Plants have spread to almost everywhere in the world. As they disperse, they meet many different environments to which they may be able to adapt. For a plant species to adapt to a new environment, genetic variation is needed. The individuals differ from each other in their genetic composition, which often means differences in phenotypes. Those individuals that manage to reproduce will form the next generation. With different conditions in different environments, it will not be the same phenotypes that reproduce everywhere. In that way, plant species will form into a mosaic of locally adapted populations varying genetically as the species disperses. After the last ice age plants have started to disperse away from the equators. With increasing latitudes come increasing challenges to migrating plants. As plant species disperse northwards along this gradient of varying conditions individuals are selected for cold adaptive traits like flowering time and freezing tolerance, acquired by cold acclimation. In this way, genetic variation from the original populations for these traits becomes sorted out along a latitudinal cline. The aim of this thesis was to understand how selection along a latitudinal gradient has shaped natural variation in cold adaptive traits in plants dispersing northwards, and specifically, to investigate what variation can be observed in phenotypes for these traits and how these traits correlate with genetic variation in genes known to be involved in cold acclimation. In this study significant variation was found in a sample of the model plan Arabidopsis thaliana accessions in cold adaptive traits flowering time and freezing tolerance. A clear latitudinal cline in the cold adaptive traits freezing tolerance for A. thaliana was observed. Analysis of nucleotide polymorphism for the cold responsive ICE1 (inducer of CBF expression 1) transcription factor revealed a haplotype structure with two allelic clades as well as unusually high levels of synonymous polymorphism. Nucleotide polymorphism analysis for the transcription factors CBF1, CBF2 and CBF3 (C-repeat binding factors) that play a key role in regulating the expression of a group of target genes known as the “CBF regulon” showed a distinct geographical haplotype structure. One haplotype was dominant in southern accessions while in the other northern accessions overrepresented. There was a significant effect of CBF haplotype on both freezing tolerance and flowering time even after correcting for latitude. Significant differences in CBF expression levels were found between the different CBF genes as well as between different accessions. Sequence variation at CBF was shown to have a significant effect on expression levels of CBF2. No clear correlations were found between CBF gene expression and freezing tolerance or temperature sensitivity for any of the accessions used in the study. This highlights the complex relationship between sequence variation in candidate genes and gene expression, and the problems associated with unraveling the genetic basis of ecologically important traits.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Brandeis University, 2009. / "UMI:3369218." MICROFILM COPY ALSO AVAILABLE IN THE UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES. Includes bibliographical references.

The field of molecular evolution has benefited greatly from the use of ancestral sequence reconstruction as a methodology to better understand the molecular mechanisms associated with functional divergence. The method of ancestral sequence reconstruction has never been experimentally validated despite the method being exploited to generate high profile publications and gaining wider use in many laboratories. The failure to validate such a method is a consequence of 1) our inability to travel back in time to document evolutionary transitions and 2) the slow pace of natural evolutionary processes that prevent biologists from ‘witnessing’ evolution in action (pace viruses). In this thesis research, we have generated an experimentally known phylogeny of fluorescent proteins in order to benchmark ancestral sequence reconstruction methods. The tips/leaves of the fluorescent protein experimental phylogeny are used to determine the performances of various ASR methods. This is the first example of combining experimental phylogenetics and ancestral sequence reconstruction.

Experimental microbial populations provide powerful models for testing the most challenging problems in evolutionary biology. In the midst of the genome sequencing revolution microbial evolutionary genetics has flourished; promising high-resolution explanations for the underlying causes of evolutionary phenomena. This thesis describes four investigations into the adaptation of Pseudomonas fluorescesns SBW25 to a spatially structured environment. The first builds upon a large body of experimental work characterising the genetic and phenotypic causes of the ability of divergent Wrinkley Spreader (WS) types to colonise the air-liquid interface in spatially structured microcosms. The mws and aws genetic loci are described, which together with the previously described wsp locus, account for the location of the causal mutation for all known WS genotypes. It was found that if these loci were deleted from the P. fluorescens genome, it could still evolve the WS phenotype via a previously undiscovered locus (sws). This study provides the first explicit evidence that genetic biases can influence the outcome of evolution. The second study used a novel method to sample WS genotypes without the biasing effects of natural selection; the distribution of the fitness effects of these genotypes was measured and analysed from a unique perspective. The distribution of fitness effects of new mutations is found to best fit the normal distribution, facilitating the extension of the mutational landscape model of adaptation to include all possible adaptive walks. The third study investigates the underlying causes of genetic biases on evolution; many WS genotypes are obtained at different time points during colonisation of the air-liquid interface (including WS obtained without selection) and the causal mutations of many of these mutants determined. Together these results allowed the elucidation of the relative effects of natural selection, genetic architecture and mutation rate on evolutionary outcomes. The final study considers the WS mat as the product of cooperative interactions, and uses a group selection experiment to investigate the potential of WS mats to evolve group level adaptations. A novel strategy is developed to overcome cheating types, considered the main barrier to the evolution of group level complexity. Furthermore, WS groups evolved specialised cell types, the first example of a de novo evolution of a division of labour, a hallmark of complexity.

abstract: At the interface of developmental biology and evolutionary biology, the very criteria of scientific knowledge are up for grabs. A central issue is the status of evolutionary genetics models, which some argue cannot coherently be used with complex gene regulatory network (GRN) models to explain the same evolutionary phenomena. Despite those claims, many researchers use evolutionary genetics models jointly with GRN models to study evolutionary phenomena. How do those researchers deploy those two kinds of models so that they are consistent and compatible with each other? To address that question, this dissertation closely examines, dissects, and compares two recent research projects in which researchers jointly use the two kinds of models. To identify, select, reconstruct, describe, and compare those cases, I use methods from the empirical social sciences, such as digital corpus analysis, content analysis, and structured case analysis. From those analyses, I infer three primary conclusions about projects of the kind studied. First, they employ an implicit concept of gene that enables the joint use of both kinds of models. Second, they pursue more epistemic aims besides mechanistic explanation of phenomena. Third, they don’t work to create and export broad synthesized theories. Rather, they focus on phenomena too complex to be understood by a common general theory, they distinguish parts of the phenomena, and they apply models from different theories to the different parts. For such projects, seemingly incompatible models are synthesized largely through mediated representations of complex phenomena. The dissertation closes by proposing how developmental evolution, a field traditionally focused on macroevolution, might fruitfully expand its research agenda to include projects that study microevolution. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2017

Les maladies infectieuses sont l’une des principales causes de mortalité à travers le monde. La réponse immunitaire est l’un des phénotypes les plus complexes qui existent. Elle présente une variabilité au sein et entre les populations. Cette thèse vise à identifier des facteurs génétiques et des mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents aux différences de susceptibilité aux maladies infectieuses grâce à l’utilisation d’une combinaison d’approches in silico et ex vivo. Nous avons tout d’abord réalisé des analyses de génétique des populations et de génétique évolutive pour évaluer l’impact de la sélection naturelle sur les gènes de l’immunité innée. Nos résultats montrent l’étendue et l’hétérogénéité des pressions sélectives sur ces gènes et suggèrent que l’introgression d’allèles provenant de l’Homme de Néandertal dans certaines de ces séquences ont participé à l’adaptation des populations Européennes et Asiatiques à leurs environnements respectifs. Nous avons ensuite estimé l’implication des miARN dans la réponse des cellules dendritiques à l’infection par Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nos résultats soulignent les conséquences de l’infection sur les réseaux de régulation de l’expression des gènes par les miARN et montrent que l’expression de 3% des miARN est associée à des facteurs génétiques proximaux. Nous identifions en particulier deux associations qui ne sont observées que dans un contexte infectieux. Le travail présenté ici constitue la plus large étude de génétique évolutive et de génétique des populations axée sur les gènes de l’immunité innée réalisée à ce jour et la première caractérisation de l’architecture génétique de la réponse à l’infection impliquant les miARN. / Infectious diseases remain one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The immune response to pathogens, one of the most complex phenotypes that exist, presents substantial variability among individuals and populations. This thesis aims to identify genetic factors and molecular mechanisms underlying differences in susceptibility to infectious diseases using a combination of in silico and ex vivo approaches. First, we performed population and evolutionary genetics analyses to assess the impact of natural selection on innate immunity genes. Our analyses reveal the widespread and heterogeneous nature of the selective pressures acting on those genes. In addition, we suggest that the introgression of Neanderthal alleles in some of these sequences contributed to the adaptation of European and East Asian populations to local pathogens. Second, we profiled the miRNA response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in human dendritic cells. Our results highlight the impact of infection on miRNA-mediated gene regulatory networks and show that the expression of 3% of miRNAs is associated with proximate genetic variants. More specifically, we identify two infection-specific associations. The work presented here provides the largest evolutionary genetics analysis of innate immunity genes to date and the first attempt to characterize the genetic architecture of the miRNA response to infection. Our work offers new insights into the genetic basis of inter-individual variability in immune responses and provides a set of candidate genetic variants for future functional validation to elucidate novel molecular mechanisms underlying differences in susceptibility to infectious diseases.

No description available.

<p>Humans have altered natural landscape since the agricultural revolution, but it has been most destructive since human globalization and rampant industrialization in the last two centuries. These activities deteriorate and fragments natural habitat of many wild species that creates small isolated populations that lose genetic diversity over time. Loss of genetic diversity reduces the adaptive capacity of a population to respond to future environmental change and increases their extinction risks. Implementing strategies for wildlife conservation is a challenge primarily because of our lack of understanding of the biology of many wild species, the risks they are currently facing, and their evolutionary histories. With the advent of genomic and computational techniques, it is now possible to address these concerns. In my research, I used genomics to study the evolutionary history of the Montezuma Quail (<i>Cyrtonyx montezumae</i>) and created monitoring tools that can be readily applied by wildlife managers for its conservation. Montezuma Quail is a small gamebird found mostly in Mexico with peripheral populations existing in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. Montezuma Quail are going through species wide decline in the United States and are listed as vulnerable in the state of Texas due to their small population sizes and geographic isolation from rest of the range. My results show that Texas quail are genetically distinct and significantly less diverse than Arizona quail. Analysis of whole genome sequences from multiple individuals show that due to small population sizes and isolation, Texas quail are significantly more inbred and genetic drift is the major contributor for loss of genetic diversity we see today. Inbreeding is negatively impacting Texas quail as they carry more deleterious alleles within their genome that reduce fitness of the individuals. Demographic models predict that both Arizona and Texas populations were formed via founding bottlenecks around 20,000 years ago. Texas populations have maintained small population sizes since its split from the ancestral populations and are less efficient in purging new deleterious mutations that arise post-bottleneck. The inferences from my research not only carries direct implications for Montezuma Quail conservationists, but also illustrate the power of evolutionary genomics in implementing targeted management strategies for any species that face existential threats in today’s waning world. </p>

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: see full text for abstract / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: sien volteks vir opsomming

The main objectives of this work are:a) To test the predictions of suppressed-recombination chromosomal speciation models on two different lineages of mammals: rodents and rimates. Suppressed-recombination chromosomal speciation is still quite elusive as a mode of speciation in mammals. Experimental results are scarce and the first objective of this work is to analyze whole-genome data looking for traces of events of chromosomal speciation. Rodent and primate lineages were chosen for this search, not just because of their particular biological and cytological characteristics, which make them good candidates to have speciated by this mechanism, but also because they were the first mammalian organisms to be fully sequenced. b) To study the effects of chromosomal rearrangements on genic evolutionary rates. As have been seen in the introduction, there are many of potential interactions among chromosomal rearrangements and evolutionary rates, so the second goal of this work was to try to understand the impact of chromosomal rearrangements over substitution rates by means of other mechanisms not related with speciation. c) To distinguish individual contributions of different genomic factors in the potential association among chromosomal rearrangements and evolutionary rates.The third main goal of this thesis was to discern among the different factors that could be explaining the many associations between chromosomal and genic evolution that were detected in different studies.