Global ETD Search

171	The Development of Theory of Mind and Social Competence in Young Pakistani Children Sireer, Nafeesa January 2017 (has links) Theory of mind (ToM) refers to a cognitive ability that enables one to attribute mental states (such as desires, emotions, beliefs) to self and others. In recent years researchers have identified cultural variations in the onset of ToM understanding in collectivist and individualist cultures. However, the findings of cross-cultural studies regarding these variations are inconsistent. The major aim of this innovative research was to investigate differences in the acquisition of ToM in children from a collectivist culture (Pakistan) and an individualist culture (UK). The second aim of the study was to assess the specific association between ToM and social competence in a culturally diverse sample. An additional aim of the study was to investigate the universality of various correlates of ToM such as executive functioning (EF), parenting styles, and maternal mental state talk. The findings of the studies demonstrated a significant delay in the acquisition of ToM in Pakistani children, when compared with Western children from individualist societies. These findings were corroborated by the results of novel cross-cultural study that compared the performance of White British, British Pakistani, and Pakistani children on a ToM scale. White British children outperformed both Pakistani and British Pakistani children on measures of ToM, EF, and social competence. The current findings also provide support for the association of mental state understanding with EF, social competence, parenting styles, and maternal mental state talk. These findings have important implications for the role of general (collectivist vs. individualist cultures) as well as specific cultural practices (such as parenting and education) in the acquisition of mental state understanding. Theory of Mind (ToM) Social competence Executive functioning Culture Parenting Pakistani children British Pakistani children Collectivist culture Individualist culture
172	Executive Function Impairment and the Influence of a Break in a Virtual Nature Environment Varkala, Kipras 01 January 2020 (has links) 60 (44 in the final sample) full-time or part-time employed or full-time student participants at the University of Central Florida were recruited to see whether a break in virtual nature will help improve upon executive functioning (EF) processing speed; especially in an EF impaired population. The main interest is that if virtual nature breaks aid with mental performance, then the application of virtual nature break can prove beneficial to both normal and, most importantly, the cognitively impaired. The lack of methodological consistency and the limited research on the subject yields mixed results in previous literature. The present study tries to address some of these gaps. Participants had to fill out a demographics survey, perform a cognitive load (Mental Rotation Task) and processing speed task (Stroop Color-Word Task), and then engage in a simulated 15-minute break in nature (video & sounds). Afterwards, they performed the processing speed task again to measure for change. The results failed to demonstrate that a moderately short break consisting of a nature video helps boost EF performance in the normal group. Those who demonstrated impairment in EF in the treatment group had to small of a sample size to be tested on. Numerous limitations and weak statistical power, especially in the impaired group, calls into question the validity of the study. As a result, the study findings are inconclusive. executive functioning work breaks occupational health mental rotation task stroop task virtual nature environment inhibitory control processing speed Psychology
173	Adolescents with Emotional and Behavioral Problems Transitioning to Adulthood: Self-Management Skills and Early Functional Outcomes Marshall, Stephen A. 01 October 2018 (has links) No description available. Clinical Psychology Educational Psychology self-management executive functioning emerging adulthood academic occupational mental health organization time management motivation
174	Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Creativity: The Role of Inhibitory Control Lee, Alexis Whitney 25 January 2022 (has links) No description available. Clinical Psychology Psychology ADHD attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ADD creativity creative performance divergent thinking inhibitory control executive functioning
175	Självskattning av exekutiva funktioner vid kognitiv träning : En utvärdering av The behavior rating inventory of executive functioning - self report / Self Rating of Executive Functioning After Cognitive Training : An Evaluation of The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning - Self Report Jakobsson, Erik, Stocke, Elin January 2015 (has links) Traditionellt utvärderas effekter av kognitiv träning med objektiva prestationsmått. Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka självskattad exekutiv funktion som ett alternativt mått för att utvärdera effekter av kognitiv träning. Som utfallsmått valdes The behavior rating inventory of executive functioning - self report (BRIEF-SR). Vidare användes blandad design med för- och eftermätning samt tre oberoende grupper. Gymnasieelever (n = 63) delades in i; aktiv träningsgrupp, aktiv placebogrupp och passiv kontrollgrupp. Tränings- och placebogruppen genomförde datoriserad kognitiv träning med respektive utan adaptiv svårighetsgrad. ANCOVA med arbetsminneskapacitet som kovariat visade inga signifikanta träningseffekter på självskattade exekutiva funktioner, oavsett grupptillhörighet. Sammantaget kan BRIEF-SR vara ett lämpligt instrument vid utvärdering av kognitiv träning när ekologisk validitet prioriteras. Resultaten diskuteras avseende inverkan av tid mellan för- och eftermätning, population och förväntanseffekter. / Performance based measures have been the Golden standard when evaluating effects of cognitive training. By using The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning-Self Report (BRIEF-SR), this thesis aimed to explore self- rating scales as an alternative when evaluating effects of cognitive training. A sample of high school students (n = 63) and a mixed- effect model with pre- and post-measurements were chosen. The students were divided into three groups: active training, training with placebo or passive control. The two groups in training practiced with a computerized cognitive training program. The two training groups practiced with an adaptive and non-adaptive computer program, respectively. With working memory as covariate ANCOVA reported no significant effects on self-rated executive functions independent of group condition. In sum, if ecological validity is of priority BRIEF-SR can be considered when measuring effects following cognitive training. In addition the results are discussed with regards to time between pre- and post-measurements, population and effects of expectancy. / Effekter av kognitiv träning på skolprestationer och självreglering av beteende (dnr 1,2009/0 018,5-0) Self rating self measure executive functioning cognitive training self report BRIEF-SR ANCOVA transfer effects of training ecological validity placebo effects of placebo expectations objective performance measures working memory shifting attention inhibition updating självskattning exekutiva funktioner kognitiv träning self report BRIEF-SR ANCOVA arbetsminnesträning generalisering transfer utvärdering träningseffekter ekologisk validitet placeboeffekter placeboträning förväntning objektiva prestationsmått arbetsminne skifta uppmärksamhet inhibering uppdatering
176	Trauma infantil e função executiva em usuários de crack Narvaez, Joana Corrêa de Magalhães January 2010 (has links) O uso de crack é um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil. Recentes estudos mostraram que a prevalência de uso do crack no Brasil é de 0,7%. Dados atuais sugerem que o trauma de infância é associado a piores desfechos entre os usuários de cocaína e maiores escores de impulsividade. Este estudo avaliou o trauma infantil através do Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) e as funções executivas, utilizando o Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), em 84 usuários de crack. Os resultados demonstrados a partir de regressão linear apontam que o trauma de infância, o uso contínuo de crack sem períodos de abstinência, a comorbidade com outras substâncias ilícitas e IQ explicaram 44% da variância no funcionamento executivo dos pacientes. Os escores de impulsividade Barrat (BIS 11) foram associados com o trauma de infância, sugerindo que o trauma infantil pode ser um fator de risco para prejuízos mais severos entre usuários crack. / The use of crack cocaine is a major public health concern in Brazil. Recent studies showed that the lifetime prevalence of crack cocaine use among Brazilians is about 0.7%. Recent data suggest that childhood trauma is associated with worse outcomes among cocaine users and higher impulsivity scores. This study evaluated childhood trauma using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and executive functioning, using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), among 84 crack cocaine users. The results of a linear regression showed that childhood trauma, continuous use of crack without periods of abstinence, multidrug use and IQ predicted 44% of the variance in the executive functioning of patients. Barrat Impulsivity Scores (BIS 11) were associated with childhood trauma, which suggests that trauma may be a risk factor for more severe impairment among crack cocaine users. Cocaína crack Transtornos de estresse traumático Função executiva Cognição Crack cocaine Trauma Childhood Executive functioning Cognition Impulsivity
177	Train your brain : updating, transfer, and neural changes / Träning av hjärnan : uppdatering, transfer effekter, och neurala förändringar Dahlin, Erika January 2009 (has links) An initial aim of this thesis was to determine whether training of a specific executive function (updating) produces improvements in performance on trained and transfer tasks, and whether the effects are maintained over time. Neural systems underlying training and transfer effects were also investigated and one question considered is whether transfer depends on general or specific neural overlap between training and transfer tasks. An additional aim was to identify how individual differences in executive functioning are mapped to functional brain changes. In Study I, significant training-related changes in performance on the letter memory criterion task were found in both young and older adults after 5 weeks of updating training. Transfer to a 3-back test of updating was also demonstrated in the young adults. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) revealed overlapping activity in letter memory and 3-back tasks in fronto-parietal areas and striatum pre-training, and a joint training-related activity increase for the tasks in a striatal region. No transfer was observed to a task (Stroop) that engaged fronto-parietal areas, but not the striatal region and updating per se. Moreover, age-related striatal changes imposed constraints on transfer. In Study II, additional transfer tasks and a test of long-term maintenance were included. Results revealed that training-related gains in performance were maintained 18 months post-training in both young and older adults, whereas transfer effects were limited to tasks requiring updating and restricted to young participants. In Study III, analyses of brain activity and performance during n-back (1/2/3-back) were executed. This task enables manipulation of executive demand, which permits examination of how individual differences in executive functioning can be mapped to functional brain changes. Relative to a young high- performing group, capacity constraints in executive functioning were apparent between 1–2-back for the elderly participants and between 2–3-back for a young low-performing group. Capacity constraints in neural activity followed this pattern by showing a monotonically increasing response in the parietal cortex and the thalamus for young high performers, whereas activity levelled off at 1-back for elderly performers and at 2-back for young low performers. The response in the dorsal frontal cortex followed a similar pattern. Together, these findings indicate that fronto-parietal as well as sub-cortical areas are important for individual differences in executive functioning, training of updating and transfer effects. cognitive training executive functioning transfer fMRI brain system young adults elderly practice neural correlates individual differences Experimental brain research Experimentell hjärnforskning Cognitive science Kognitionsforskning
178	Trauma infantil e função executiva em usuários de crack Narvaez, Joana Corrêa de Magalhães January 2010 (has links) O uso de crack é um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil. Recentes estudos mostraram que a prevalência de uso do crack no Brasil é de 0,7%. Dados atuais sugerem que o trauma de infância é associado a piores desfechos entre os usuários de cocaína e maiores escores de impulsividade. Este estudo avaliou o trauma infantil através do Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) e as funções executivas, utilizando o Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), em 84 usuários de crack. Os resultados demonstrados a partir de regressão linear apontam que o trauma de infância, o uso contínuo de crack sem períodos de abstinência, a comorbidade com outras substâncias ilícitas e IQ explicaram 44% da variância no funcionamento executivo dos pacientes. Os escores de impulsividade Barrat (BIS 11) foram associados com o trauma de infância, sugerindo que o trauma infantil pode ser um fator de risco para prejuízos mais severos entre usuários crack. / The use of crack cocaine is a major public health concern in Brazil. Recent studies showed that the lifetime prevalence of crack cocaine use among Brazilians is about 0.7%. Recent data suggest that childhood trauma is associated with worse outcomes among cocaine users and higher impulsivity scores. This study evaluated childhood trauma using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and executive functioning, using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), among 84 crack cocaine users. The results of a linear regression showed that childhood trauma, continuous use of crack without periods of abstinence, multidrug use and IQ predicted 44% of the variance in the executive functioning of patients. Barrat Impulsivity Scores (BIS 11) were associated with childhood trauma, which suggests that trauma may be a risk factor for more severe impairment among crack cocaine users. Cocaína crack Transtornos de estresse traumático Função executiva Cognição Crack cocaine Trauma Childhood Executive functioning Cognition Impulsivity
179	Trauma infantil e função executiva em usuários de crack Narvaez, Joana Corrêa de Magalhães January 2010 (has links) O uso de crack é um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil. Recentes estudos mostraram que a prevalência de uso do crack no Brasil é de 0,7%. Dados atuais sugerem que o trauma de infância é associado a piores desfechos entre os usuários de cocaína e maiores escores de impulsividade. Este estudo avaliou o trauma infantil através do Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) e as funções executivas, utilizando o Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), em 84 usuários de crack. Os resultados demonstrados a partir de regressão linear apontam que o trauma de infância, o uso contínuo de crack sem períodos de abstinência, a comorbidade com outras substâncias ilícitas e IQ explicaram 44% da variância no funcionamento executivo dos pacientes. Os escores de impulsividade Barrat (BIS 11) foram associados com o trauma de infância, sugerindo que o trauma infantil pode ser um fator de risco para prejuízos mais severos entre usuários crack. / The use of crack cocaine is a major public health concern in Brazil. Recent studies showed that the lifetime prevalence of crack cocaine use among Brazilians is about 0.7%. Recent data suggest that childhood trauma is associated with worse outcomes among cocaine users and higher impulsivity scores. This study evaluated childhood trauma using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and executive functioning, using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), among 84 crack cocaine users. The results of a linear regression showed that childhood trauma, continuous use of crack without periods of abstinence, multidrug use and IQ predicted 44% of the variance in the executive functioning of patients. Barrat Impulsivity Scores (BIS 11) were associated with childhood trauma, which suggests that trauma may be a risk factor for more severe impairment among crack cocaine users. Cocaína crack Transtornos de estresse traumático Função executiva Cognição Crack cocaine Trauma Childhood Executive functioning Cognition Impulsivity
180	Executive motor control across the lifespan: clinical insights from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, concussion and mild cognitive impairment Halliday, Drew 09 June 2020 (has links) The process of controlling executive and motor behaviours is central to one’s ability to self-regulate and accomplish day-to-day goals across the lifespan. Executive and motor control share a set of underlying neural substrates that support a common set of processes, including planning, sequencing and monitoring of behaviour. They share a bidirectional relationship, such that gains or deficits in one area can have profound effects on the other. This doctoral dissertation examines the interplay between executive and motor control at three distinct stages of life and in the context of neurological conditions whose clinical manifestations shed additional light on the nature of the constructs. Central to each investigation is the methodological theme of intraindividual variability, as a means of leveraging valuable data within-persons. Chapter 2 examines executive and motor control in typically developing children and children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Findings suggest that dysregulation of motor processes accounts for hyperactive symptoms in ADHD and detracts from higher-order executive control. Chapter 3 examines the impact of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in young adult varsity athletes, who routinely practice executive motor control by virtue of their level of play. Findings suggest that the impacts of mTBI are discernible through a dampened electrophysiological response during computerized tests of higher order executive functioning, and may not outweigh the otherwise myriad health benefits of athletic engagement. Chapter 4 examines the impact of dementia on executive motor control during gait dual-tasking in older adults. Findings suggest that the consistency of performance across multiple indicators of gait is sensitive to dementia, and that engagement in cognitive and social lifestyle behaviours is protective against likelihood of both dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) classification. On mass, these findings highlight the importance of assessing executive motor control to understand the pathophysiology of neurological conditions. The potential benefits that may generalize from one area to the other offer unique opportunities for preventative and rehabilitative efforts. / Graduate neuropsychology psychology executive executive functioning motor motor control attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD concussion mild traumatic brain injury mTBI EEG variability mild cognitive impairment dementia gait

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