<p>Question:</p><p>"Does the market possess perfect information as the efficient market hypothesis says?"</p><p>"Is there any significant relationship between the abnormal stock return on the ex – day and the dividend?" Purpose: The purpose of this study is to enlighten and find understanding about stock return versus dividend on the ex – day and try to figure out if abnormal returns occur on the portfolio during dividends.</p><p>Methodology:</p><p>The study was based in a quantitative nature and was derived with an event study and a hypothesis testing. The authors investigated the thirty most traded shares on the Stockholm stock exchange during a period of five years (2005 – 2009). They were analyzed during a total of nine days; the estimation window was set to sixty days. Theory: Leading theories in this field of study have been picked to enlighten and analysis the questions of the study. Theories used: Efficient market hypothesis, agent theory and the events of dividends.</p><p>Empiricism / Results:</p><p>The authors made an event study and hypothesis tested the information. From the data they could see a small abnormal return on every day except the day after the ex – day. However, they could not prove a significant relationship between the stocks return and the dividend.</p><p>Conclusion / Discussion:</p><p>The efficient market hypothesis was strengthened in the conclusion where all new information is reflected in the stock price because the null hypothesis was accepted in all nine cases. The authors also concluded that although they have a differentiated result compared to other studies, it could be a result of the recession. Another conclusion was that the relationship between shareholders and the management has been improved because of a better spread of information.  </p>

Question: "Does the market possess perfect information as the efficient market hypothesis says?" "Is there any significant relationship between the abnormal stock return on the ex – day and the dividend?" Purpose: The purpose of this study is to enlighten and find understanding about stock return versus dividend on the ex – day and try to figure out if abnormal returns occur on the portfolio during dividends. Methodology: The study was based in a quantitative nature and was derived with an event study and a hypothesis testing. The authors investigated the thirty most traded shares on the Stockholm stock exchange during a period of five years (2005 – 2009). They were analyzed during a total of nine days; the estimation window was set to sixty days. Theory: Leading theories in this field of study have been picked to enlighten and analysis the questions of the study. Theories used: Efficient market hypothesis, agent theory and the events of dividends. Empiricism / Results: The authors made an event study and hypothesis tested the information. From the data they could see a small abnormal return on every day except the day after the ex – day. However, they could not prove a significant relationship between the stocks return and the dividend. Conclusion / Discussion: The efficient market hypothesis was strengthened in the conclusion where all new information is reflected in the stock price because the null hypothesis was accepted in all nine cases. The authors also concluded that although they have a differentiated result compared to other studies, it could be a result of the recession. Another conclusion was that the relationship between shareholders and the management has been improved because of a better spread of information.

Abstract   Background: The dividend ex-day effect is the tendency of the stock price drop on the ex-day to be less than the dividend per share. This inclination is contrary to established theory of rational investor behaviour and is, thus, considered an anomaly in capital markets. The phenomenon was first observed more than half a century ago and has puzzled researchers ever since, resulting a myriad of theories trying to explain its cause. Nevertheless, the dividend ex-day effect still stands without a conclusive explanation. In Sweden, few studies have been conducted and none succeeds in explaining the phenomenon. In a recent addition to the many explanatory theories, Efthymiou and Leledakis (2014) propose the disposition effect as the driving factor behind the dividend ex-day effect. Compelling evidence for this notion is provided in an empirical study of the US market, warranting the consideration of a similar investigation in the Swedish market.   Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the dividend ex-day effect and the disposition effect in the Swedish stock market. Method: This study is conducted using a deductive approach and a quantitative research strategy. Secondary data of OMXS stocks during the 2013-2017 period is gathered from Thomson Reuters Datastream. To fulfil the purpose, one sample t-tests and regression analyses are performed. Conclusion: Statistically significant results confirm that there is a pervasive dividend ex-day effect on the OMXS market. From here, it is found that there is a substantial difference in the price drop between stocks based on their performance: winning stocks display a higher price drop on the ex-day compared to losing stocks. Regression analyses indicate a positive relationship between the dividend ex-day effect and the disposition effect. Some evidence, although not statistically significant, suggest that for a specific stock, the price drop will be greater in times when the stock has had positive returns compared to when it has had negative returns. A remarkable finding in this study is that all tests indicate that the positive relationship between the dividend ex-day effect and the disposition effect appears to be fading out as the holding period of stocks gets longer.

Bakgrund: En fungerande kapitalmarknad är en förutsättning för en nations innovation,vilket i sin tur är fundamentalt för att uppnå ekonomisk tillväxt. Därav blir förståelsen för hurkapitalmarknaden fungerar av största vikt. En av de vanligaste frågorna investerare ochforskare ställer sig är huruvida marknader är effektiva? Kan investerare utgå ifrån attkapitalmarknaden är effektiv och att alla handlar på samma information? Frågan är viktigeftersom kapitalmarknaden är uppbyggd på ett förtroende hos allmänheten, om dettaförtroende raseras kan det få förödande konsekvenser för nationen, utifrån svårigheter medkapitalallokeringen. Denna studie undersöker, med utgångspunkt från effektiva marknader,fenomenet kallat ex-dagseffekten. Finns det prisavvikelser på marknaden och iförekommande fall, finns det en förklaring till detta? Utifrån det undersöker studien specifiktmikrostrukturen som förklaring till den potentiella prisavvikelsen. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka, analysera, samt förklara förekomsten av exdagseffektenoch dess relation med mikrostrukturen på OMX Stockholm Large Cap,respektive Mid Cap och Small Cap. Metod: Utifrån studiens behov att sammanställa en större mängd data har en kvantitativforskningsstrategi använts. Studiens sekundärdata är insamlad för utdelande bolag noteradepå OMX Stockholm Large, Mid samt Small Cap mellan årtalen 2016 och 2019. Insamladdata har sedan sammanställts till paneldata, vilken ligger till grund för studiens t-test samtmultipla regressioner. Slutsats: Utifrån studiens t-test påvisas att ex-dagseffekten föreligger på studiens utvaldamarknad. Vidare, utifrån studiens regressioner utläses det att mikrostrukturen har en negativpåverkan på PDR. Då förekomst av mikrostrukturen påvisas kan studien inte uttala sig omhuruvida marknaden som undersökts är ineffektiv eller ej. / Background: A functioning capital market is a prerequisite for the innovation of a nation,which in turn is fundamental to achieve economic growth. Hence, the understanding of howthe capital market operates becomes of paramount importance. One of the most commonquestions investors and researchers ask themselves is whether markets are efficient? Caninvestors assume that the capital market is efficient and that everyone trades on the sameinformation? The question is important because the capital market is built upon publicconfidence, and if this trust is destroyed, it can have devastating consequences for the nation,based on difficulties with capital allocation. This study examines, based on efficient markets,the phenomenon called the ex-day effect. Are there price deviations in the market, and ifapplicable, is there an explanation for this? Based on this, the study specifically examines themicrostructure as an explanation for the potential price deviation. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate, analyze, and explain the existence of theex-day effect and its relationship with the microstructure of OMX Stockholm Large Cap, MidCap and Small Cap. Method: Based on the study's need to compile a larger amount of data, a quantitativeresearch strategy has been used. The study's secondary data is collected for distributingcompanies listed on OMX Stockholm Large, Mid and Small Cap between the years 2016 and2019. Collected data has then been compiled into panel data, which is the basis for the study'st-test and multiple regressions. Conclusion: Based on the study's t-test, it is demonstrated that the ex-day effect is present inthe study's selected market. Furthermore, based on the regressions models the study used, itcan be deducted that the microstructure has an impact of PDR. Since the presence of themicrostructure is detected, the study cannot comment on whether the market examined isinefficient or not.

Aktiepristeorier påstår att priset justeras proportionerligt med förlorad rätt till utdelning vid köppå ex-dagen. Tidigare studier har gett bevis på prisanomalier i USA, Japan och Oman. Genom attestimera en teoretisk aktiekursrörelse och jämföra den med den faktiska aktiekursrörelsen drar vislutsatsen att prisanomalier förekommit på Stockholmsbörsen under vår undersökta tidsperiod.Vårt resultat visar att ex-dagseffekten är relaterad till kontantutdelningar; den är inte entillfällighet och kan inte helt förklaras av egenskaper på specifika marknader. / Stock price theories suggest that prices adjust proportionate to the loss of dividend yields on ex-days.Earlier studies have shown evidence of pricing anomalies in USA, Japan and Oman. By estimating atheoretical stock return and comparing it to the actual returns over a time period close to the ex-dayswe can conclude that pricing anomalies have occurred in Stockholm Stock Exchange during ourmeasured period. Our findings show that the ex-day effect is related to cash dividends; it is notcoincidental and cannot be fully explained by attributes of particular markets.

According to the efficient market hypothesis, a leading financial theory, all information available is accounted for in the valuation of a company. However, this has been shown to not always be the case, especially when publicly noted companies are distributing dividends. When a dividend is distributed the drop in stock price is often lower than the size of the dividend, giving an unfair profit to the shareholders indicating an anomaly. This anomaly, which has had its existence proven in multiple countries, has been named the ex-day phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the ex-day phenomenon differs in different sectors of the Swedish stock market. The approach of the study is of a quantitative form with dividend and stock price data collected from a total of 137 companies within 13 different sectors.The results from the t-test showed a significant ex-day phenomenon in ten of the 13 industries examined using a 5% significance level and in seven of the 13 industries using a 1% significance level. The industry with the largest ex-day phenomenon was financial services and the industry with the lowest ex-day phenomenon was consumer products and services. An internal comparison between industries was made using a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. The test showed an adjusted statistical significance on a 5% significance level between the industry consumer products and services and the three industries financial services, medical equipment and services as well as industrial goods and services. / En välkänd hypotes inom finansiell teori är den effektiva marknadshypotesen. Enligt den effektiva marknadshypotesen ska aktiemarknaden effektivt kunna värdera ett bolag utifrån den information som finns tillgänglig om bolaget. Flertalet studier har dock motbevisat den effektiva marknadshypotesen när de studerat aktieprisets utveckling i samband med att börsnoterade företag ger utdelning till sina aktieägare. Studierna har påvisat att prisfallet på aktien på utdelningsdagen är mindre än utdelningen, vilket gett upphov till begreppet ex-dagseffekten. Syftet med denna studie är att utreda hur ex-dagseffekten skiljer sig åt mellan olika sektorer på den svenska aktiemarknaden. Arbetet använder en kvantitativ ansats där finansiella data hämtats från totalt 137 företag inom 13 olika sektorer. Resultatet från t-testet som utförts visar en statistisk signifikant ex-dagseffekt inom tio av de 13 branscher vid 5% signifikansnivå och sju av 13 branscher vid 1% signifikansnivå. Branschen med störst ex-dagseffekt var finansiella tjänster och branschen med lägst ex-dagseffekt var konsumentprodukter och tjänster. En jämförelse av ex-dagseffekten mellan olika sektorer genomfördes även genom ett Kruskal-Wallis test. Resultaten från dessa test visade en justerad statistisk signifikans vid signifikansnivån 5% mellan branschen konsumentprodukter och tjänster och de tre branscherna finansiella tjänster, medicinsk utrustning och tjänster samt industriella varor och tjänster.