It focuses on the community’s socio-economic vices such as gangsterism, drug trafficking, drug addiction, prostitution, lack of education, poverty, unemployment, domestic violence and so forth (c.f. Salo, 2004; Willenberg & September, 2008). Taking these factors into account, the research explores discourses surrounding HIVand AIDS messages and investigates whether such euphemisms are dependent on age and gender. This study also evaluates the politeness strategies employed by the youths and adults as means to de-taboo taboo talk related to HIV and AIDS

The thesis investigates one aspect of intracultural communication among the Czech Deaf community. Namely, it surveys those themes which are considered to be taboo among Czech Deaf signers and in which ways they are discussed. This topic is explored from the pragmalinguistic perspective. The meanings of terms such as "taboo" and "euphemism" are explained on the basis of theories of politeness. Thereafter, the topics that are regarded to be taboo in the Czech (hearing) culture are presented, as the source of euphemisms in some foreign sign languages. On the basis of such knowledge, the methodology for a pilot investigation into the tabulation of how communication within the Czech Deaf community was created. Based on semi-structured interviews with five Deaf informants it is examined whether the topics of death, serious diseases, human anatomy and physiology, sexual behavior, social inequality in regards to economic status, as well as socially unacceptable behavior such as drunkenness, lying, stealing and cheating are felt to be taboo during communication among the Czech Deaf community. It was proved that the community tabooed many of these topics in a similar way as the hearing Czech. If the Deaf users of Czech Sign Language need or want to talk about them, they often use such lexemes that could be,...

События, вызванные распространением пандемии COVID-19 нашли отражение во всех сферах жизни общества, а также в языке и коммуникативных явлениях, которые представлены в публицистическом дискурсе. Специфика публицистического дискурса накладывает отпечаток на использование оценочной лексики – эвфемизмов и дисфемизмов. Публицистический дискурс как сфера функционирования эвфемизмов и дисфемизмов способствует формированию общественной мысли, оказывает воздействие на аудиторию с использованием языковых средств. Наиболее выразительными языковыми средствами, способными произвести как положительный, нейтральный или негативный эффект, являются эвфемизмы и дисфемизмы. Актуальность исследования определяется возросшим интересом к изучению оценочной лексики в немецкоязычном публицистическом дискурсе по теме коронавируса. Изучение языковых явлений, эвфемии и дисфемии, представляется перспективным в связи их функционированием в публицистическом дискурсе. В работе определены сферы функционирования эвфемизмов и дисфемизмов, предпринята попытка сформулировать рекомендации по переводу оценочной лексики для сохранения семантических, стилистических и прагматических особенностей эвфемизмов и дисфемизмов. В первой главе рассмотрены подходы к определению эвфемизмов и дисфемизмов, классификации и способы образования, что позволяет считать их членами лингвистической дихотомии. Во второй главе проанализированы семантические, стилистические и прагматические особенности эвфемизмов и дисфемизмов, представлены рекомендации по переводу эвфемизмов и дисфемизмов с учетом выявленных особенностей. / The events caused by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic are reflected in all spheres of society, as well as in the language and communicative phenomena that are presented in the journalistic discourse. The specificity of journalistic discourse leaves an imprint on the use of evaluative vocabulary – euphemisms and dysphemisms. Journalistic discourse as a sphere of functioning of euphemisms and dysphemisms contributes to the formation of public thought has an impact on the audience using linguistic means. The most expressive language means capable of producing both a positive, neutral or negative effect are euphemisms and dysphemisms. The relevance of the study is determined by the increased interest in the study of evaluative vocabulary in the German-language journalistic discourse on the topic of coronavirus. The study of linguistic phenomena, euphemia and dysphemia, seems promising in connection with their functioning in journalistic discourse. The paper defines the spheres of functioning of euphemisms and dysphemisms, attempts to formulate recommendations for the translation of evaluative vocabulary to preserve semantic, stylistic and pragmatic features of euphemisms and dysphemisms. In the first chapter, approaches to the definition of euphemisms and dysphemisms, classifications and methods of education are considered, which allows them to be considered members of a linguistic dichotomy. In the second chapter analyzes the semantic, stylistic and pragmatic features of euphemisms and dysphemisms, provides recommendations for the translation of euphemisms and dysphemisms, taking into account the identified features.

The study is based on the lexical choices in the social context of EkeGusii circumcision and the meaning of the various lexical items used in the social context of circumcision and gender differentiation in the choice of the lexicon of EkeGusii circumcision. This special variety is also used within EkeGusii standard variety but when used in the context of circumcision, the meaning of the lexical items is understood based on context. It is believed that language embodies traditional values and that these values are socially conditioned. This study considers the social conditioning of the circumcision social varieties. Linguistic traditional values of EkeGusii language are reflected in, among others, gender differentiation in the choice of the lexicon in the social context of circumcision. The study was based on two theories; the social theory and contrastive lexico-semantic theory. Social theory was useful in analyzing language in society and what language means to its users while contrastive lexico-semantic theory was useful in analyzing EkeGusii culture-specific meaning which does not translate readily to English. Participatory observation, interview schedules, informers, questionnaires and introspection were used to collect data. Data was analyzed qualitatively in view of the choice of the lexicon within language variation. Findings showed that the sound plays an important role in postulating meaning of EkeGusii Circumcision Social Varieties (ECSV) through vowel lengthening. The lexicon of ECSV comprises nouns and verbs and that this lexicon is a style as well as register of EkeGusii. Gender differentiation in the language is a case of socialization rather than biological. Finally, meaning relations established by the lexicon of ECSV include synonymy, hyponymy, polysemy as well as antonymy. It is recommended in this study that teachers should be trained on Sociolinguistics, carry out classroom research to identify the learners’ sociolinguistic culture and integrate an individual learner with others in the same level especially since the school has taken the role of socialization of an individual. / African Languages / M.A. (African languages)

Orientador: José Augusto Chaves Guimarães / Banca: João Batista Ernesto de Moraes / Banca: Eduardo Ismael Murguia Marañon / Banca: Juan Carlos Fernández-Molina / Banca: Miriam Figueiredo Vieira da Cunha / Resumo: Os estudos sobre a ética na Organização e Representação do Conhecimento, especialmente no Tratamento Temático da Informação, têm colaborado para sedimentar os referenciais teóricos e metodológicos da Ciência da Informação, que se justificam pelo pressuposto da inclusão social que, enquanto um metavalor, se situa entre o preconceito social e o proselitismo, formando um cenário onde três universos axiológicos convivem: o do documento ou informação, o do usuário e o do bibliotecário. Por isso, a indexação está ligada a uma dimensão ética porque deve preocupar-se com sua confiabilidade e utilidade em relação a determinadas comunidades discursivas ou domínios específicos. Nesse sentido, propõe-se, por meio de uma pesquisa exploratória e documental, com características qualitativas e indutivas, identificar a máxima especificidade terminológica que linguagens de indexação brasileiras permitem para termos relativos à homossexualidade masculina, analisando como corpus investigativo os termos atribuídos aos artigos científicos publicados na Journal of Homosexuality, Sexualities e Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, entre os anos de 2005 a 2009. Do cotejo e análise dos termos e das linguagens de indexação brasileiras verifica-se uma aproximação de significados no contexto brasileiro, imprecisão terminológica, com indícios de preconceitos disseminados através do 'politicamente correto', representação inadequada da temática e a presença de figuras de linguagem / Abstract: The studies on ethics in Knowledge Organization and Representation, especially in the Subject Approach to Information, have collaborated to establish the theoretical and methodological aspects of Information Science which are justified by the assumption of social inclusion, as a metavalue, it situated itself between social prejudice and proselytize, creating a situation where three axiological universes coexist: the document or information, the user and the librarian. Therefore, the indexing is linked to an ethical dimension because it must concern itself with its reliability and usefulness in certain discourse communities or specific domains. In this direction, it is proposed through an exploratory and documental research with qualitative and inductive characteristics to identify the maximum specific terminological that Brazilian indexing languages allow for terms relating to male homosexuality, analyzing like investigative corpus the terms assigned to papers published in the Journal of Homosexuality, Sexualities and Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, between the years 2005 to 2009. From confrontation and analysis of terms and the Brazilian indexing languages there is an approximation of meaning in the Brazilian context, imprecision in the terminology, with indications of prejudices disseminate by 'politically correct', the biased representation of the thematic and the presence of figures of speech / Doutor

This thesis describes the issue of the use of euphemisms in contemporary Russian language. It is aims to determine thematic areas in which euphemisms are used in contemporary Russian and compare it with conclusions of previous research. Another purpose of the research is determine function of euphemisms for particular thematic areas and compare frequency of incidence of euphemisms in lifestyle magazines for woman and newspaper with extensive target group. Material for the research was derived from the Russian press. Collected examples have not been used in previous studies. Based on theoretical findings thematic areas of using euphemisms and their functions were determined. Collected examples were explored from several perspectives - function, thematic areas they were used for, connection between context and perception of particular name as euphemism, description in the literature etc. One of the conclusions of this thesis is finding that there are thematic areas where euphemisms are used in contemporary Russian that have not been described in the literature. It has been determined that thematic areas of euphemisms incidence and frequency of their use were differed according to sort of periodicals they were found in. In case of frequent occurrence of particular euphemism can be regarded as its...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:22:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pinho_fa_dr_mar.pdf: 716830 bytes, checksum: a4b9f3b53e176c7d62f77738c43b6170 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os estudos sobre a ética na Organização e Representação do Conhecimento, especialmente no Tratamento Temático da Informação, têm colaborado para sedimentar os referenciais teóricos e metodológicos da Ciência da Informação, que se justificam pelo pressuposto da inclusão social que, enquanto um metavalor, se situa entre o preconceito social e o proselitismo, formando um cenário onde três universos axiológicos convivem: o do documento ou informação, o do usuário e o do bibliotecário. Por isso, a indexação está ligada a uma dimensão ética porque deve preocupar-se com sua confiabilidade e utilidade em relação a determinadas comunidades discursivas ou domínios específicos. Nesse sentido, propõe-se, por meio de uma pesquisa exploratória e documental, com características qualitativas e indutivas, identificar a máxima especificidade terminológica que linguagens de indexação brasileiras permitem para termos relativos à homossexualidade masculina, analisando como corpus investigativo os termos atribuídos aos artigos científicos publicados na Journal of Homosexuality, Sexualities e Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, entre os anos de 2005 a 2009. Do cotejo e análise dos termos e das linguagens de indexação brasileiras verifica-se uma aproximação de significados no contexto brasileiro, imprecisão terminológica, com indícios de preconceitos disseminados através do ‘politicamente correto’, representação inadequada da temática e a presença de figuras de linguagem / The studies on ethics in Knowledge Organization and Representation, especially in the Subject Approach to Information, have collaborated to establish the theoretical and methodological aspects of Information Science which are justified by the assumption of social inclusion, as a metavalue, it situated itself between social prejudice and proselytize, creating a situation where three axiological universes coexist: the document or information, the user and the librarian. Therefore, the indexing is linked to an ethical dimension because it must concern itself with its reliability and usefulness in certain discourse communities or specific domains. In this direction, it is proposed through an exploratory and documental research with qualitative and inductive characteristics to identify the maximum specific terminological that Brazilian indexing languages allow for terms relating to male homosexuality, analyzing like investigative corpus the terms assigned to papers published in the Journal of Homosexuality, Sexualities and Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, between the years 2005 to 2009. From confrontation and analysis of terms and the Brazilian indexing languages there is an approximation of meaning in the Brazilian context, imprecision in the terminology, with indications of prejudices disseminate by ‘politically correct’, the biased representation of the thematic and the presence of figures of speech

With data from the Corpus of Historical American English, this study charts the semantic development of lame, crippled, handicapped, and disabled from the 1900s to the 2010s. Using both qualitative concordance line examination and frequency data, it attempts to determine what types of change have occurred in American English (as represented by COHA) within each adjective. Further, the study isolates each adjective’s ‘human disability’ reference usage from its total frequency to determine a history of how people with disability have been described in the data period. The study finds that the trends of the adjectives’ ‘disability’ reference sense quite cleanly follows a euphemism treadmill (Pinker, 2007: 320): lame’s descent cooccurs with crippled’s ascent, which is also true for crippled and handicapped, and handicapped and disabled, with some overlap. Notable form-centric developments are the emergence of an abstract sense of lame through a metaphorical application of the ‘disability’ sense; the steady frequency of a metaphorical application of crippled to describe ‘damage’ in an inanimate noun referent; the rise of handicapped’s metonymical handicapped parking, against its general trend; and disabled’s semantically narrowed emergence as the most frequent lexical item after the US civil rights movement.