The effectiveness of memory specificity training (MeST) was compared with standard cognitive processing therapy (CPT) in treatment of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder. Eighteen adults aged 18-36 were randomly assigned to the MeST intervention (n = 9) or to the active control group (n = 9) of CPT. Both treatments were administered in group format across 6 weeks. MeST consisted of 6 weekly sessions, while CPT consisted of 12 biweekly sessions. The trial was undertaken in the Psychology Clinic of the University of North Texas, with randomization to conditions accomplished via computer random number generator. The primary outcome measure was change in PTSD symptoms post-treatment from baseline. Sixteen individuals (13 women and 3 men; MeST n = 8 and CPT n = 8) completed treatment and their data was analyzed. MeST significantly decreased PTSD symptomology at post-treatment and these results were maintained at 3 months post-treatment. MeST was found to be as effective as the established CPT intervention at reducing PTSD symptomology. Both MeST and CPT significantly increased participants' ability to specify memories upon retrieval at post-treatment, with results maintained at follow-up. There were no significant effects of MeST or CPT in ability to increase overall controlled cognitive processing at post-treatment or follow-up. No individual in either group reported any adverse effects during treatment or at 3 months follow-up. MeST appears to hold promise as an efficacious treatment option for PTSD. MeST was as effective as CPT in reducing symptoms of PTSD, but required only half the number of treatment sessions to accomplish these gains. Replication of these findings in larger samples is encouraged.

Factors that confer predisposition and vulnerability for alcoholism and other substance abuse disorders may be described usefully within the gene-environment interplay framework. Thus, it is postulated that heritability provides a major contribution not only to alcohol but also to other substances of abuse. Studies of evoked potential amplitude reduction have provided a highly suitable and testable method for the assessment of both environmentally-determined and heritable characteristics pertaining to substance use and dependence. The different personal attributes that may co-exist with parental influence or exist in a shared, monozygotic relationship contribute to the final expression of addiction. In this connection, it appears that personality disorders are highly prevalent co-morbid conditions among addicted individuals, and, this co-morbidity is likely to be accounted for by multiple complex eti-ological relationships, not least in adolescent individuals. Co-morbidity associated with deficient executive functioning may be observed too in alcohol-related aggressiveness and crimes of violence. The successful intervention into alcohol dependence and craving brought about by baclofen in both human and animal studies elucidates glutamatergic mechanisms in alcoholism whereas the role of the dopamine transporter, in conjunction with both the noradrenergic and serotonergic transporters, are implicated in cocaine dependence and craving. The role of the cannabinoids in ontogeny through an influence upon the expression of key genes for the development of neurotransmitter systems must be considered. Finally, the particular form of behaviour/ characteristic outcome due to childhood circumstance may lie with biological, gene-based determinants, for example individual characteristics of monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity levels, thereby rendering simple predictive measures both redundant and misguiding.

No description available.

The present study investigated the interrelationships between various constructs drawn from the attachment, temperament, and neuropsychology frameworks in the context of self-regulation development and maintenance. In particular, the study sought to determine whether attachment security in early childhood was a predictor of self-regulation and social competence in adolescence, and to elucidate the roles of inhibitory control (IC), maternal sensitivity, and self-control in this relationship. Structural equation modeling was used to create an integrated theoretical developmental model of self-regulation. Attachment Security at 24 months was found to be a significant predictor of Social Skills at age 15 years. In addition, IC at 54 months, Maternal Sensitivity during third grade, and Self-Control during 4 th grade, were found to be subsequent partial mediators of this relationship. Overall, results of the study suggest that foundational self-regulatory capacities such as inhibitory control evolve from patterns of sensitive caregiver-child interactions in early attachment relationships. Furthermore, these capacities appear to be maintained in part through sensitive caregiving throughout childhood and into mid-adolescence. Additional implications of these results for integrating concepts of divergent theoretical domains are also discussed.

The study of high-contact sport athletes and the implications of repetitive head injury (RHI) associated with these sports has been at the forefront of traumatic brain injury (TBI) research for the last decade. The present study represents a quasi-experimental study exploring whether an experimental group (N=39) consisting of amateur and professional competitive mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes differ in three operations of executive functioning ability (shifting, updating and inhibition) when compared to a control group (N=44) of non-contact sports athletes. Participants completed a self-report measure of executive functioning ability as well as six computerized executive function (EF) tasks. The results from the study demonstrated no statistically significant differences between the experimental group and the control group on the performance of each executive functioning operation. A moderate negative correlation was found between the number of years competing and performance on shifting and updating in the experimental group. A moderate negative correlation between the number of reported competitive fights and all three EF operations within the experimental group was also reported. The results also showed a statistically significant difference in the beliefs of executive functioning abilities between the experimental group and the control group.  The experimental group reported a higher level of belief in poorer executive functioning ability than that of the control group. These findings provide evidence that while competing in MMA does have implications on executive functioning abilities, they are not in line with previous research done on other high-contact sports athletes. / Att studera hur utövare av fullkontaktsporter påverkas av upprepade huvudskador (RHI), associerat med utövandet av sporten, har varit ett fokusområde för forskningsfältet inom traumatiska huvudskador (TBI). Denna uppsats utgör en kvasi-experimentell studie som undersöker huruvida en experimentell grupp (N=39) bestående av amatörer och professionella ’mixed martial arts’ (MMA)- atleter skiljer sig i sin förmåga inom tre typer av exekutiva funktioner (skiftning, uppdatering och inhibition) jämfört med en kontrollgrupp (N=44) som inte utövar fullkontaktsport. Deltagarna fick först fylla i ett formulär där de skattade sin egen förmåga inom exekutiva funktioner, varpå de slutförde sex digitala test som gav ett mått på deras exekutiva funktioner. Studien påvisade ingen signifikant skillnad mellan de två grupperna för någon av de testade exekutiva förmågorna. Däremot fann studien en moderat negativ korrelation mellan antal år av tävlan och prestation på skifte och uppdatering, liksom en moderat negativ korrelation mellan antal tävlingstillfällen och de tre måtten på exekutiva funktioner, för den experimentella gruppen. Resultaten visade även en signifikant skillnad i självskattningen av exekutiv förmåga, mellan den experimentella gruppen och kontrollgruppen där experimentgruppen rapporterade sämre upplevda exekutiva förmågor, jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Dessa fynd indikerar att tävlan inom MMA har implikationer för exekutiva förmågor, även om de inte är i linje med tidigare forskning gjord på utövare av andra fullkontaktsporter.

No description available.

Research conducted with youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) has shown that glycemic extremes and poorer T1D management are associated with poorer performance on measures of executive functioning (EF) compared to non-T1D counterparts. Deficits in EF may negatively impact the development of healthy T1D management skills. Our primary aim was to conduct a meta-analytic review of previous studies investigating the associations between glycemic control and EF in children with T1D across the developmental span. Comprehensive literature searches were conducted using PubMed, MedLine, PsycInfo, Google Scholar, and EBSCO for articles that met eligibility criteria. Eligibility criteria included correlational, randomized, and non-randomized studies published after 1985 involving participants ages 0-26 with a diagnosis of T1D. Studies evaluated EF using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF) or fMRI and evaluated glycemic control using Hemoglobin A1c. Across twelve studies examining the effect of glycemic control on EF in patients with T1D, 2,204 children, adolescents, and emerging adults were included in the study. Effect sizes (Hedges' g) were calculated between the T1D group and either control participants or a normative sample. Participant age was included as a moderator to determine whether the hypothesized association varied in magnitude across development. Participant A1c was used as a moderator to determine whether the hypothesized variation varied with diabetic management. A trend towards poorer performance on measures of executive functioning was observed in the T1D group compared to the normative sample (g = -0.22). In comparing age cohorts to the normative sample, a significantly poorer performance on measures of EF was observed in the 9-11, 15-17, and 18-26 age cohorts (g = -0.201, -0.258, and -0.452, respectively) compared to other age cohorts. Overall, research indicates that poor diabetic management may result in poorer performance on measures of EF compared to non-diabetic participants. These findings imply that this trend of poorer EF in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes may lead to suboptimal diabetic management. Research suggests that suboptimal diabetic management often persists across the lifespan. Examining this association across critical periods where diabetes management may exert the most influence on the developing brain may provide guidance about when youth may benefit most from T1D management interventions.

No description available.

This study examined the relationship between executive and psychosocial functioning in 45 children and adolescents age 6 to 17 years who had been treated for a brain tumor. Executive functioning deficits can profoundly impact an adult's ability to function successfully in life. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the potential impact of executive functioning deficits on the day-to-day functioning in a pediatric population. The domains of executive functioning assessed included cognitive flexibility, conceptual thinking, sustained attention, and response inhibition. Psychosocial functioning was assessed using both parent and child report. Several significant relationships were found for adolescents ages 15 and older, with effect sizes ranging from medium to large. In particular, cognitive flexibility and conceptual thinking were significantly related to parent report of depression and adaptive functioning. Fewer significant relationships with smaller effect sizes were found for younger children. The results may reflect the developmental emergence of executive functioning abilities and late effects of executive functioning deficits upon psychosocial functioning. The correlational design of this study precludes definitive statements regarding the temporal nature of the relationship. Additional research, including longitudinal research and replicatory studies, will be needed to further investigate the developmental consequences of executive functioning impairment.

Il est reconnu que le développement social des enfants et des adolescents est soutenu par l’évolution des capacités cognitives et sociocognitives en interaction avec les expériences relationnelles quotidiennes. Ce développement offrirait une compréhension de plus en plus vaste du monde social et culturel, permettant aux individus de s’intégrer à la société en tant que citoyen autonome et responsable au début de l’âge adulte. Malgré la validité de ce portrait global, il reste beaucoup à comprendre sur l’influence entre les capacités cognitives (ex. : fonctions exécutives) et sociocognitives (ex. : raisonnement moral (RM), théorie de l’esprit (TdE), reconnaissance des émotions) durant le développement, ainsi que sur leur impact individuel et additif sur le comportement social. Encore moins d’informations existent sur ces interactions dans le cadre du développement atypique, comme celui des jeunes présentant des troubles neurodéveloppementaux. L’objectif général de cette thèse est donc d’explorer les interrelations entre les différentes composantes du fonctionnement exécutif (FE) et de la cognition sociale chez les jeunes et leur contribution à l’adaptation sociale. Le but des travaux est aussi d’observer les effets potentiels d’un développement déficitaire de ces fonctions dans le contexte d’un trouble neurodéveloppemental, le Syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette (SGT). Cette thèse est composée de trois articles empiriques concernant trois études qui abordent ces objectifs généraux. Les deux premières études explorent le FE, la cognition sociale et les tendances d’interaction sociale chez des enfants neurotypiques de 6 à 12 ans. La première étude, centrée sur les interrelations entre les capacités cognitives et sociocognitives, montre que la maturité du RM est associée positivement au FE, à la reconnaissance des émotions et à la TdE. Le FE et la cognition sociale contribueraient de manière significative à la maturité du RM et joueraient un rôle médiateur dans la relation entre l’âge et le RM. La deuxième étude, plus centrée sur les tendances comportementales dans la vie quotidienne, montre que le FE quotidien joue un rôle médiateur qui expliquerait partiellement le lien entre l’empathie et les tendances prosociales des enfants et complètement le lien avec leurs tendances agressives. La troisième étude montre pour la première fois l’existence d’un fonctionnement plus pauvre de la TdE chez les jeunes ayant le SGT. Ces jeunes présentent également un moins bon FE quotidien et plus de difficultés et comportementales, notamment au niveau des aspects sociaux. Cette étude révèle des liens entre le RM des jeunes atteints du SGT et leur flexibilité cognitive, fluence verbale et FE quotidien, de même qu’avec la sévérité de leurs tics et leurs difficultés sociales. Les difficultés de comportement sont expliquées en grande partie par la sévérité des tics, le FE et la cognition sociale. Ensemble, les données des études présentées dans cette thèse contribuent à établir un portrait plus détaillé des relations réciproques entre le FE, la cognition sociale et l’adaptation sociale, lors du développement typique et atypique. Les résultats offrent de nouvelles pistes pour la compréhension clinique des difficultés d’adaptation sociale précoce et suggère un fondement empirique pour l’élaboration de programmes d’intervention sur les compétences sociales. / It is recognized that the social development of children and youth is supported by improvements in their cognitive and social cognitive abilities, which are driven by everyday interpersonal experiences. This development provides a broader understanding of the social and cultural world, allowing individuals to become integrated members of society and autonomous and responsible citizens in early adulthood. Despite the validity of this overall picture, there is still much to be learned about the mutual influence between cognitive (e.g.,executive functions) and socio-cognitive abilities (e.g., theory of mind, moral reasoning, emotion recognition) during development, as well as their individual and additive impact on social behavior. Even less is known about these interactions in the context of atypical development, such as in youth with neurodevelopmental disorders. The main objective of this thesis is to explore the reciprocal associations between different components of executive functioning (EF) and social cognition in youth and their contribution to social adaptation. We also aimed to observe the potential effects of impaired development of these functions in a neurodevelopmental disorder, Tourette’s Syndrome (TS). This thesis is composed of three empirical articles pertaining to three studies that address these main objectives. The first two studies explore EF, social cognition and social interaction patterns among neurotypical children aged 6 to 12 years. The first study focuses on the interrelations between cognitive and social cognitive abilities, showing that moral reasoning (MR) maturity is positively associated with EF, emotion recognition and theory of mind. EF and social cognition contribute significantly to the MR maturity and play a mediating role in the relationship between age and MR. The second study, which focuses more on behavioral patterns in everyday life, shows that everyday EF plays a mediating role that partly explains the link between empathy and prosocial tendencies in children and completely explains the link with their aggressive tendencies. The third study shows for the first time that theory of mind skills are poorer among youth with TS, and they have reduced everyday EF and more emotional and behavioral difficulties, particularly in the social domain. This study also reveals links between the MR skills of youth with TS and their cognitive flexibility, verbal fluency, everyday EF, tic severity and social difficulties. Social difficulties in this group are largely explained by tic severity, EFand social cognition. Overall, the results of the studies presented in this thesis contribute to building a more comprehensive picture of the interrelationship between EF, social cognition and social adaptation during typical and atypical development. The findings offer new avenues for improving our clinical understanding of early social adjustment difficulties and provide an empirical basis for the development of social skills intervention programs.