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"We are in the world, but not of the world," a maxim frequently spoken in evangelical Christian culture, provides insight into how these individuals view their relationship with secular culture. They presume to share the same temporal plane with secular culture, but do not participate in it. In this dissertation, I explore whether the division between evangelical Christian culture and secular culture is as clear as this aphorism implies. To facilitate this investigation, I examine media Christian content creators created for an American evangelical Christian young adult audience in the early twenty-first century, specifically focusing on novel-length fiction, comics and graphic novels, and video games. Guided by a methodology informed by structuralist and poststructuralist theories, I uncover patterns in these media. I conclude that the boundaries between evangelical Christian culture and secular culture are less distinct than might first appear, which indicates significant contact and influence between these cultures.

For my PhD thesis I conducted qualitative field research in a Chinese Christian community in Germany for two and a half years. The research was to explore what functions are fulfilled when Chinese students in Germany convert to Christianity. This survey is therefore not considered to be a contribution to the investigation of the reasons for conversion; instead, the approach is a functional one. From this premise arises the assumption that conversion is only one creative coping strategy amongst many in dealing with problems which confront every person. From the observed strategies for solving problems used by the protagonists, conclusions about the corresponding problem areas could be drawn. In this way it was possible to extract the most important motives for conversion.

Anne Brontë died in 1848, having written two novels, Agnes Grey (1847) and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848). Although these novels, especially The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, initially received a favourable critical response, the unsympathetic remarks of Charlotte Brontë and Elizabeth Gaskell initiated a dismissive attitude towards Anne Brontë’s work. For over a hundred years, she was marginalized and silenced by a critical world that admired and respected the work of her two sisters, Charlotte and Emily, but that refused to acknowledge the substantial merits of her own fiction. However, in 1959 revisionist scholars such as Derek Stanford, Ada Harrison and Winifred Gérin, offered important, more enlightened readings that helped to liberate Brontë scholarship from the old conservatisms and to direct it into new directions. Since then, her fiction has been the focus of a robust, but still incomplete, revisionist critical scholarship. My work too is revisionist in orientation, and seeks to position itself within this revisionist approach. It has a double focus that appraises both Brontë’s social commentary and her narratology. It thus integrates two principal areas of enquiry: firstly, an investigation into how Brontë interrogates the position of middle class women in their society, and secondly, an examination of how that interrogation is conveyed by her creative deployment of narrative techniques, especially by her awareness of the rich potential of the first person narrative voice. Chapter 1 looks at the critical response to Brontë’s fiction from 1847 to the present, and shows how the revisionist readings of 1959 were pivotal in re-invigorating the critical approach to her work. Chapter 2 contextualizes the key legal, social, and economic consequences of Victorian patriarchy that so angered and frustrated feminist thinkers and writers such as Brontë. The chapter also demonstrates the extent to which a number of her core concerns relating to Victorian society and the status of women are reflected in her work. In Chapter 3 I discuss three important biographical influences on Brontë: her family, her painful experiences as a governess, and her reading history. Chapter 4 contains a detailed analysis of Agnes Grey, which includes an exploration of the narrative devices that help to reinforce its core concerns. Chapter 5 focuses on The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, showing how the novel offers a richer and more sophisticated analysis of feminist concerns than those that are explored in Agnes Grey. These are broadened to include an investigation of the lives of married women, particularly those trapped in abusive marriages. The chapter also stresses Brontë’s skilful deployment of an intricate and layered narrative technique. The conclusion points to the ways in which my study participates in and extends the current revisionist trend and suggests some aspects of Brontë’s work that would reward further critical attention. / Thesis (DLitt)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / English / Unrestricted

For my PhD thesis I conducted qualitative field research in a Chinese Christian community in Germany for two and a half years. The research was to explore what functions are fulfilled when Chinese students in Germany convert to Christianity. This survey is therefore not considered to be a contribution to the investigation of the reasons for conversion; instead, the approach is a functional one. From this premise arises the assumption that conversion is only one creative coping strategy amongst many in dealing with problems which confront every person. From the observed strategies for solving problems used by the protagonists, conclusions about the corresponding problem areas could be drawn. In this way it was possible to extract the most important motives for conversion.:0. Einleitung, S. 1 0.1 Forschungsgegenstand, S. 1 0.2 Angewandte ethnografische Methoden, S. 2 0.3 Aufbau der Arbeit, S. 5 1. Historischer Hintergrund: Christentum in China, chinesische Christ(inn)en in den USA und Deutschland, S. 7 1.1 Geschichte der christlichen Mission in China, S. 7 1.1.1 Protestantische Mission von 1800 bis 1949, S. 7 1.1.2 Das protestantische Christentum in China von 1949 bis heute, S. 14 1.2 Konversion in China: Das Problem der chinesischen Termini und der gegenwärtige chinesische Forschungsstand zu Konversionsmotiven, S. 20 1.3 Konversion von Chines(inn)en zum Christentum in den USA: Gegenwärtiger Forschungsstand, S. 28 1.4 Chinesische Christen in Deutschland, S. 43 1.4.1 Geschichte der Chines(inn)en in Deutschland, S. 43 1.4.2 Allgemeines zur Chinesischen Evangelischen Gemeinde (CEG), S. 48 2. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Konversion, S. 54 2.1 Klassische psychologische Ansätze, S. 54 2.2 „Gehirnwäsche“, S. 61 2.3 Soziologische Konversionsforschung, S. 64 2.4 Rational-Choice-Theorie, S. 79 2.5 Erweiterung des funktionalistischen Ansatzes um Konzepte des religiösen Coping, S. 85 3. Familiäre Strukturen, Normen und Ideale der Chinesischen Evangelischen Gemeinde, S. 94 3.1 Die chinesische Familie: Struktur, Wandel, Relikte, S. 95 3.1.1 Traditionelle Familienstrukturen und konfuzianische Familienideale, S. 95 3.1.2 Die Transformation der traditionellen Familienstrukturen, S. 99 3.1.3 Die partielle „Restauration“ der traditionellen Familienstrukturen, S. 102 3.2 Die Chinesische Evangelische Gemeinde als christliche Familie, S. 109 3.2.1 Die Familienstruktur der CEG und damit verbundene Normen und Ideale, S. 110 3.2.2 Offizielle Familiennormen in der CEG und ihre Rezeption bei den Akteuren, S. 128 4. Funktionen der Konversion in der Chinesischen Evangelischen Gemeinde, S. 135 4.1 Methodische Reflexion, S. 135 4.2 Äußerer Rahmen: Hinführung, Bekenntnis, Taufe, S. 137 4.3 Ergebnisse der teilnehmenden Beobachtung, S. 140 4.3.1 Konversion als Realisation von Geborgenheit, S. 142 4.3.2 Konversion als Realisation von Sicherheit, S. 159 4.3.3 Konversion als Realisation von Heilung, S. 180 4.4 Auswertung der Bekehrungserzählungen und Interviews, S. 197 4.4.1 Konversion als Realisation von Geborgenheit, S. 198 4.4.2 Konversion als Realisation von Sicherheit, S. 224 4.4.3 Konversion als Realisation von Heilung, S. 252 5. Die Konversion chinesischer Studierender in Deutschland zum Christentum als familienorientierte Coping-Strategie zur Realisation von Geborgenheit, Sicherheit und Heilung, S. 271 5.1 Realisation von Geborgenheit zur Milderung von Einsamkeit und familiärer Disharmonie, S. 275 5.2 Realisation von Sicherheit zur Milderung von Überforderung, S. 281 5.3 Realisation von Heilung zur Milderung von Stressreaktionen auf äußere Schwierigkeiten sowie von psychischen Problemen, S. 283 6. Literaturverzeichnis, S. 288 7. Anhang, S. 313

This study investigates the role of the Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus (EECMY) in the development of the Oromo language. The main aim of the study is to provide an account of the contribution of this particular church to the maintenance and development of Oromo, which is spoken by the largest speech community in Ethiopia. The study draws on theoretical and methodological frameworks from the field of language planning and development. The main source of data was interviews and focus group discussions conducted with church leaders at different organisational levels and other members of the church community. In addition, documents found in the church archives were analysed. The findings indicate that a number of church activities have contributed to the maintenance and development of the language. These activities include translation and transliteration work of the Bible and other religious literature, literacy and educational programmes, media work as well as use of Oromo in the liturgy and church services. This study also examined the obstacles that hindered the development of Oromo. The main obstacle was the conflict within the EECMY that arose in 1995 over the use of the language. The study unearths the roots of the controversy through a brief historical examination of the church’s attempts to develop the language, despite opposition from the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and earlier regimes, which proscribed the use of the vernacular languages in Ethiopia. Thereafter it focuses on the internal conflict after the change to a democratic government when the situation in Ethiopia became more favourable towards use of vernacular languages. It identifies the causes of the conflict, the way in which it was resolved and the effects which it had on the development of the language. Recommendations are made for further research and some suggestions are given regarding ways to promote the future development of the Oromo language. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics)