Abstract Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate mechanisms of real-time language production of adults who stutter. Method: Data were analyzed for 19 typically fluent young adults (TFA) and 19 young adults who stutter (AWS). Participants performed a masked picture priming task where priming stimuli consisted of two conditions 1) Identity- a masked printed prime word identical to the picture target label, and 2) Unrelated- a masked printed prime word unrelated to the picture target label. Brain event-related potentials (ERPs), time-locked to pictures eliciting spontaneous naming, were recorded, as well as naming accuracy and reaction times. Results: Masked priming effects on ERP components were compared between groups. Priming modulated N400 amplitude in TFA while, at the same latency, priming modulated P300 amplitude in AWS. N400 is attributed to processing of meaningful stimuli, and P300 is a measure of effortful control. An even later priming effect generalized to both groups. Conclusion: Results suggest that post-lexical processing was similar in AWS and TFA, while lexical-semantic processing operated differently. Whereas TFA evidenced automaticity in activation and selection of target picture labels, AWS evidenced enhanced attentional control during lexical selection. We propose that AWS recruited a compensatory attentional mechanism to stabilize activation of target words on the path to naming. These conclusions suggest that clinically, AWS may benefit from vocabulary enrichment and attentional control treatment.

Neurological evidence indicates that instrumental musicians experience changes in the auditory system following skill acquisition and sensory training; yet, little is known about auditory neural plasticity in formally trained vocal musicians. Furthermore, auditory pitch discrimination and laryngeal control are recognized as essential skills for vocal musicians; however, the relationship between physiological variables, perceptual abilities, and vocal production is unclear. Electrophysiologic and psychoacoustic measures were used to examine pitch production accuracy as well as pre-attentive and active pitch discrimination between nonmusicians and two classes of musicians. Participants included 40 formally trained musicians (19 vocalists/21 instrumentalists) and 21 nonmusician controls. All were right-handed young adult females with normal hearing. Stimuli were harmonic tone complexes approximating the physical characteristics of piano tones and represented the mid-frequency range of the untrained female vocal register extending from C4 to G4 (F0 = 261.63-392 Hz). Vocal pitch recordings were spectrally analyzed to determine pitch production accuracy. Difference limens for frequency (DLFs) were obtained by an adaptive psychophysical paradigm. Pre-attentive auditory discrimination was assessed by auditory evoked potentials (AEPs), including the mismatch negativity (MMN). A standard tone (G4 = 392 Hz) and three deviants differing in frequency (1.5%, 3%, and 6% below) were presented in a multi-deviant paradigm. All musicians demonstrated superior pitch perception and vocal production compared to nonmusicians. Pitch perception and production accuracy did not significantly differ between vocalists and instrumentalists; however, pitch production accuracy was most consistent within the vocalist group. Music training appears to facilitate both auditory perception and vocal production regardless of music specialty. Pitch perception and production were correlated skills only for instrumental musicians. Vocalists demonstrated minimal variability for both skills so that perception and production were not correlated. These two skills may be independent abilities between which a relationship develops with training. AEP analysis revealed an influence of musical expertise on neural responses as early as 50 ms after onset of musically relevant stimuli. MMN responses indicate that vocal musicians as well as instrumental musicians have superior sensory memory representations for acoustic parameters of harmonic stimuli and imply that auditory neural sensitivity is developed by intense music training.

This thesis investigates the effect of normal ageing on the strategies adopted during episodic memory retrieval, using a combination of neuropsychological profiling and neuroimaging data measured during performance on a source memory exclusion task. The exclusion task is a type of source memory task where participants distinguish between targets (studied items from one source e.g. female voice), non-targets (studied items from another source e.g. male voice) and new items. Unlike a source memory task where three separate buttons are pressed for each item at test, in the exclusion task one button is pressed for targets and a second for non-target and new items. As this task is more complex than a normal source memory paradigm and also allows participants to perform the task in more than one way, it places high emphasis on the use of strategies to facilitate retrieval and is therefore ideal for investigating strategic retrieval. Previous source memory studies have shown that while older adults are reasonably good at recognising whether items are old or new, they show marked impairments at remembering the source in which items were presented at study. Dual process theories propose that the age-related decline in source memory occurs because recollection becomes impaired with ageing whereas familiarity remains relatively spared. The results reported in this thesis support dual process theory. Experiment 2a showed that, behaviourally, as expected, the young outperformed the elderly. Event-related potentials (ERPs), recorded while a source memory exclusion test was performed, revealed that both young and older adults showed bilateral frontal and left parietal old/new effects, thought to index familiarity and recollection respectively. Importantly, the magnitude of the left parietal effect was significantly reduced in the older adults. The ERP findings also suggested that dual process theories represent an oversimplification of episodic memory decline with age. In Experiment 1a, three temporally and topographically distinct late frontal old/new effects were present in the younger adults: a bilateral anterior frontal effect (450-900ms post stimulus), a right prefrontal effect (900-1300ms) and a right frontal effect (1300-2000ms). Significant positive correlations between the magnitude of these effects and performance on neuropsychological tests of executive functioning in Experiment 1b, revealed that the bilateral anterior frontal effect was related to working memory, strategy use and planning; the right prefrontal effect was related to working memory and planning while the right frontal effect was related to planning. By contrast, the older adults in Experiment 2a only produced the right frontal effect, which correlated with planning across all three time windows in Experiment 2c. Post-retrieval monitoring in older adults therefore appeared to be qualitatively different than their younger counterparts. Performance on the neuropsychological tests in Experiment 2b, revealed that the older adults’ working memory and strategy use was impaired compared to the young, whereas planning was relatively intact, suggesting that age-related differences in post retrieval processing may be due to reduced executive functioning in older adults. Identifying distinct late frontal effects and demonstrating a relationship between these effects and specific executive functions is a novel finding. The presence of a left parietal target greater than non-target difference in the young adults from Experiment 1a and 2a was interpreted as the young reducing recollection of irrelevant non-target information. The modulation did not differ in magnitude for targets and non-targets in the elderly adults from Experiment 2a, suggesting they were less able to reduce activation of goal irrelevant non-target information. The results in the young adults from Experiment 1a also highlight the importance of considering the context of source information on the processes engaged at retrieval. The bilateral frontal effect was significant for the retrieval of the intrinsic context (source information inherent to the studied item), but not the extrinsic context (source information not inherent to the studied item). This finding was interpreted within a unitisation framework, where the intrinsic context became unitised with the item and enhanced familiarity based remembering. The findings also highlight that in order to fully understand post retrieval processing in both young and old adults, focus should move away from examining quantitative differences in the right frontal effect over long time periods and instead identify qualitatively distinct late frontal effects that may reflect the engagement of various executive functions over time.

Το ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογράφημα αποτελεί μία μέθοδο καταγραφής των ηλεκτρικών σημάτων που παράγονται στο εσωτερικό του εγκεφάλου. Τα ηλεκτρικά αυτά σήματα διαχέονται από το σημείο που παράγονται προς την εξωτερική δερματική επιφάνεια του κρανίου όπου μετρώνται ως διαφορές δυναμικού. Αντικείμενο της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η σχεδίαση και η υλοποίηση μίας πειραματικής συνθήκης και της αντίστοιχης πειραματικής διάταξης, η οποία θα επιτρέπει την καταγραφή των Προκλητών δυναμικών του ατόμου που θα εκτελεί το πείραμα. Το κλινικό πρωτόκολλο που χρησιμοποιήθηκε εξετάζει δύο βασικά θέματα. Το πρώτο αφορά την αντίληψη του ανθρώπου για το χρόνο και το δεύτερο το πώς επηρεάζουν τα υποσυνείδητα μηνύματα τη λήψη αποφάσεων και την εγκεφαλική λειτουργία. Αρχικά, στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας, αναφέρονται οι βασικές αρχές του ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογραφήματος και το σύστημα διάδοσης της πληροφορίας στον ανθρώπινο εγκέφαλο. Επιπλέον περιγράφεται ο τρόπος με τον οποίο γίνεται η καταγραφή του σήματος του εγκεφαλογραφήματος και των Προκλητών Δυναμικών. Στη συνέχεια, στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται η θεωρία στην οποία βασίστηκε ο σχεδιασμός του κλινικού πρωτοκόλλου και η οποία αφορά δύο θέματα, την αντίληψη του ανθρώπου για το χρόνο και την επιρροή των υποσυνείδητων μηνυμάτων στη λήψη αποφάσεων. Στα επόμενα κεφάλαια περιγράφεται το κλινικό πρωτόκολλο που χρησιμοποιήθηκε και οι πειραματικές συνθήκες που εξετάστηκαν κατά τη διεξαγωγή των πειραμάτων. Ακόμα, γίνεται περιγραφή τόσο του υλικού όσο και του λογισμικού μέρους της πειραματικής διάταξης που αναπτύχθηκε για την υλοποίηση του κλινικού πρωτοκόλλου. Η πειραματική διάταξη που αναπτύχθηκε στα πλαίσια της διπλωματικής επιτρέπει τη σύνδεση με Ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογράφο με αποτέλεσμα τον συγχρονισμό της πειραματικής ακολουθίας και της καταγραφής του ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογραφήματος και των Προκλητών Δυναμικών. Με την πειραματική διάταξη που αναπτύχθηκε έγιναν δύο πειράματα. Η καταγραφή της εγκεφαλικής δραστηριότητας του κάθε εξεταζόμενου (ΗΕΓ) ήταν συνεχής για όλη τη διάρκεια της δοκιμασίας. Η εξαγωγή των Προκλητών Δυναμικών έγινε μετά το τέλος της καταγραφής με το πρόγραμμα EEGLAB, με το οποίο έγινε και η επεξεργασία τους. Τα Προκλητά Δυναμικά απεικονίστηκαν τόσο σε δισδιάστατα όσο και σε τρισδιάστατα μοντέλα κεφαλιών ενώ εξετάστηκε και το φασματικό περιεχόμενο του σήματος του ηλετροεγκεφαλογραφήματος για τις διάφορες πειραματικές συνθήκες. Από την ανάλυση των καταγραφών παρατηρήθηκαν κάποιες διαφορές μεταξύ των συνθηκών του πειράματος οι οποίες περιείχαν υποσυνείδητα μηνύματα και αυτών που δεν περιείχαν. Οι κορυφώσεις του δυναμικού εντοπίστηκαν τις ίδιες χρονικές στιγμές για όλες τις συνθήκες ενώ το πλάτος τους ήταν διαφορετικό μεταξύ των συνθηκών στις οποίες δινόταν στους εξεταζόμενους η σωστή απάντηση με υποσυνείδητο μήνυμα και σε αυτές που δεν δινόταν. / The electroencephalogram constitutes a method for recording electrical signals produced in the interior of the brain. These electric signals are diffused from the point of the brain where they are produced to the exterior dermal surface of the skull where they are measured as potential differences. The object of this diploma thesis is the design and the development of an experiment and the corresponding experimental setup, which allows the recording of the Event Related Potentials of the person who executes the experiment. The clinical protocol that is used examines two fundamental issues. The first is related to time perception while the second one examines if and how subliminal messages influence the decision making and the cerebral operation. Initially, in the first chapter of the present diploma thesis, the fundamentals of the Electroencephalogram and the system that is responsible for the distribution of the information inside the human brain is described. Following, Electroencephalogram and Event Related Potentials (ERPs) recordings are described. In the second chapter the theory on which the planning of the clinical protocol was based is presented. It concerns two research fields of psychophysiology; time perception and the influence of subliminal messages in decision-making. In the next chapters the clinical protocol and the experimental conditions that were examined during the experiments are described. Furthermore, there is a description of both the software and the hardware modules of the developed system. The experimental setup that was developed in the framework of the diploma thesis allows the connection to an Electroencephalograph and appropriate trigger signals are used in order to synchronize stimuli and recordings of EEG and ERPs. Two experiments were conducted. The recording of the brain activity was continuous for the whole duration of the experimental procedure. The Event Related Potentials were extracted post-hoc, after the end of the recording, using the EEGLAB software. The Event Relates Potentials were mapped both on two-dimensional and on three-dimensional head models. The spectrum of the electroencephalogram was also examined for the various experimental conditions. Analysis of the recordings revealed differences between the experimental conditions that contained subliminal messages in the EEG and ERPs. The ERPs’ peaks were detected at the same time delays for all the conditions. However, the amplitude of the peaks differed between the conditions where the right answers were given with subliminal messages and those that did not contain any subliminal messages.

Cognitive Event-Related Potential (ERP) recordings have been used to study the neurophysiological correlates of recognition memory. Previous ERP research has demonstrated that on tasks of recognition memory, Old items elicit ERP responses that are more positive in electrical amplitude than the ERP responses elicited by New items, commonly referred to as ERP Old/New positivity effects. ERP Old/New positivity effects have been used to make inferences about cognitive processes mediating recognition memory, such as the early frontal Old/New positivity effect that has been associated with familiarity and the late parietal Old/New positivity effect that has been associated with recollection. These effects have been demonstrated different types of stimuli and on different types of recognition memory tasks. However, a systematic comparison of ERP Old/New positivity effects across different recognition memory tasks is lacking, particularly with respect to Remote Long-term memory. This thesis asked how ERP Old/New positivity effects differ between tasks of Short-term, Recent Long-term, and Remote Long-term memory tasks for faces. Experiment 1 simulated the condition of limited overt communication skills by analyzing the brain responses to memory stimuli, regardless of the overt behavioural response from healthy, “honest” participants. Experiment 2 examined the ERP responses of healthy participants instructed to feign a memory impairment. ERP Old/New positivity effects similar to those described in the experimental ERP literature were observed on the Short-term and Remote Long-term memory tasks in both Experiments 1 and 2. However, response accuracy was lower than expected on the Recent Long-term task resulting in weak ERP results. A comparison of the ERP Old/New responses between the Honest Response (Experiment 1) and the Simulated Memory Malingering (Experiment 2) groups found that despite differing overt behavioural responses, the ERP Old/New responses remained similar. The results demonstrate a similar electrophysiological mechanism mediating Short-term, Recent Long-term, and Remote Long-term recognition memory ERP responses, despite the different neuroanatomical substrates that have been proposed these different types of memory. Although an improved measure of Recent Long-term memory is needed, the results of this thesis are promising and demonstrate that ERP recordings could provide an objective instrument for measuring recognition memory functioning in clinical settings.

Les commotions cérébrales d’origine sportive sont fréquentes chez les athlètes professionnels et semblent l’être tout autant chez les jeunes sportifs. Chez l’adulte, les symptômes se résorbent dans la majorité des cas assez rapidement (7-10 jours), mais la récupération peut s’avérer différente chez les jeunes. Plusieurs études utilisant les potentiels évoqués cognitifs ont découvert des anomalies cérébrales en l’absence de symptômes cliniques observables chez l'adulte. Toutefois, peu de données scientifiques sont disponibles sur les répercussions d’un tel impact sur le cerveau en développement. Le but de l’étude était de déterminer s’il existe une relation entre l’âge de survenue au moment de la commotion et la gravité des déficits. Cette étude transversale a évalué le fonctionnement cognitif de sportifs par des tests neuropsychologiques ainsi que les mécanismes neuronaux de l’orientation de l’attention (P3a) et de mise à jour de l’information en mémoire de travail (P3b) à l’aide de potentiels évoqués cognitifs. Les athlètes étaient répartis selon trois groupes d’âge [9-12 ans (n=32); 13-16 ans (n=34); adultes (n=30)], la moitié ayant subi une commotion dans la dernière année. Les comparaisons entre les groupes ont été effectuées par une série d’ANOVAs. Comparativement au groupe contrôle, les adolescents commotionnés présentaient des déficits de mémoire de travail. Les athlètes commotionnés démontraient une réduction de l’amplitude de la P3b comparativement aux non-commotionnés. Les résultats illustrent la présence de déficits neurophysiologiques persistants et ce, au moins six mois suivant l’impact. Les enfants semblent aussi sensibles que les adultes aux effets délétères d’une commotion cérébrale et les conséquences s’avèrent plus sévères chez l’adolescent. / Sport-related concussions are common injuries among professional athletes as well in adolescents and children participating in organized sports. Although the majority of concussions resolve rapidly in adults (7-10 days), recovery could be different in younger athletes. Several studies using event-related potentials show that adult athletes have cerebral anomalies in the absence of clinical symptoms. However, the consequences of a sport-related concussion on the developing brain are less known. The purpose of this study was to determine whether age differences exist with respect to cognitive functioning following a sport-related concussion. This cross-sectionnal study assessed cognitive functioning using standardized neuropsychological tests as well the neuronal mechanisms associated with the re-orienting attention (P3a) and with the update of information in working memory (P3b), using event-related potentials. Athletes were divided into three age groups [9-12 yrs (n=32); 13-16 yrs (n=34); and adults (n=30)] half of whom suffered from a sport-related concussion. Group comparisons were investigated with a series of ANOVAs. Specifically, concussed adolescents showed persistent deficits in working memory compare with their non injured counterparts. Concussed athletes from all age groups had significantly lower amplitude for the P3b component of their ERPs compared to their non injured teammates. No age-related differences for ERP’s were found among the concussed groups. These data suggest persistent neurophysiological deficits that are present at least 6 months following a concussion. Children appear to be as sensitive as adults to the consequences of a concussion and adolescents seem experience the most severe outcomes.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The ability to correct balance disturbances is essential for maintaining upright stability. Recent literature highlights a potentially important role for the cerebral cortex in controlling compensatory balance reactions. The objective of this research was to provide a more detailed understanding of the specific neurophysiologic events occurring at the cortex following balance disturbances. More specifically, the focus was to determine whether the N1, a cortical potential evoked during balance control, and the error-related negativity (ERN), a cortical potential measured in response to errors during cognitive tasks, have similar cortical representation, revealing a similar link to an error detection mechanism. It was hypothesized that the N1 and ERN would have the same generator located in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Fourteen healthy young adults participated in a balance task (evoked N1) and a flanker task (evoked ERN). Temporally unpredictable perturbations to standing balance were achieved using a lean and release cable system. Electromyography and centre of pressure were measured during the balance task. Reaction times and error rates were measured during the flanker task. Electroencephalography was recorded during both tasks. Source localization was performed in CURRY 6 using a single fixed coherent dipole model to determine the neural generator of the N1 and ERN. The results revealed that the locations of the N1 and ERN dipoles were different. The mean (n=9) distance between N1 and ERN dipoles was 25.46 ± 8.88 mm. The mean Talairach coordinates for the ERN dipole were (6.47 ± 3.08, -4.41 ± 13.15, 41.17 ± 11.63) mm, corresponding to the cingulate gyrus (Brodmann area 24). This represents the ACC, supporting results from previous literature. The mean Talairach coordinates for the N1 dipole were (5.74 ± 3.77, -11.81 ± 10.84, 53.73 ± 7.30) mm, corresponding to the medial frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 6). This is the first work to localize the source of the N1. It is speculated that the generator of the N1 is the supplementary motor area and that it represents the generation of a contingency motor plan to shape the later phases of the compensatory balance response based on sensory feedback from the perturbation.

Chemical intolerance (CI) is a term that refers to the surprisingly common phenomenon of persons getting ill from everyday chemicals. Although seemingly similar to asthma and allergies, CI sufferers do not react to exposures with increased histamine release. CI neither conforms to toxicological dose-response relationships as sufferers react to very low concentrations of chemicals assumed to be harmless. In addition, no particular chemical can be tied to any particular set of symptoms as in the case of other kinds of toxic injuries. The two overreaching goals of this thesis were to empirically investigate important hypotheses regarding CI, and to develop a theoretical framework that integrates previous theories of CI into a coherent whole.There are four empirical studies in this thesis. Utilizing event-related potentials (ERPs), magnitude estimations of perceived intensity, detection tests and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the studies provided support for the following hypotheses: (1) persons with self-reported CI sensitize to olfactory and chemosomatosensory stimuli, whereas non-intolerant individuals habituate; (2) sensitization in CI is similar in terms of brain activation patterns to both non-clinical sensitization and other unexplained illnesses such as fibromyalgia; (3) persons with CI have an attention bias to chemical exposures, reflected by problems with withdrawing attention from such stimuli; (4) measures of peripheral hyperreactivity are correlated with chemosensory ERP measures; but failed to corroborate (5) the reactions of women resemble those found in persons with CI to a greater degree than the case in men.Three major theories of CI are also discussed. The neural sensitization theory describes CI as pathological and non-immunological increases in neural responsiveness. The conditioning theory describes CI as the result of basic associative learning mechanisms. The neurogenic inflammation theory describes CI as proliferation of sensory c-fibers and inflammatory responses carried to several parts of the body through axon reflexes and release of inflammatory mediators. The main point of the theoretical synthesis is that the theories offer different and complementary perspectives on CI, rather than presenting conflicting ontologies. With an integrated perspective, infected debates whether CI is a psychological or organic illness can hopefully be avoided.Finally, the unexplained characteristics of CI, the empirical findings and the theoretical accounts are described within the theoretical framework of signal detection theory. Several features of CI, e.g. sensitization and peripheral hyperreactivity, are described in terms of applying a low criterion (ß). / Kemisk intolerans, det vill säga att få symtom av vardagliga lukter, är ett förvånansvärt vanligt problem. Trots att åkomman i många avseenden liknar astma och allergi, reagerar de drabbade inte med exempelvis ökad histaminfrisättning. Kemisk intolerans överensstämmer inte heller med toxikologiska dos-responsförhållanden, eftersom de drabbade blir sjuka av väldigt låga koncentrationer av luktämnen. Enskilda kemikalier kan inte kopplas till en karaktäristisk symtombild, vilket är vanligt vid andra typer av toxikologiska skador. I denna avhandling har jag två mål. För det första undersöker jag viktiga hypoteser om kemisk intolerans. För det andra erbjuder jag ett teoretiskt ramverk där jag integrerar tidigare teorier om kemisk intolerans till en sammanhängande helhet.Den empiriska delen av avhandlingen består av fyra forskningsstudier. Baserat på händelserelaterade hjärnpotentialer (ERPs), magnitudestimationer av upplevd styrka, detektionstest samt funktionell magnetresonansavbildning (fMRI) stöder studierna följande hypoteser: (1) personer med självrapporterad kemisk intolerans sensitiserar till olfaktoriska och kemosomatosensoriska stimuli, medan icke-intoleranta individer habituerar; (2) med avseende på hjärnaktiveringsmönster liknar sensitisering hos kemiskt intoleranta det mönster man finner både i icke-klinisk sensitisering och i exempelvis fibromyalgi; (3) personer med kemisk intolerans har en benägenhet att uppmärksamma kemisk exponering, vilket reflekteras i en oförmåga att ignorera sådana stimuli; (4) mått på perifer hyperreaktivitet korrelerar med kemosensoriska ERP-mått. Hypotesen att (5) kvinnors reaktioner på kemosensoriska stimuli liknar de man kan finna hos de kemiskt intoleranta i större utsträckning än vad fallet är för män, stöds däremot inte.Tre teorier om kemisk intolerans diskuteras. Den neurala sensitiseringsteorin beskriver intoleransen som en patologisk ökning av neural aktivitet. Betingningsteorin beskriver kemisk intolerans som ett resultat av grundläggande associativa inlägningsmekanismer. Slutligen beskriver teorin om neurogen inflammation intoleransen som en förhöjd aktivering av c-fiberaktivitet och ökade inflammatoriska processer. Huvudargumentet i den teoretiska sammanfattningen är att dessa teorier erbjuder komplementära perspektiv på kemisk intolerans. Med ett integrerat perspektiv kan förhoppningsvis infekterade debatter om huruvida kemisk intolerans är en psykologisk eller organisk åkomma undvikas.De oförklarade egenskaperna av kemisk intolerans, de empiriska fynden, samt de teoretiska förklaringarna beskrivs slutligen inom ett teoretiskt ramverk som utgår från signaldetektionsteorin. Flera egenskaper hos kemisk intolerans beskrivs i termer av ett förändrat eller lågt satt kriterium (ß).

This study recorded Event Related Potentials (ERPs) during completion of a Continuous Performance Task (CPT) in order to identify the contribution of response inhibition, working memory, and response monitoring to the pattern of hyperactive and impulsive and inattentive behaviour observed in patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). Four ERP components, Nogo N2, Nogo P3, Go P3, and the ERN were examined and compared using a symptomatic and asymptomatic ADHD sample, and a healthy control group. The Nogo N2 had the expected frontal scalp distribution and was affected by changes to inhibitory demands. It was also suggested that this component was not wholly determined by inhibitory processing and may have been influenced by differing presentation rates of the Go stimulus, a template matching process or an in-depth response strategy. Source localisation analysis suggested a right frontal generator for this component. The Nogo P3 had the expected central distribution and had equal amplitude for those participants that were more efficient at inhibiting behaviours compared to those participants that were less efficient inhibitors. Contrary to expectations, the Nogo P3 was not affected by increasing the inhibitory demands of the task and was suggested as being a less reliable indicator of response inhibition in the present study. The Go P3 had the expected centro-parietal distribution, and appeared to provide a reliable index of working memory. Response inhibition and working memory were not impaired in the sample of symptomatic and asymptomatic ADHD adults used in this study. The symptomatic group elicited a slightly enhanced ERN compared to the asymptomatic and control groups, indicating that deficits in response monitoring may contribute to the pattern of problematic behaviour observed in people with ADHD.