Zugl.: Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 2008

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2001--Darmstadt.

Nesta tese discorremos sobre crescimento e caracterização de filmes finos de carbeto de silício amorfo hidrogenado (a-Si1-xCx:H) crescidos por deposição química de vapor assistida por plasma (PECVD). Os filmes foram depositados a partir de misturas de silano, metano e hidrogênio, no regime de plasma faminto por silano. Amostras depositadas nessas condições possuem uma maior concentração de ligações Si-C, ou seja, melhor coordenação entre átomos de Si e C, com menor quantidade de ligações C-Hn e Si-H, apresentando um conteúdo de hidrogênio da ordem de 20 at.%, e baixa densidade de poros. Foram analisadas e correlacionadas diversas propriedades dos filmes depositados, explorando-se a potência de rf e a diluição da mistura gasosa em hidrogênio, de forma a melhorar a ordem química, estrutural e morfológica na fase sólida. A composição dos filmes foi determinada por retroespalhamento de Rutherford e espectrometria de recuo frontal. Enfatizou-se a análise dos diferentes tipos de ligações químicas existentes no material por espectrometria no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier, o estudo das propriedades estruturais por espectroscopia de absorção de raios X na borda K do silício, e das propriedades morfológicas analisando-se os perfis de espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo para diferentes ligas depositadas. Foram também realizadas medidas de dureza e de microscopia eletrônica para uma amostra estequiométrica, de forma a complementar os demais dados obtidos. Filmes estequiométricos depositados nessas condições apresentam entre 80 e 90% do total de suas ligações entre átomos de Si e C e dureza Vickers de 33 GPa. Tratamentos térmicos entre 600 ºC e 1000 ºC, realizados em atmosfera inerte de N2, mostraram que filmes stequiométricos são mais estáveis frente à absorção de oxigênio. / In this work we discuss the growth and characterization of amorphous hydrogenated silicon carbide thin films (a-Si1-xCx:H) deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). It was used a gaseous mixture of silane, methane and hydrogen, at the silane starving plasma regime. Samples grown at these conditions and with a very low silane flow have a larger concentration of Si-C bonds, that is, better coordination among Si and C atoms, with smaller amount of C-Hn and Si-H bonds, presenting a hydrogen content of about 20 at.%, and low density of pores. Material’s properties were correlated for the deposited films, exploring the rf power and hydrogen dilution of the gaseous mixture, aiming to improve the chemical, structural and morphological order in the solid phase. The composition of the films was determined by Rutherford backscattering and forward recoil spectrometry. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometry analysis studied the chemical bonding inside the material, X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the silicon K edge the structural properties in samples as-grown and after thermal annealing, and small angle X-ray scattering was used for the morphological characterization. The hardness was measured and transmission electron microscopy micrographs were taken for a stoichiometric sample, in order to complement the obtained data. Stoichiometric films presented a very high chemical order, having between 80 and 90% of their bonds formed by Si and C atoms and Vickers hardness of 33 GPa. Annealing processes between 600 ºC and 1000 ºC, performed in an inert N2 atmosphere, showed that stoichiometric films are more stable against oxygen absorption.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-02T19:29:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 douglasfazafranco.pdf: 5289953 bytes, checksum: 0bb332fea493482a4826231168ea7ccc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-13T13:07:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 douglasfazafranco.pdf: 5289953 bytes, checksum: 0bb332fea493482a4826231168ea7ccc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-13T13:07:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 douglasfazafranco.pdf: 5289953 bytes, checksum: 0bb332fea493482a4826231168ea7ccc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O processo de coacervação se dá através da interação entre soluções aquosas de polifosfato de sódio (sal de Graham), (NaPO3)n, e sais de diferentes metais como: Na+, Ca2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+ entre outros. Para que o processo de coacervação ocorra, em alguns casos é necessário à adição de solventes orgânicos, como metanol ou etanol, visto que estes solventes reduzem a constante dielétrica da solução levando à formação de partículas coloidais em meio aquoso. A utilização de coacervatos para a produção de vidros seja pela secagem do coacervato (produção de vidros em temperatura ambiente) quanto pela fusão seguida de resfriamento foi explorada. Estudos estruturais e espectroscópicos dos coacervatos de Cobalto (II) e Níquel (II) foram realizados pelas técnicas espectroscópicas de absorção de Raios-X na região do EXAFS e Raman, fornecendo informações importantes sobre as primeiras e segundas esferas de coordenação dos íons metálicos, além do destaque dado ao papel desempenhado pelos mesmos no processo de coacervação. No processo de produção dos coacervatos destaca-se a rota de preparação através da adição direta de metanol à solução concentrada de (NaPO3)n. Os materiais obtidos pelas diferentes rotas de coacervação permitiram a obtenção de materiais com características vítreas interessantes, de acordo com os resultados das medidas de análises térmicas realizadas nestes diferentes materiais. O processo de fusão-resfriamento dos coacervatos de cálcio e sódio também conduziu à formação de vidros com características térmicas interessantes. Os coacervatos de cálcio e de sódio apresentam características vítreas, segundo medidas de Análise Térmica Diferencial (DTA). Mas, uma vez fundidos e resfriados dão origem a vidros que apresentam características térmicas interessantes, como por exemplo, baixas temperaturas de transição vítrea (Tg), cristalização (Tx) e fusão (Tf). Por outro lado, atenção especial foi dada à questão da biocompatilidade dos coacervatos de cálcio, e na possível utilização como matrizes hospedeiras de fármacos, no processo de liberação controlada de medicamentos no organismo humano. Para isso, a vitamina C foi incorporada ao coacervato de cálcio com objetivo de verificar tal aptidão farmacológica, visto que estes sistemas são preparados à temperatura ambiente em condições favoráveis para a incorporação de diferentes substâncias orgânico-inorgânicas na estrutura do material. / The process of coacervation is through interaction between solutions of sodium polyphosphate (Graham's salt), (NaPO3)n and salts of different metals as: Na+, Ca2 +, Ni2 +, Co2+, Mn2+ among others. For the process of coacervation occurs in sometimes it is necessary the addition of organic solvents as methanol or ethanol, because these solvents reduce the dielectric constant of the solution leading to the formation of vesicles in aqueous solution. Use of coacervates for the production of glass by drying the coacervate (production of glass at room temperature) and then cooling the merger was explored. Structural and spectroscopic studies of the coacervates of cobalt (II) and nickel (II) were carried out by spectroscopic techniques of X-ray absorption in the region of the EXAFS and Raman spectroscopy providing important information on the first and second coordination spheres of metal ions, and the eminence given to the role played by them in the process of coacervation. In the production process of coacervates highlight the route of preparation by direct addition of methanol to the concentrated solution of (NaPO3)n. The materials obtained by different routes coacervation allowed us to obtain glassy materials with interesting features, according to the results of measurements of thermal analysis performed in these different materials. The melting process-cooling coacervates of calcium and sodium have also led to the formation of glasses with interesting thermal features. In addition special attention was given to the question of the coacervates compatibility of calcium and possible use as host matrices of drugs in the process of controlled release of drugs in humans. For this reason, vitamin C was incorporated into the coacervate of calcium in order to verify such aptitude pharmacology since these systems are prepared at room temperature under conditions favorable for the incorporation of different organic and inorganic substances in the structure of the material.

L’objectif de ce travail est de développer une approche de type science des surfaces pour étudier l’effet de support sur la genèse et la structure de la phase active des catalyseurs d’hydrotraitement à base de sulfure de molybdène supporté sur alumine, utilisés pour la purification des coupes pétrolières. L’originalité réside dans une approche science des surfaces en solution avec un dépôt du précurseur métallique (molybdates) en phase aqueuse selon deux voies de synthèse (adsorption à l’équilibre et imprégnation) sur des monocristaux d’alumine α (modèle de l’alumine γ) de 4 orientations différentes (C (0001), R "(1" ¯("1" ) "02)" , A "(11" ¯("2" ) "0)" et M "(10" ¯("1" ) "0)" ). La combinaison de techniques (XPS, AFM, MET, EXAFS) a permis de montrer que chaque orientation cristalline gouverne la force des interactions métal-support à l’état oxyde et donc le taux de sulfuration et la taille des particules de la phase sulfure. Cette phase sulfure a ainsi pu être reliée à une phase de type I (interactions métal-support fortes, plus faible sulfurabilité) pour la face R "(1" ¯("1" ) "02)" et de type II (interactions métal-support plus faibles et meilleure sulfurabilité) pour les faces C (0001), A "(11" ¯("2" ) "0)" et M "(10" ¯("1" ) "0)" . Les résultats obtenus sur la face C (0001) par EXAFS suggèrent une orientation majoritairement basale des feuillets de phase sulfure tandis qu’une orientation aléatoire est mise en évidence sur les autres faces. Les analogies structurales établies entre alumine α et γ ont permis de transposer ces résultats au support industriel (γ-Al2O3) pour conclure que le contrôle de la morphologie du support constitue un levier pour maîtriser la genèse de la phase sulfure et améliorer les performances des catalyseurs d’HDT. / The objective of this work was to develop a surface science approach to study the support effect on the genesis and structure of the active phase (molybdenum sulfide) on alumina supported Mo based hydrotreating catalysts supported on alumina which are used for petroleum refining. The originality of the work lies in the aqueous phase metal precursor deposition (molybdates) according to two synthetic routes (equilibrium adsorption and impregnation) on α alumina single crystals (γ alumina surrogate) with 4 different orientations (C (0001), R "(1" ¯("1" ) "02)" , A "(11" ¯("2" ) "0)" and M "(10" ¯("1" ) "0)" ). The combination of several physico-chemical characterization techniques (XPS, AFM, TEM, EXAFS) has shown that the surface structure of each crystal orientation governs the strength of metal/support interaction in the oxide state and thus the sulfidation degree and size of the sulfide active phase nanoparticles. This sulfide phase has been associated to a type I (strong metal/support interactions, lower sulfurability) for the R "(1" ¯("1" ) "02)" plane and to a type II (weaker metal/support interactions and better sulfurability) for C (0001), A "(11" ¯("2" ) "0)" and M "(10" ¯("1" ) "0)" planes. In addition, EXAFS results suggest a predominantly basal orientation of the sulfide phase on the C (0001) plane while a random orientation is highlighted on the other faces. The surface structural analogies between α and γAl2O3 polymorphs allows us to transpose these results to the industrial support (γ-Al2O3) and hence, to conclude that a proper control of the industrial support morphology constitutes a way to tune the genesis of the sulfide phase and improve the performances of hydrotreating catalysts.

No description available.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'étude des relations entre structure et propriétés des verres. La coloration des verres par les métaux de transition en est une des plus belles illustrations et sa compréhension constitue une étape fondamentale de l'étude des vitraux du Moyen Age. L'opportunité unique de la dépose des vitraux du XIIIe siècle de la Sainte-Chapelle de Paris a permis d'appliquer la démarche multidisciplinaire développée dans cette thèse pour comprendre la coloration des verres.Dans le au cas des verres bleus colorés par Co2+, ce travail a nécessité une démarche s’appuyant sur la spectroscopie fondamentale combinant des méthodes expérimentales (XANES et EXAFS au seuil K du cobalt et spectroscopie d'absorption optique) et théorique (calculs multiélectroniques dans l'approche en champ de ligand des pré-seuils K), pour mieux comprendre l'environnement local du Co2+ dans les verres. L'influence de la symétrie locale du site de Co2+ sur l'hybridation p-d et sa signature spectroscopique a été montrée grâce à des références cristallines. Les espèces penta-coordonnées ont pu alors être identifiées dans des verres modèles, nous permettant de proposer des modèles structuraux impliquant plusieurs espèces. Les proportions relatives de ses espèces sont contrôlées par les capacités de compensation de charge des cations du verre.Les deux principales nuances de bleu des verres du XIIIe siècle de la Sainte-Chapelle de Paris sont dues à Co2+ et Fe2+ tandis que le cuivre, également présent, est majoritairement monovalent et incolore, preuve des conditions réductrices de fabrication des verres de cette époque. / This thesis is part of the general framework of the study of structure-properties relationships in glasses. Understanding the coloring properties of transition metal ions in glass is an essential step in the study of Middle Age stained glass windows. The restoration work of the 13th century stained glass windows of the Holly Chapel of Paris provided a unique opportunity of apply the multidisciplinary approach of the question of glass color.In the particular case of blue glasses colored by, this study relied on a fundamental approach based on experimental (optical absorption, K-edge XANES and EXAFS spectroscopies) and theoretical tools (ligand field multiplet calculations of the pre-edge), to understand the local environment of Co2+ in glasses and the spectroscopic signature of Co2+ in unusual sites.The influence of the point group symmetry of Co site on the p-d hybridization and Co2+ spectroscopic signature was defined by comparison with crystalline references. Five-fold coordinated species have been identified in model glasses of simplified composition. This provided structural models based on 4-, 5- and 6-fold coordinated Co species for borate glasses and 4- and 5-fold coordinated Co species for silicate glasses, which are controlled by the charge compensating properties of the glass cations.Eventually, two main shades of blue have been identified in the 13th century glasses from the Holly Chapel of Paris, attributed to Co2+ and Fe2+, while, copper although present, mainly occurs as colorless Cu+, as a proof of reducing melting conditions. This provides first insights into the Middle Age glass manufacturing process.

Geological disposal of radioactive wastes currently stored at Earth's surface is now the favoured management pathway for these materials. Typically, intermediate level wastes (ILW) are grouted and emplaced in a geological disposal facility (GDF) which will be backfilled, possibly with cementitious materials. Post-closure leaching of the cementitious materials in a GDF is expected to create hyperalkaline conditions in and around the repository, resulting in mineral alteration and crystallisation, both within the engineered barrier and host rock; creating a persistent chemically disturbed zone (CDZ). Iron derived from within the host rock as a result of alkaline breakdown of Fe-bearing silicate minerals (e.g. biotite, chlorite); corrosion products formed within the repository; or iron contained within the waste; will form secondary iron (oxyhydr)oxide minerals. The formation and re-crystallisation of these reactive mineral phases may sequester radionuclides through a host of processes: surface-mediated reduction to less soluble forms; adsorption onto, and/or incorporation into stable secondary or tertiary iron oxide phases. Therefore iron (oxyhydr)oxides will be key to the fate of radionuclides potentially released from within radioactive wastes disposed of in a GDF.In this study, the fate of U(VI) and Tc(VII) was considered during crystallisation of ferrihydrite to more stable iron oxide phases (e.g. hematite and magnetite) and, in three synthetic cement leachates (pH 13.1, 12.5, 10.5) designed to reflect the early-, middle- and late-stage evolution of the CDZ. XRD and SEM/TEM have been used to characterise the mineralogy during crystallisation. Partitioning of U(VI) and Tc(VII) between the solid and solution has been followed throughout, with chemical extractions used to determine the distribution of the radionuclides adsorbed to, and incorporated within the solid. Synchrotron-based XAS techniques have been utilised to probe the oxidation state and molecular scale bonding environment of the radionuclides associated with the solids. The data suggest that: U(VI) is incorporated into the hematite structure in place of Fe(III), in a distorted octahedral environment with elongation of the uranyl bond; Tc(VII) is reduced to Tc(IV) and incorporated into the octahedral site within the magnetite structure in place of Fe(III), and is retained in the same environment even after extensive oxidation of the magnetite to maghemite; and that U(VI) may also be incorporated as U(V) or U(VI) into the magnetite structure, with similar recalcitrant behaviour during oxidation. These results highlight the importance of mineral reactions within the CDZ as potentially significant pathways for immobilising radionuclides released from a GDF.

Aujourd’hui le combustible nucléaire usé est retraité via le procédé PUREX afin de récupérer l’uranium et le plutonium. La séparation de ces actinides des produits de fission repose sur différentes étapes d’extraction liquide-liquide avec le tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TBP) comme extractant. Un modèle a été conçu pour décrire précisément les différentes étapes du retraitement afin d’en optimiser le fonctionnement. Mais les mécanismes à l’échelle moléculaire sont encore mal décrits notamment pour le ruthénium qui est partiellement extrait et retenu en phase organique. Les études précédentes concernant le comportement du ruthénium dans le procédé ont montré que sa chimie était complexe et se sont principalement appuyées sur des données macroscopiques telles que les coefficients de distribution ou des constantes cinétiques. Des lacunes demeurent quant au mode de coordination avec le TBP, la structure et la stabilité des espèces extraites en phase organique, ou encore par rapport à la spéciation dans les conditions de faible acidité (CHNO3aq < 3 M).Une analyse de la spéciation du ruthénium en phase aqueuse et en phase organique a donc été entreprise au cours de ce travail. Elle s’appuie sur la combinaison d’outils spectroscopiques (FTIR et EXAFS) et sur l’utilisation de références solides caractérisées par DRX monocristal, FTIR et EXAFS. Cette méthodologie a été développée afin d’améliorer l’interprétation des signaux enregistrés sur les solutions aqueuses et organique de ruthénium.La méthode de couplage entre les données FTIR, les résultats de dosages potentiométriques en phase aqueuse et les informations obtenues lors de l’ajustement des spectres EXAFS nous a permis d’obtenir des structures moyennes des espèces [RuNO(NO3)x(OH)y(H2O)5-x-y]3-(x+y)+ présentes tant en phase aqueuse qu’en phase organique. Elle a permis de démontrer que dans les conditions d’extraction du procédé, les complexes identifiés en phase aqueuse sont extraits en phase organique sans modification de la sphère de coordination. L’hypothèse d’une coordination directe entre le TBP et le ruthénium a pu être exclue. L’influence de la concentration en acide nitrique ainsi qu’en ions nitrates, sur la spéciation du ruthénium dans les phases aqueuses et organiques a été mise en évidence. Différents équilibres d’extraction sont mis en œuvre selon les conditions chimiques. Pour les solutions à forte acidité (CHNO3aq = 4 M), des complexes de ruthénium non-hydrolysés avec un nombre de ligands nitrates proche de 3 ont identifiés (2 < x < 4 et z = 0). Au contraire à faible acidité (CHNO3aq = 1 M), une forme hydrolysée des complexes du ruthénium, présente en solution aqueuse, est extraite par le solvant. Cette espèce hydrolysée s’avère être un complexe bimétallique de la forme [(RuNO)2(NO3)2x(H2O)9-2x(µ-OH)](5-2x)+.Enfin l’étude du vieillissement des phases organiques a permis de mettre en évidence des échanges entre les ligands liés au ruthénium et l’acide nitrique solubilisé en phase organique. Ces processus, relativement lents pour une phase organique isolée, sont accélérés lorsque les mesures sont effectuées en présence d’une phase aqueuse, ce qui engendre une augmentation du coefficient de distribution du ruthénium. Ces échanges de ligands dans la sphère de coordination du ruthénium et les variations importantes de spéciation en fonctions des conditions chimiques (CH+ et CNO3-) pourraient être à l’origine du phénomène de rétention du ruthénium observé au sein du procédé. Finalement cette étude offre des voies d’amélioration pour une meilleure prise en compte de la diversité des équilibres impliquant le ruthénium au sein des modèles thermodynamiques, et soutient ainsi le développement de modèles prédictifs des procédés industriels de séparation. / Currently, used nuclear fuel is reprocessed using the PUREX process to isolate uranium and plutonium. Separation of these actinides is achieved through multiple steps of liquid-liquid extraction using tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TBP) as the extractant. Work aiming to develop a precise model of the fuel retreatment process in order to optimize it fails to accurately reproduce the ruthenium partial extraction and its retention in organic phase. Molecular mechanisms are still badly understood and hinder these developments. Previous studies had shown that ruthenium chemistry is complex but they mostly rely on macroscopic information as distribution coefficients or rate constants. Deficiencies remain about the coordination mode between TBP and ruthenium, about the structure and stability of extracted species or about the speciation for solutions at low acidities (CHNO3aq < 3 M).Ruthenium speciation analysis was undertaken during this work. It relies on the combination of different spectroscopic techniques (FTIR and EXAFS) and on the use of solid reference compounds fully characterized by single crystal XRD, FTIR and EXAFS. This method was developed in order to improve the interpretation of spectroscopic results for ruthenium aqueous and organic phases.This method coupling FTIR analysis, potentiometric determination in aqueous phase and fit results of EXAFS experimental data allowed us to obtain average structure for [RuNO(NO3)x(OH)y(H2O)5-x-y]3-(x+y)+ species in solution. It was demonstrated that ruthenium coordination sphere was not modified during extraction in process conditions. The hypothesis of a direct link between ruthenium and TBP was excluded. Influence of the nitric acid and nitrate concentrations was highlighted for ruthenium speciation in both aqueous and organic phases. Separate equilibria should be implemented to describe ruthenium extraction depending on chemical conditions. At high acidity (CHNO3aq = 4 M), non-hydrolyzed ruthenium complexes with an average nitrate number close to 3 were identified (2 < x < 4 et z = 0). Conversely, at low acidity (CHNO3aq = 1 M), a hydrolyzed ruthenium compound, observed in aqueous phase, is extracted into the organic phase. This compound was shown to be a bimetallic complex which could be written as [(RuNO)2(NO3)2x(H2O)9-2x(µ-OH)](5-2x)+.Finally the ageing study of organic phase allowed us to highlight exchanges between the ruthenium ligands and solvated nitric acid. These phenomena are relatively slow for isolated organic phases but are accelerated in the presence of an aqueous phase. An increase of ruthenium distribution coefficient was also observed. These ligand exchanges in ruthenium coordination sphere and the large fluctuations of speciation depending on chemical conditions (CH+ et CNO3-) may cause the ruthenium retention noticed in the process.This study offers opportunities to improve ruthenium extraction equilibria coverage in thermodynamic models and support the development of predictive models for industrial separation processes.

Kesterite sind Verbindungshalbleiter aus ungiftigen und vergleichsweise häufigen Elementen, die als Absorber in Dünnschichtsolarzellen genutzt werden können. Häufig wird ihre Zusammensetzung durch Variation der Stöchiometrie oder Legierung verändert, um ihre Effizienz marktfähig zu machen. Die langreichweitigen, strukturellen Einflüsse dieser Methoden sind wohl bekannt. Erkenntnisse aus den ähnlichen Chalcopyriten legen jedoch nahe, dass die lokale atomare Struktur sich nicht im gleichen Maße ändert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde daher Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) verwendet, um Veränderungen in der lokalen Struktur von nicht stöchiometrischen oder legierten Pulverproben und Dünnschichten auf winzigen Skalen zu analysieren. Es zeigt sich, dass Kesterite viele Eigenschaften ihrer lokalen Struktur auch über signifikante Zusammensetzungsveränderungen hinaus beibehalten. Trotzdem wird die Wichtigkeit dieser Untersuchungen deutlich. So kann unter anderem der direkte Einfluss der lokalen Struktur auf die Bandlücke gezeigt werden. / Kesterite type materials are researched for their ability to form thin film solar cell absorbers from earth abundant and non-toxic elements. Main routes to increase their efficiencies to the level of competing materials include compositional variations such as deviations from stoichiometry and alloying. While the long range structural impacts of these methods are well known, similarities with chalcopyrites indicate that the local atomic structure will not change on the same order of magnitude. This thesis hence employs low temperature Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) measurements on off-stoichiometric or alloyed powder samples and thin films, to reveal the small changes in local atomic environments. It is shown that kesterites tend to keep many aspects of their local atomic structure despite major compositional changes. Yet, both the impact of these small changes on band gap energy as well as further value of probing the local atomic structure of kesterite thin films are demonstrated.