In 2006 the College Board celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Advanced Placement (AP) program. The AP program, which began as a means of transitioning selected high school students to colleges, had expanded to include thousands of students sitting for thousands of exams. During the first fifty years as the program expanded, the College Board expanded the number of course offerings. With this expansion came the question as to the effectiveness of AP. As criticism of the College Board continued to grow, by 2006 the College Board began reform by auditing its own courses, seeking funding for states to expand experimental programs, and encouraging universities to no longer accept a score of 3 on an exam. The College Board sought overall clarity regarding the focus of the AP program once considered an elite standard in America high schools. While there is cause to wonder, there is also encouragement. / Department of Educational Leadership

New national curriculums are issued in order to change the present state of the educational system in a nation. In 2011 the old curriculum, the Läroplanen för de frivilliga skolformerna (LPF94) was replaced by the Läroplan, examensmål och gymnasiegemensamma ämnen för gymnasieskola 2011 (GY11). As future teachers we are interested in how a new curriculum affects the work of teachers concerning planning, teaching and examination from the teacher’s point of view. We conducted interviews with five teachers working at upper secondary schools (16-19 year olds) in Kalmar county. Our theoretical framework is based on curriculum theory and concepts of Leonard Bernstein: framing and classification. The interviews were conducted very freely, we had a couple of base questions and the teachers had the opportunity to elaborate their own thoughts, without us steering them too much. It is their experience and concerns we are interested of after all. We have then made sure their anonymity by addressing them by letters (in order of conducted interview), not mentioning their working place or gender. The only information present is how long they have worked as teachers and their subjects. Three of the teachers experience a different pattern concerning co-operation and their teaching style in the classroom. While two of them have no such experience, more or less. What they all do experience is the expansion of the knowledge chapter in the curriculum. Now there is more knowledge the teachers must teach the pupils, but in the same amount of time as before. With much more to teach, one teacher especially expressed, there is more of a monolog in the classroom and less opportunities for current events in the world, in order to go through the now specific knowledge. Also, the new grades are tougher to achieve, more hard work is acquired just to pass. With the LPF94 different schools applied with different methods concerning working habits and view on teaching style, thus the LPF94 had a loose framing. This study concludes that the new curriculum promotes strong framing, the teachers work more as a unit now.

No description available.

This study has been conducted to establish a relation between welding quality and strength in various types of steel. This because specification of quality levels higher or lower than required leads to an increase in manufacturing cost. A procedure has been developed to achieve the above objective. In this procedure EN 25817, EN 288-1 and similar welding and nondestructive testing standards have been taken as a basis. Furthermore, effort has been exerted to ensure that welding is performed in a manner that reflects the actual conditions encountered in the industry to the extent possible. The same principles have been pursued in material selection, and the materials have been selected from the low-carbon manufacturing steel types (St37, St44 and St52) that are frequently used in steel construction, boiler manufacturing and similar manufacturing areas. The welded pieces manufactured in accordance with the established procedure have been tested through radiographic and ultrasonic examination methods to check whether they conformed to the welding quality standards set in the procedure. v Quality levels B and C of the EN 25817 standard have been selected for this study. The sizes of potential defects of quality levels have been defined within this standard. In this study, plates with weld seam that has no defect have been used for Quality level B and plates with weld seam having gas pores in sizes specified in the relevant standard have been used for Quality level C. After this stage, the pieces have been subjected to mechanical tests and their strength values have been identified. Thereby, the association between welding quality and strength has been established, enabling us to specify which strength values can be achieved in specific welding quality levels.

酒醉駕車可能同時涉及行政違序行為及刑事犯罪行為，而血液中酒精濃度更為判定行為責任之重要準據，現行警察職權行使法、道路交通管理處罰條例及刑事訴訟法就呼氣或抽血取得行為人酒精濃度數值固有相關規範，惟並未確切掌握其為干預基本權之性質，以致規範不完備而有違反正當法律程序之虞。本文第一章即先就問題之緣起、研究目的、研究方法及研究範圍作一全面性之概述。 　　　第二章探討酒醉駕車所涉及之行政責任及刑事責任。按道路交通管理處罰條例自民國57年立法以來，迄今已六度修正提高酒醉駕車之裁罰標準，88年4月間刑法增訂185條之3不能安全駕駛罪，將酒醉駕車入罪化；而授權警察得下命強制抽血檢測酒精濃度之規定則係於90年1月間增訂，而92年間警察職權行使法之修訂，使警察發動酒測得有較為明確之授權依據，然而實務運作上仍存有諸多爭議，並因酒駕可能僅為行政責任、亦可能同時涉及刑事責任，致使強制抽血檢測酒精濃度措施究屬警察的行政調查手段，抑或已屬犯罪偵查領域而應適用更為嚴謹的程序規範，即應加以釐清以杜合法性之爭議。 　　　第三章探討強制抽血檢測酒精濃度所涉及之基本權，就人身自由權、身體不受傷害權、隱私權及不自證己罪原則逐一探討。首先概述上開基本權之權利內涵，確認其是否屬我國憲法所保障之基本權，如為肯定，再探討強制抽血檢測酒精濃度是否侵害該基本權。而依本文之觀察，強制抽血酒測應已侵及人身自由權、身體完整不受侵犯權及隱私權。 　　　第四章採用比較法研究，探討強制採血以取得血液中酒精濃度數值作為刑事犯罪證據使用，在刑事訴訟法之體系定位為何，並比較92年1月刑事訴訟法就侵入體內取證之行為在修法前後之法規依據、相關學說爭議及實務運作情況。其次，基於鑑定之檢查身體規定係繼受自德國刑事訴訟法第81條a，因此本章中除著重於追本溯源，以德國立法例作為主要的外文文獻參考資料，透過對於德國法的立法解釋、學說見解及實務案例的分析，希望能對檢查身體制度在我國制度定位上有一定的幫助外，並輔以美國法上對於檢查身體的相關案例與見解，期能進一步釐清檢查身體制度的意義及定位。 　　　第五章探討現行檢查身體在我國刑事訴訟法的體系定位，以其乃為具有強制處分性質之措施，惟在現行法卻有定位不明之憾，形式上固符合法律保留原則，惟在實質合法性上則似不盡符合正當法律程序原則，未來修法上實應明確訂定該等強制處分發動的程序與實體要件、執行規範、事後審查與救濟規定，期能同時兼顧人權保障與實體真實之發現。 　　　第六章則綜合整理歸納各章論述重點，並認未來檢查身體在刑事訴訟法上有明確規範後，現行道路交通管理處罰條例授權警察得逕為下命移送醫療檢驗院所強制抽血之規定則亦有相應調整之必要性，期以程序正義保障實體之正義，落實法治國原則保障人民權益之價值理念。 / Driving while intoxicated (DWI) may involve in disordering administrative law or committing criminal crime, which mainly depends on the person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC). According to the Police Act, the Act Governing the Punishment of Violation of Road Traffic Regulations and the Code of Criminal Procedure, we have relevant regulations for BAC measurement (a mass of alcohol per volume of blood) through breath alcohol testing or blood testing. These regulations, however, are fragmented and against due process because of violating the fundamental rights of the people. Therefore, I begin at overview of the origin of the studies, the purpose of studies, the methodology of studies and the range of studies in Chapter 1. In Chapter 2, I discuss responsibility of DWI in administrative code and criminal code. According to the Act Governing the Punishment of Violation of Road Traffic Regulations (which enacts in 1968), we have revised standard and raised the penalty on DWI. In April 1999, the Criminal Code revised and augmented Article 185-3- not safety driving crime. That is, criminalization of DWI. In January 2001, the police are authorized to implement BAC testing due to law augment. The revises of the Police Act grant the police to enforce BAC testing while there are disputes in practice. DWI maybe just against administrative liability or involve criminal liability at the same time. Thus, the enforcement of BAC testing belongs to either the methods of the police administrative investigation or the field of delinquency investigation. If it belongs to the latter, we should adapt due process more strictly so that we could prevent legality from disputes In Chapter 3, I discuss the enforcement of BAC testing in accordance with fundamental rights of the people, including personal freedom, defense of bodily harm, privacy right and Principle of privilege against self-incrimination. First of all, we should make sure whether the content of nature rights corresponds to Constitution or not. When it is approval, we will discuss whether the enforcement of BAC testing trespasses on nature rights. According to the article, the enforcement of BAC testing against personal freedom, defense of bodily harm and privacy right. 　　　 In Chapter 4, I use comparative studies in order to obtain a mandatory BAC value as criminal evidence in Code of Criminal Procedure. Besides, I compare the evidence obtained by body invasion before and after amending the Code of Criminal Procedure in January 2003, the disputes of relevant theories and the practical operation. Secondly, based on the identification of the physical examination provided by the German Code of Criminal Procedure Article 81 a, we not only use the German legislation as major reference but also analyze the legislative interpretation, insights and practical cases of German Law. We are eager to anchor our system of physical examination associated with relevant the US cases and insights so that we can further advance the significance of the physical examination. In Chapter 5, I discuss the present physical inspection in our Code of Criminal Procedure due to its compulsory measure. It is a pity that, however, the present criterion for physical inspection is invalid. Although it conforms to principle of legal reservation, it does not consist with due process of law on the real legitimacy. We should consider due process of compulsory measure as well as substantive requirements, execution regulations, retrospective review and remedy when we amend the law in the future. By doing so, we not only protect human rights but also discover the substantive reality. In Chapter 6, I summarize the keynotes of all chapters and consider clearly definition of physical examination in the Code of Criminal Procedure. The Act Governing the Punishment of Violation of Road Traffic Regulations, which empowers the police to transfer the suspects to the medical institutions for blood testing, should adjust accordingly. By doing so, we can protect the entity of justice through due process and implement the principle of constitutional state. That is, to secure the interest of human rights.

本論文主要是研究美國專利審查品質對產業競爭的影響，以探討專利申請案的審查品質是否對會對產業競爭產生影響。 從企業對智慧財產權保護手段的選擇與思考的研究中可發現，企業對於無形資產的保護手段經常不選擇專利權，可能導致這種現象的原因很多，包括企業不願公開創新成果、企業無法實際自專利權交易中獲利及企業透過法院行使專利權經常遭受挫折。根據學者的研究，透過法院行使專利權的權利人只有少數能取得有利判決，同時近半的專利權被法院認為無效。本文以為，專利權的有效性不易透過法院證實是使企業不願以專利權保護企業創新成果的主因。 美國近年興起的專利改革運動企圖藉一連串專利制度的改革而改善美國專利商標局（USPTO）的專利審查品質。在美國的專利改革運動中，各利益團體的影響、競爭法主管機關的意見及各律師協會的意見都使專利改革運動有更充分的討論及更廣泛的思考，但也使整個改革運動的修法程序發生遲滯的現象。 為證明美國專利審查品質的瑕疵會影響產業競爭，本文第三章舉出曾實際發生在電子連接器產業的一實例──Alan專利，以該Alan專利為例說明美國專利商標局核准的專利權對產業的影響。該Alan專利核准後，產業中各競爭者分別採用不同的迴避設計，而這些迴避設計大多是不易製造或不可靠的設計。同時，美國專利商標局另核准近百個專利權都以Alan專利為審查基礎，但美國聯邦法院最後卻因申請前的習知技術而判決Alan專利無效。 本文第四章研究美國專利改革運動中的習知技術相關議題，包括是否改採先申請主義、專利申請人的申請案相關資訊揭露及專利核准後的異議程序等。 由於美國專利改革草案2009及2010均未通過美國國會審查，因此無法取得實證資料驗證是否能改善目前美國專利制度的缺失。雖然美國專利改革草案是企圖修正現行制度中的缺失，但未來仍待實證研究證據驗證是該專利改革草案的成效。

This study investigates one teacher’s strategies and use of critical inquiry skills whilst teaching a senior art class about contemporary artworks. It has sought to identify the strengths and challenges one teacher faces whilst teaching contemporary artworks through a postmodern art curriculum. It looks at thinking and learning opportunities through critically responsive teaching and seeks to recognize the importance of an innovative and imaginative approach. / The research process comprised gathering information through a series of interviews and observations of one teacher over five consecutive theoretical lessons. The results of these recorded interviews as well as the observational notes and transcriptions provided me with ample data for analysis and discussion. The students’ responses were analysed in terms of the VCE art curriculum’s requirements using the interpretive frameworks and for the development of critical thinking in the study of postmodern list art. / The results indicate that developing thinking skills contributes to a students ability to problem solve and make decisions. Strategies for thinking and learning are enhanced in a quality learning environment which challenges students, promotes reflection and critical inquiry and involves students in meaningful learning opportunities. This study has shown how studying contemporary art contributes to overall development of the mind through innovative pedagogy. It has also shown that traditional teaching approaches to art curriculum design framed by postmodern perspectives have the ability provide students with comprehensive and interesting learning opportunities. / The significance of this study is that it has shown that the new curriculum with its emphasis on the interpretive frameworks can be taught with traditional methods. As the teacher gains confidence with the method he is also able to expand his approaches and adapt his teaching style to facilitate a productive outcome. This is seen in the growth of thinking skills and knowledge revealed by this small group of students in an outer metropolitan Victorian secondary school.

[Truncated abstract] Urinary desmosines have been proposed as a biomarker for inflammatory lung damage. Desmosine, a breakdown product of elastin, is an effective marker of the degradation of elastin and has been studied in many disease scenarios where there is acute and chronic lung inflammation. Lung matrix degradation has been proven in vitro and in vivo with many experiments showing that the excess proteases degrades lung matrix. The secretion of proteases by neutrophils is an innate response of the body to the invasion by micro organisms and when secreted in excess, the protective anti-protease mechanism is swamped. Chronic inflammation and persistent infection eventually leads to bronchiectasis and respiratory failure. Urinary desmosine has been shown to be elevated in respiratory conditions with acute and chronic inflammation . . . Urinary desmosine levels in a large cohort of healthy children have been established using this method and predictive Z-score formulae have been developed to use in children with lung disease. Exploration of these scores in children with CF have shown that the levels of urinary desmosine appear to be sensitive to the clinical setting, where high urinary desmosine levels were present during exacerbation and significantly reduced when treated for infection with antibiotic therapy and physiotherapy. The study of young children under the age of seven was undertaken to determine if the urinary desmosine levels could indicate when lung damage was occurring and to determine what mechanisms might be involved. Since there appeared to be no apparent relationship between elevated desmosines and proteases in the lung in young children with CF, further studies are required to define the mechanisms behind increased elastin metabolism in those children.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Education. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2006. / "A dissertation in urban leadership and policy studies in education and education." Advisor: Carolyn J. Thompson. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Oct. 31, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 210-219). Online version of the print edition.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2005. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.