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In single-case research design (SCRD), experimental control is demonstrated when the researcher’s application of an intervention, known as the independent variable, reliably produces a change in behavior, known as the dependent variable, and the change is not otherwise explained by confounding or extraneous variables. SCRD studies that fail to demonstrate experimental control may not be published because researchers may be unwilling to submit these papers for publication due to null findings and journals may be unwilling and unlikely to publish null outcomes (i.e., publication bias). The lack of submission and publication of null findings, leading to a disproportion of positive studies in the published research literature, is known as the “file drawer effect” (Rosenthal, 1979; Ferguson & Heene, 2012). Recently, researchers and policy organizations have identified evidence-based practices (EBPs) for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) based on systematic reviews of SCRD studies (Odom, Collet-Klingenberg, Rogers, & Hatton, 2010). However, if SCRD studies that do not demonstrate experimental control (i.e., null studies) are disproportionately unpublished due to the file drawer effect, this may result in a misrepresentation of positive findings, leading interventions to be deemed evidence-based that, actually, lack sufficient empirical support (Sham & Smith, 2014; Shadish, Zelinsky, Vevea, & Kratochwill, 2016). Social narratives, exercise, self-management, and response interruption/redirection are interventions for children with ASD that has been named EBPs according to the National Autism Standards (NAC; 2009) and National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorder (NPDC; 2010); however, these interventions have not yet been evaluated for potential publication bias. The study employed and extended methods similar to Sham and Smith (2014), comparing the procedures and results of published articles and unpublished dissertations and theses for interventions identified as EBPs to evaluate the methodological rigor and evaluate the possibility of publication bias, file drawer effect, and lack of replication. Specifically, the results of published and unpublished studies were compared to determine if published studies showed greater treatment effect, which would indicate the file drawer effect. Also, SCRD quality indicators were employed to evaluate whether studies that were published tend to be of higher quality, as this would mitigate possible publication bias shown by larger effect sizes (ES) in published studies. The outcome resulted in three out of four EBPs (social narratives, antecedent exercise, and response interruption and redirection), yielding different ES when published studies were compared to unpublished studies; in contrast, self-management yielded a similar ES for published and unpublished studies. For social narratives and antecedent exercise, unpublished studies presented at lower estimated ES than published studies; whereas for response interruption and redirection, unpublished studies presented at a higher estimated ES compared to published studies. Generally, study quality presented at similar levels for published and unpublished studies for each EBP, with the exception of antecedent exercise. Differences were identified for antecedent exercise study quality based upon visual and statistical analyses. Lastly, there do not appear to be observed differences in treatment outcomes between published and unpublished studies when study quality was considered in the analysis. Implications of the results are discussed with respect to the file drawer effect and publication bias in EBPs, and the call to increase publications in peer-reviewed journals of negative findings and replication studies, which leads to identifying and establishing boundary criteria for EBPs. / Special Education

Aims: The aim of this study was to understand the eating and drinking experiences of people living with dementia and dysphagia in care homes from their perspective and those of their family members, formal care staff and Speech and Language Therapists (SLT). Design and methods: In this multi-method qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 14 care home residents, seven family members of people living with dementia and dysphagia, and 13 care home staff with a variety of roles. Structured observations, using Dementia Care Mapping, were carried out with eight people living with dementia and dysphagia. Additionally, focus groups were carried out with a total of 31 SLTs. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings: The findings of this study highlighted the changes experienced by people living in care homes, and those living with dementia and dysphagia, in relation to eating and drinking. In particular an impact on identity was found. This study highlighted the challenges of multiple people being involved in dysphagia care, with unclear roles and responsibilities and ineffective channels of communication. Despite the challenges identified, there were also examples of positive eating and drinking experiences through connections with others and the celebration of meaningful events. Conclusion: This was the first study that sought to explore and understand the eating and drinking experiences of people living with dementia and dysphagia from multiple perspectives. The findings highlight the challenges involved and possible solutions to promote a more person-centred approach to eating and drinking for people living with dementia and dysphagia. / Alzheimer’s Society; Compass Group

No / OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to conduct the proof of concept study and to develop and evaluate an educational intervention that promotes the evidence-based supply of non-prescription medicines (NPMs). METHOD: An educational intervention was delivered to pharmacy assistants and pharmacists in three pharmacies in England. The intervention included the provision of summaries of evidence for the treatment of four minor ailments and resulted in the preparation of evidence-based portfolios for the treatment of the following ailments: athlete's foot, cough, nasal congestion and period pain. The effect of the intervention was evaluated using a combination of direct overt observation, vignettes, self-reported behaviour and interviews. KEY FINDINGS: Evaluation data were collected from the three pharmacies. Data were derived from 3 pharmacists and 13 assistants, of whom 10 (3 pharmacists; 7 assistants) attended the training event. Comparing pre- and post-intervention practice, 8/11 (pre-) versus 5/6 (post-) observed, 46/80 versus 62/80 vignette and 25/30 versus 39/40 self-reported recommendations were evidence based. Prior to the intervention, 3/16 participants understood the role of evidence regarding the supply of NPMs compared with 16/16 post-intervention. Participants reported relying upon experiential knowledge to inform their decision making prior to the educational intervention. Thereafter, the participants reported using evidence to a greater extent. Barriers and facilitators for evidence-based practice were also identified. CONCLUSION: A one-off educational intervention increased participants' self-reported awareness and potential application of evidence to inform their supply of NPMs. Further research is needed to assess the effectiveness, long-term impact, generalisability and cost-effectiveness of this intervention for a wider range of common conditions.

El presente trabajo es una revisión crítica que tiene por finalidad Conocer medidas preventivas que se utilizan para controlar las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) durante el preoperatorio. La ISQ es la infección más común en los centros hospitalarios; esto ocasiona un mayor tiempo de permanencia en el hospital, aumenta el costo del tratamiento y la posibilidad de complicaciones que afectan gravemente la salud del paciente e incluso le ocasionen la muerte. El método utilizado fue la EBE, se realizó el esquema PIS para plantear la pregunta clínica: ¿Qué medidas preventivas se utilizan para el control de la ISQ durante el preoperatorio?. La búsqueda de investigaciones se realizó mediante los sistemas de datos como Scielo, PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual de Salud (BVS), Google académico. Se logró obtener el total de 10 investigaciones, y al aplicar la Guía de validez y utilidad aparente de Gálvez Toro se redujo a 2. Al final se seleccionó una GPC y se utilizó el instrumento AGREE II para evaluar la calidad de ésta, tiene un nivel de evidencia alta y un grado de recomendación fuerte. La respuesta a la pregunta menciona que las medidas más utilizadas para controlar la ISQ son: profilaxis antibiótica, el lavado de manos quirúrgico, la irrigación de las heridas, no remover el pelo en el sitio quirúrgico y tener en cuenta comorbilidades de los pacientes. / The present work is a critical review whose purpose is to know preventive measures that are used to control infections of the surgical site during the preoperative period. Surgical wound infection is the most common nosocomial infection in postoperative patients; This causes them to stay longer in the hospital, increases the cost of treatment and the possibility of complications that seriously affect their health and even death. The method used was EBE, the PIS scheme was performed to ask the clinical question: What preventive measures are used to control surgical site infection during the preoperative period? The research search was carried out through data systems such as Scielo, PubMed, Virtual Health Library (VHL), and academic Google. A total of 10 articles were obtained, and after applying Gálvez Toro's Apparent Validity and Utility Guide, it was reduced to 2. In the end, a CPG was selected and the AGREE II instrument was used to assess its quality. It has a high level of evidence and a strong degree of recommendation. The answer to the question mentions that the most used measures to control surgical site infection are: antibiotic prophylaxis, surgical handwashing, wound irrigation, not removing hair in the surgical site, and taking into account comorbidities of the patients. patients.

La revisión “Aspectos a mejorar para el manejo del dolor en el personal de enfermería del servicio de emergencia”, tuvo como objetivo determinar los aspectos a mejorar para el manejo del dolor en el personal de enfermería del servicio de emergencia. Investigación cualitativa, desarrollada bajo la metodología de Enfermería Basada en Evidencia, teniendo como pregunta clínica ¿Cuáles son los aspectos a mejorar para el manejo del dolor en el personal de enfermería del servicio de emergencia? La estrategia de búsqueda se realizó en buscadores como Google Académico, LILACS, Scielo y BVS, de donde se obtuvieron 10 investigaciones que pasaron el primer filtro de búsqueda, esto es, no mayor de 5 años de antigüedad, que estuvieran completas, y que se relacionen con el objetivo de investigación. La investigación sujeta a revisión fue “Conocimiento, actitud y barreras percibidas de las enfermeras de urgencias en relación con el manejo del dolor en entornos de recursos limitados: estudio transversal.” Entre los principales aspectos a mejorar para el manejo del dolor en el personal de enfermería se encuentran la correcta dotación de profesionales de enfermería, la elaboración y socialización de protocolos y el empleo de guías para la correcta valoración y evaluación del dolor. / The review "Aspects to improve on pain management by nursing staff in the emergency service" aimed to determine the aspects to improve on pain management by nursing staff in the emergency service. Qualitative research, developed under the Evidence-Based Nursing methodology, having as a clinical question: What are the aspects to improve on pain management in the nursing staff of the emergency service? The search strategy was carried out in search engines such as Google Scholar, LILACS, Scielo and BVS, from which 10 investigations that passed the first search filter were obtained, that is, not older than 5 years, that were complete, and that were related to the research objective. The research subject to review was “Knowledge, attitude, and perceived barriers of emergency room nurses regarding pain management in resource-limited settings: a cross-sectional study.” Among the main aspects to be improved in the nursing staff are the correct supply of nursing professionals, the preparation and socialization of protocols and the use of guides for the correct assessment and evaluation of pain.

Yes / Children's hospices provide a range of services for babies, children and young people who have life-shortening conditions, including care after death in specialist 'cool bedrooms'. Caring for children after death is a challenging area of hospice care, with variation seen within, and between organisations. The study aims to identify current practices and to produce guidelines that promote safe practice in moving and handling and managing physiological deterioration of children after death. An electronic questionnaire was sent to all 54 British children's hospices; 33 responded (=62% of hospices). Variation in the way in which children's hospices delivered care after death was identified, in terms of the length of stay, care provision and equipment used, owing to demands of individual families and the experience and confidence of practitioners. Internal variation in practice can lead to practitioner anxiety, and risk-taking when providing care, particularly in the presence of family members. Practice recommendations have been made that reflect the practical demands of caring for a child's body after death; these have been split into two parts: moving and handling considerations and managing physiological deterioration. These recommendations should be used to support the development of policy and practice, allowing organisations to standardise staff expectations and to support practitioners when caring for children after death.

Text in English / The inception of psychology as a practicing profession in 1938 brought with it a continuing scientific struggle geared towards cementing its place as a value-adding health service in the form of psychotherapy. Concepts such as Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs), Evidence Based Treatments (EBTs) and Evidence Based Practice in Psychology (EBPP) arose out of research attempts to scientifically prove the efficacy of psychological treatment versus psychiatric medications or versus no treatment. This focus on evidence in psychotherapy partly stems from, but also influences public policy in the form of practice and training mandates as well as government and insurance funding policies for psychotherapy. At present ESTs, EBTs and EBPP are the source of polarisation among psychologists who argue for either sides of this controversy, raising questions on a practical/policy level as well as an epistemological level. This thesis differentiates between ESTs, EBTs and EBPP as well as the Common Factors approach and continues to critically investigate the advantages, practical/policy implications and epistemological critiques against these approaches. Some of the identified shortfalls resulting from unwarranted epistemological (empirical) assumptions are addressed by proposing a social constructionist model of therapeutic factors based on social constructionist- and eco-systemic theories. The proposed model allows therapists to employ EBT’s in conjunction with various other (excluded) approaches that are available in their arsenal of treatments. Clinical case studies are used to illustrate the model’s practical operation in therapeutic contexts. / Psychology / Ph.D. (Psychology)

Introduction : Les pressions sont fortes envers les professionnels de la santé pour qu’ils appliquent une pratique factuelle. Toutefois, un écart important demeure entre les résultats des recherches et la réalité clinique. Par son aspect interactif, le Web 2.0 peut contribuer à l’application des données probantes en facilitant l’accès et l’échange de connaissances. Objectif : Ce projet de recherche s’inscrit dans une étude visant à élaborer une plateforme informatisée pour les professionnels travaillant avec la clientèle ayant subi un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC). L’objectif de la présente étude est de décrire la perception des professionnels de la santé face à l’introduction du Web 2.0 dans leur pratique. Méthode : Un devis de recherche qualitatif avec une approche phénoménologique a été utilisé. Des entrevues individuelles semi-structurées ont été menées auprès de 24 professionnels et gestionnaires. Résultats : Les personnes interviewées étaient toutes des femmes avec un âge moyen de 45 ans (± 18). Le transfert des connaissances est l’utilité du Web 2.0 qui émerge des participants comme étant la plus importante. Les répondants ont également exprimé avoir besoin d'une plateforme conviviale. Les résultats soulignent également un paradoxe lié au temps. En effet, les répondants estiment que le Web 2.0 pourrait leur permettre de sauver du temps, cependant ils affirment qu'ils n'auront pas le temps de l'utiliser. Conclusion : Bien que le Web 2.0 demeure un outil de transfert de connaissances peu intégré dans la pratique, les professionnels travaillant avec la clientèle AVC perçoivent généralement positivement son introduction dans leur pratique. / Introduction: Health professionals are increasingly encouraged to adopt an evidence-based practice. However, gaps continue to be observed between scientific evidence and practice. Through its interactive capabilities, Web 2.0 can contribute to an evidence-based practice by improving exchange of relevant clinical and scientific information’s. Objective: This study is a part of a project that wants to design a Web 2.0 platform for health professionals working with stroke patients. The aim is to gain a better understanding of professionals’ perceptions of Web 2.0 before platform development. Methods: A qualitative study following the phenomenological approach was chosen. We conducted individual semi-structured interviews with 24 clinicians and managers. Results: Interviewed people were all women with a mean age of 45 years (± 18). Knowledge transfer was identified to be the most useful outcome of a Web 2.0 platform. Respondents also expressed their need for a user-friendly platform. Results also highlight a time paradox. Clinicians feel that the Web 2.0 will help them save time while they argue that they will not have time to use it. Conclusion: While Web 2.0 remains a knowledge transfer tool not yet integrated in clinical practice, professionals working with stroke patients generally receive its implementation positively.