The National Zoological Gardens of South Africa is an animal-based tourist attraction that needs to offer a competitive product in order to remain relevant and to meet its various mandates. Functioning within the experience economy it strives to stage experiences that satisfy the motivations and expectations of its visitors. The study aimed at determining who visits the zoo, what motivates them to visit the zoo as well as what their expectations are and whether the zoo meets their needs in this regard. It also aimed at determining whether or not different demographic groups had different needs and whether their specific needs were being met. The study employed two self-administered questionnaires, using convenience sampling, whereby visitors entering and leaving the zoo where requested to complete the questionnaires. The data was analysed using SAS 9.2 programme and a further G-Test for goodness of fit was performed to determined dependency between race demographic and response. A total of 572 entry questionnaires and 293 exit questionnaires were completed. The two largest demographic groups that visit the zoo are white and black visitors who responded as a relatively homogeneous group. It was concluded that there were not responses in these two groups that indicated dependency between race and response. For the smaller demographic groups some of responses indicated a dependency between race and response but these form a small component of the zoo’s visitors. A high revisit and referral intention are good indicators of visitor satisfaction with 279 indicating their intention to revisit and 277 to recommend the zoo to family and friends. This study emphasises the importance of understanding the motivations, expectations and satisfaction of demographic groups as part of effective experience management. / Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Tourism Management / unrestricted

This thesis, comprising two studies, investigated whether negative expectations and self-perceptions relating to the aging process are associated with less physical activity (Study 1), and whether less active adults are likely to report age as a cause for physical activity failure than more active adults (Study 2). Using Sarkisian et al.’s (2002) Expectations Regarding Aging (ERA-38) survey, Study 1 first developed reliable and valid sub-factors for constructs relating to general aging expectations (GAE) and aging self-perceptions (ASP) by conducting exploratory factor analyses on 167 adults (M age = 59.5). Results revealed three acceptable GAE sub-factors relating to satisfaction/contentment, physical function and cognitive function, and three ASP sub-factors pertaining to functional, social, and sexual health. Subsequent MANOVA analyses showed that active adults reported higher GAE for satisfaction/contentment and cognitive function than less active adults. Regression analyses revealed that physical activity levels positively predicted satisfaction/contentment and physical function expectations among 45-54 yr olds. In Study 2, 177 adults (M age = 60.1) completed our Causal Dimension Scale for Aging (CDSA) and a survey asking whether age was a likely cause of failure in various physical activity contexts. Responses on the CDSA were used to validate ‘General Attributions towards Age’ (GATA), a measure which captured how adults view the aging effects. Subsequent analyses of variance determined that GATA interacted with physical activity status (active, less active) to influence the reported likelihood of age as a cause for failure. Less active adults with stable/uncontrollable GATA reported greater likelihood of age as a cause for failure than all other groups in gym, recreational/community program, and unstructured/spontaneous activity settings. Separate age group analyses indicated that these trends were pronounced in an unstructured/spontaneous activity setting for 45-54 yr olds, and in a generally recently inactive scenario for 55-64 yrs.

The Czech National Bank adopted an inflation targeting approach after the change rate turmoil in 1997. It went about a new strategy that was known only in a few developed countries. Monetary policy is being realized by directly targeting on its final object (price stability). I analyze the developments of consumer price index, inflation expectations, prognosis of inflation and other economic values, because I determine, if the inflation targeting is a correct alternative for monetary policy in case of Czech Republic, Slovakia and United Kingdom. I can tell that changeover on inflation targeting has being guaranteed a stable economic setting with a low measure of inflation, but results confirm that. This is important for our entrance into monetary union.

This is a qualitative study based on interviews and the essay is composed by Siham El Hajoui and Nahrin Issa, students of Södertörns Högskola. The title of the study starts with a quote, taken from one of the respondents that reflects the expectations that people have of psychologist today. The purpose of this study is to investigate on how psychologist’s gets affected by their profession, how they draw a line between work and the remaining life and if they empathize with their clients. The study does also discuss the expectations that exists on psychologists, by their clients or in general. The study is based on six interviews with psychologists, who have been working at least 3 years as legitimized psychologists. The result of the study shows that the respondents experience that the psychologist occupation is difficult, and that one is required to have work experiences to be able to handle it in a good way. It was shown that it exists expectations on the respondents that affects them in a way that makes them use different strategies to be able to draw a line between work and the private life. The result was analyzed with the help of previous research about how to draw the line between work and remaining the life, doctors’ sympathy with patients, job burnout and with the help of theories about roles and empathy. / Detta är en kvalitativ studie i sociologi, baserad på intervjuer och skriven av Siham El Hajoui och Nahrin Issa. Studiens titel börjar med ett citat taget ur ett av de erhållna intervjusvaren, som speglar de förväntningar som människor kan ha på psykologer idag. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur psykologer påverkas av sitt arbete, hur de drar gränsen mellan arbete och övrigt liv samt om de känner empati för sina klienter. Det sker även en diskussion kring människors förväntningar på psykologer. Studien avgränsas genom ett fokus på sex stycken legitimerade psykologer, som har arbetat inom yrket i minst 3 år.                       Resultatet visar att de utvalda respondenterna upplever att psykologyrket är ett tungt yrke, och att det därmed krävs erfarenhet för att lära sig om hur en kan hantera all information på bästa sätt. Det visar sig även att det existerar förväntningar på respondenterna, som gör att de påverkas och använder sig av olika strategier för att kunna dra en gräns mellan arbete och privatliv. Resultatet analyserades med hjälp av tidigare forskning som handlar om gränsdragning mellan arbete och övrigt liv, läkares medlidande med patienter och arbetsrelaterad utbrändhet, samt teorier gällande roller och empati.

To test the hypothesis that a discrepancy between expectation and experience with regard to the controllability of outcomes would produce the greatest effect on later task behavior, 70 undergraduate volunteers were directed individually in a multiphase experiment. The first phase was designed to induce expectations of control or lack of control over outcomes. The second phase was designed to confirm or not to confirm the expectations induced. The third phase tested for the effects on later task behavior. The results indicated that the first phase procedure failed to induce the required expectancies, thus preventing a test of the experimental hypothesis. Possible procedural changes were discussed.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / This study will use secondary data analysis of academic articles to study the topic under question. Much has been written on fear of crime from a quantitative and to a lesser extent qualitative approach (Burgess and Doran 2012) but little attention has been on this fear as an emotion from an interpretive sociological approach. The approach to emotions employed in this study will draw on Hochschild’s (1983) notion that emotions have signal functions and that emotions constitute a sense just like hearing and seeing, and in her estimation the most important one. Briefly stated, fear (of crime) signals to the person experiencing the emotion that something is worth being wary of; this in turn is based on expectations –and assumptions– of what a safe and orderly situation/environment or person is.

Bakgrund: Förkunskapskrav inom träning finns inte i den grundläggande behörigheten till fysioterapeutprogrammet. Tidigare studier påvisade att en stereotypisk bild av fysioterapeutyrket fanns och att träning är en del av yrket. Fysioterapeutprogrammet lyfts också fram som ett krävande program som kan upplevas stressande. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka upplevelser och erfarenheter av icke formella förväntningar vad gäller träning från lärare/kursledare och andra studenter hos en grupp fysioterapeutstudenter vid Uppsala universitet. Vidare var syftet att undersöka hur de upplever att icke formella förväntningar påverkar dem. Design och metod: Deskriptiv och kvalitativ design. Datan insamlades genom sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med studenter från termin 5 på fysioterapeutprogrammet vid Uppsala Universitet. Dessa intervjuer analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Studenter upplevde att det fanns icke formella förväntningar från lärare, externa föreläsare och andra studenter samt utifrån utbildningens krav medan somliga upplevde att det inte fanns förväntningar. Studenter påverkades positivt, negativt eller inte alls av dessa. Det fanns också upplevda stereotypa bilder från externa personer och hos studenter innan start på programmet om hur en fysioterapeutstudent ska vara, dessa förändrades under utbildningens gång. Konklusion: Studenterna upplevde och hade erfarenheter av icke formella förväntningar gällande träning fanns från lärare, andra studenter och externa personer samt utifrån utbildningens krav. Dessa icke formella förväntningar påverkade studenterna mycket olika, allt från positivt och motiverande till negativt och stressande medan somliga inte upplevde någon påverkan alls. Resultatet kan bidra till utveckling av utbildningen och bemötande av studenter. / Background: Previous knowledge about exercise is not a demand in the basic eligibility to attend the physiotherapy program. Previous studies show that there is a stereotypical idea of the physiotherapy profession and that exercise is a part of the profession. The physiotherapy program is also highlighted as a program which can be stressful. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate perceptions and experiences of non-formal expectations regarding exercise from teachers/course leaders and other students in a group of physiotherapy students at Uppsala university. The purpose was also to investigate how the non-formal expectations affected the students. Method: Descriptive and qualitative design. Data was gathered through six semi-structured interviews with students from semester 5 attending the physiotherapy program at Uppsala university. The interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Result: Students experienced non-formal expectations from teachers, other students and guest teachers. Some students did not experience any expectations. Students were affected positive, negative or not at all by these expectations. They also experienced stereotypical ideas towards how a physiotherapy student should behave. Students perceptions of stereotypical ideas changed over time. Conclusion: The students experienced non-formal expectations regarding exercise from teachers, other students and guest teachers. These non-formal expectations affected the students differently, ranging from motivational to stressful while some did not experience any effect at all. The result of this study could contribute to the development of the program and treatment of the students.

According to the standard life-cycle hypothesis, all expected future incomes should be incorporated into an individual’s life-time budget and therefore affect current economic behavior. As inheritances can be anticipated to some extent, I test if expectations on receiving an inheritance in the future affect individuals’ current decisions about their labor supply, savings and consumption. To empirically test this, I take advantage of the combined facts that individuals in Sweden are legal heirs to their childless sibling and that the probability of inheriting a childless sibling increases with time due to the negative relationship between age and fertility. If individuals internalize the expected inheritance, we should observe a readjustment in labor supply and consumption at the time of an unexpected birth of a nephew or niece and onwards. Exploiting the variation in the expected inheritance loss, I find that individuals internalize expected inheritances by readjusting their savings after this event. I do not find any overall effects in labor supply or consumption. However, there seems to exist some heterogeneity in responses between males and females, where males only adjust their savings while females adjust both their labor supply and savings.

The purpose of the study is to examine whether norms and expectations about motherhood affect mothers and whether normative notions of motherhood are reproduced by mothers in today's society. We live in a society that is constantly changing, as is the role of mother. Becoming a mother is something that women do through socio-cultural aspects and norms and by reflecting on themselves in the role of mother. The study has used a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews. There were six mothers who participated in the study, those who participated were students or working women. Previous research shows how norms and values as well as close contacts can be central factors in how women shape their mother roles, in addition, how deviant factors can affect women in their role and identity. The result was that the women in the study are influenced by some norms, they maintain and reproduce the norms and expectations that they think are good regarding motherhood and challenge the norms and expectations that they consider less good. In conclusion, the informants agreed that an obligation that exists in motherhood is to adapt to the child and the child's needs. / Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur normer och förväntningar kring moderskap påverkar mödrar och om normativa föreställningar av moderskap reproduceras av mammor i dagens samhälle. Vi lever i ett samhälle som förändras kontinuerligt, det gör även modersrollen. Att bli mamma är något som kvinnor gör via sociokulturella aspekter och normer samt genom att reflektera kring sig själv i rollen som mamma. Det var ett kvalitativt förhållningssätt med semistrukturerade intervjuer som användes i studien. Det var sex mödrar som deltog i studien, de som deltog var studerande eller arbetade kvinnor. Den tidigare forskningen visar hur normer och värderingar samt nära kontakter kan vara centrala faktorer i hur kvinnor formar sina modersroller, dessutom presenteras hur ett avvikande faktorer kan påverka kvinnorna i deras roll och identitet. Resultatet var att kvinnorna i studien blir påverkade av en del normer, de upprätthåller och reproducerar de normer och förväntningar som de tycker är bra gällande moderskapet och utmanar de normer och förväntningar som de anser som mindre bra. Avslutningsvis var informanterna eniga om att en förpliktelse som finns på moderskapet är att anpassa sig efter barnet och barnets behov.

As the field of investment treaty arbitration has exponentially grown in the last years, the definition and the framework of key elements in the field, such as legitimate expectations, have been largely discussed by scholars and arbitrators. As jurisprudence has gone on to tackle such issue, it has been the appearance of concepts, such as due diligence, which have shaped and re-defined the standing of legitimate expectations in the field of investment treaty arbitration.