Climate change is expected to have a large impact on northern ecosystems. Increased temperatures and altered precipitation and snow cover patterns will have a great impact on subarctic tundra. Bryophytes form an important component of tundra ecosystems because of their high abundance and their importance in many ecological processes. The effect of elevation and snow cover on freezing damage in shoots of three subarctic bryophytes: Ptilidium ciliare, Hylocomium splendens and Sphagnum fuscum, was studied in a snow manipulation field experiment at different elevations in Abisko, Sweden, during early spring. The treatments included snow addition, snow removal and control. In addition, bryophyte healthiness at the plot scale was determined by image analysis using colour selection, and soil temperature and moisture data were collected. Freezing damage differed significantly among bryophyte species with P. ciliare having the lowest freezing damage. There was a decrease in freezing damage over time due to the increase in temperature as spring progressed. Counter expectation, freezing damage was higher at low elevation although the mean daily minimum temperature was lower at higher elevation, which might be due to adaptation effects. Snow treatment had only a minor effect on freezing damage, but it did have an effect on proportion of undamaged tissue at the plot scale which increased with increasing snow cover at high elevation, but decreased with increasing snow cover at low elevation. Soil moisture content was also affected by snow treatment. The number of freeze-thaw cycles was less for S. fuscum and H. splendens compared to bare soil plots, which indicates insulating capacities of these bryophytes. Freezing damage could not be explained by the measured climate variables alone; therefore, it is likely the result of a complex set of factors, possibly including solar radiation and disturbance by herbivores.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 28-31, 1996 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / In this paper are described the effects that solar and lunar intrusions have on statistical analysis of the data. The NASA ACTS experiment focuses on the 20 and 27 GHz radiometer and beacon. The experiment is currently compiling a database for the attenuation for these different channels. For the year of 1994 our sight obtained 86.5 hours of attenuation and for 1995 our sight obtained 77 hours of attenuation. The total amount of interference time for sun/lunar intrusions for 1994 and 1995 was respectively, 39 hours and 38.5 hours, which is nearly half the total amount of attenuation due to rain and cloud fades. It is clear to see why this data must be taken out for any type of statistical analysis of the data.

No description available.

The purpose of this formative experiment (Reinking & Bradley, 2008) was to describe the stages of development of an online platform that cultivated the growth of an online community of practice for teaching professionals. One hundred and forty-eight elementary school professionals participated in this study. Relying primarily on qualitative data, an iterative process of data gathering, analysis, and reflection was used prior to, during, and after the implementation of the intervention, LiteracyGrows.org, to describe performance and determine progress toward the pedagogical goal. Qualitative data were coded for recurring themes derived from the following sources: interview data, user-profile information, Google Analytics, email correspondence and open-rates, webinar archives, heat map data, and a researcher reflection journal. Micro-analysis revealed that the success of the intervention was related to the usability and sociability of the platform. It was easy to navigate and appealed to teachers as a social networking tool that was only for education professionals where they could share information and attend live or archived webinars to extend learning. Reflection on a macro-level was used as a tool to further explore LiteracyGrows.org as a model of professional development. Specifically, how it was situated within the larger landscape of professional development and what it offered in terms of alignment between learning theory, epistemology, and model of professional development and communication, worldview, and knowledge. These constructs were important factors to consider in creating a platform for meaningful dialogue and professional growth to take place. LiteracyGrows.org provides the foundation for future research to further explore how online professional platforms can be utilized to make professional development an on-going and sustainable component of support and growth for education professionals. The growth of online professional platforms by educators will also shift the conversation of professional development further away from delivery and more toward meaningful engagement by educators as active participants in their own knowledge construction. Recommendations include the continuation of the discussion of professional development in terms of epistemological alignment. This study highlights disconnect between teachers and their professional development experiences when expectations, perceptions, and understanding of what they are engaging in for growth do not align. Furthermore, reconstructing the way professional development is embedded within practice to better engage the 21st Century teacher using up-to-date technology.

Cette thèse présente le travail de trois ans effectué dans l'expérience CMS, dans le contexte des premières collisions proton-proton du LHC. L'étude porte en particulier sur la recherche du boson de Higgs. Cette particule, dont l'existence est prévue par le Modèle Standard, n'a encore jamais été observée, mais elle est toujours activement l'objet de recherches auprès de collisionneurs à très hautes énergies. Dans le passé récent, les expériences au LEP et Tevatron ont permis d'exclure l'existence du Higgs dans les domaines de masse < 114 GeV/c2 et [147, 179] GeV/c2, avec un intervalle de confiance de 95%. Au moment où le sujet de cette thèse a été décidé, les domaines de masse très faible et très élevé étaient donc les régions les plus intéressantes. Avec les données de collisions de 2011, je me suis occupé de la question de la stabilité et uniformité de la réponse du calorimètre électromagnétique (ECAL). Des électrons isolés, provenant de la désintégration de boson W en en voie électron-neutrino ont été utilisé pour caractériser la réponse du ECAL (corrections locales d'uniformité, corrections de transparence des cristaux, vieillissement des cellules de lecture). Ceci sert de référence pour l'analyse du Boson du Higgs se désintégrant en deux photons, qui est le canal favori pour des hypothèses de masse faible et qui exige une une résolution en énergie optimale pour mieux profiter de la résonance trés étroite du boson du Higgs pour ces masses. L'analyse de physique effectuée dans cette thèse porte sur la recherche de bosons de Higgs dans l'autre région de masse encore permise par les contraintes expérimentales. En particulier, j'ai étudié le canal de désintégration H > WW > lνqq pour des masses du Higgs mH > 2mW. Ce canal est celui qui offre la plus grande section efficace de production (σ × B) pour le boson de Higgs, même s'il est pénalisé par des bruits de fonds de processus standards importants. Une stratégie d'analyse complète a été définie: j'ai étudié les performances pour la physique de la reconstruction et de l'identification des leptons isolés, fortement contribué à la définition et à la caractérisation du déclenchement (trigger) pour ce canal, et procédé à une analyse détaillée des sources d'incertitudes systématiques affectants l'interprétation statistique des résultats. En absence d'une déviation par rapport à l'attendue des bruits de fonds du modèle standard, des limites supérieures sur la masse du boson de Higgs ont été obtenu, entre 320 et 400 GeV/c2 environ.

Le spectromètre à muons du détecteur ALICE, installé au LHC, est dédié à la mesure des quarkonia (J/psi et upsilon) et des saveurs lourdes ouvertes qui se désintègrent en muons. Un grand nombre d'étapes (R&D, simulation et construction) ont été nécessaires pour réaliser les systèmes de tracking et de trigger du spectromètre. Les prises de données sont actuellement en cours. Ce document présente mes activités de recherche durant l'évolution du projet.

The Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment(RICE) located at the South Pole, is designed to detect the coherent broad-band radio Cherenkov radiation emitted when a high energy (10¹⁵ to 10¹⁸ eV) neutrino interacts with a nucleon in the ice. Observations have identified that Gamma Ray Bursts(GRBs) are possible sites for high energy neutrino production. We consider here GRBs which occurred in the years 2001 to 2005 inclusive during the operational times of RICE. Using GRB photon spectral data, we calculate the neutrino spectra predicted for these GRBs and the subsequent event number expected in RICE. We re-analyze RICE data in small time windows surrounding the GRB burst start times using a refined method involving by eye analysis of this reduced data set and find no neutrino events in the data set. Using the effective volume of RICE appropriate for each GRB we calculate neutrino flux limits for the GRBs. Although the flux limits are several orders of magnitude weaker than the expected flux, the RICE GRB neutrino limits are the only limits in the PeV to EeV energy range.

En este trabajo se analiza la elección de lengua de encuentros de servicio (inglés y español). Las herramientas metodológicas empleadas son tres: una observación de carácter etnográfico, una tarea controlada y un experimento de percepción visual en línea. La hipótesis central es que el fenotipo étnico juega un papel importante en la elección de lengua en encuentros de servicio que se llevan a cabo por primera vez. El lugar en donde se realizó la investigación es un panadería ubicada en el centro este de la ciudad de Tucson, Arizona.En el primer componente metodológico es la observación etnográfica, donde se analizaron las interacciones de las trabajadoras con los distintos clientes que frecuentaron el lugar. El análisis se centró en cuatro aspectos: (i) la expresión de identidad y membresía de grupo mediante el uso de los pronombres nosotros y nuestro, (ii) el traslado de roles domésticos en las dinámicas de interacción de las parejas latinas, (iii) la existencia de una co-membresía expresada a través de la realización de las pequeñas charlas y (iv) el valor simbólico del español en este establecimiento.Seguidamente, se realizó un experimento de percepción visual, cuyo objetivo fue decidir sobre la etnicidad de los 21 clientes que acudieron a la panadería y las trabajadoras del lugar. Dentro de los resultados se obtuvo un juicio de etnicidad para cada participante. De la misma forma, se observa que el grupo de los jueces bilingües sobresale dado que es el único grupo que presentan un 100% de acuerdo en cuanto a la asignación de etnicidad de una imagen dada. Por otra parte, los jueces bilingües y los monolingües (con una tendencia menos fuerte), conforme más tiempo vivan en la comunidad, mayor será el tiempo de respuesta. Los resultados anteriores ilustran el hecho de que vivir en la comunidad y convivir cotidianamente con ambos tipos de fenotipo hace a los hablantes más conscientes de las sutilezas que deben ser consideradas al momento de evaluar fenotipicamente a un interlocutor.Finalmente se analiza la tarea controlada, en la cual se reclutaron a 21 participantes para que acudieran a la panadería y actuaran como clientes. El análisis consiste en la correlación de distintos aspectos de la interacción tales como aspectos sociodemográficos. Dentro de los resultados destaca que el fenotipo étnico no es un factor de importancia cuando las trabajadoras abren el encuentro de servicio; éste no tiene gran influencia en su elección de lengua, ellas siempre abren el encuentro mercantil en español sin importar la etnicidad del interlocutor. No obstante, cuando los clientes abren el intercambio comunicativo ellos tienen la opción de hacerlo en inglés o en español y para aquellos que pueden hacerlo en español la elección de lengua es por defecto el español. Asimismo, se destaca que la influencia del contexto en el que sucede la elección de lengua es un espacio ideológico que brinda un valor simbólico al español.

Context: In cooperation with ICA, we chose to investigate how much the auditory and visual stimuli in combination affects consumer behavior in grocery store. There are few studies in the area, which gives good practical and theoretical implications. Research question: How much influenced consumers' purchasing, movement and inspection behavior during exposure to auditory and visual stimuli in the fruit and vegetable department of a grocery store? Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze how much the auditory and visual stimuli affect consumer behavior in the grocery store. We do this through a quantitative experiment of our partner’s fruit and vegetable section, where we observe customer behavior in stores. The paper will result in a number of recommendations for the use of auditory and visual stimuli for our partner ICA. Method: We conducted a quantitative study that began in a deductive approach. We conducted an experiment in which we manipulated the auditory and visual stimuli. Observation and manipulation checks formed the basis of our empirical data collection. Conclusion: We got two of the four hypotheses accepted where inspection and purchasing hypotheses had a significance level of 95% or over. ICA can therefore use auditory and visual stimuli to influence customers to more inspections and more purchases in stores. / Bakgrund: I samarbete med ICA valde vi att undersöka hur mycket hörsel- och visuell stimuli i kombination påverkar konsumentbeteendet i livsmedelsbutik. Det finns få undersökningar inom området, vilket ger goda praktiska och teoretiska implikationer. Frågeställning: Hur mycket påverkas konsumenters köp-, rörelse- och inspektionsbeteende vid exponering av hörsel- och visuell stimuli vid frukt- och gröntavdelningen i en livsmedelsbutik? Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva och analysera hur mycket hörsel och visuell stimuli påverkar konsumentbeteendet i livsmedelsbutik. Detta gör vi genom ett kvantitativt experiment hos vår uppdragsgivares frukt- och gröntavdelning där vi observerar kunders beteende i butik. Uppsatsen kommer att resultera i ett antal rekommendationer för användning av hörsel och visuell stimuli för vår uppdragsgivare ICA. Metod: Vi har genomfört en kvantitativ studie som började i en deduktiv ansats. Vi har genomfört ett experiment där vi manipulerade hörsel och visuella stimuli. Observationer samt manipulationskontroller låg till grunden för vår empiriinsamling. Slutsats: Vi fick två av fyra hypoteser accepterade där inspektion och köp hade en signifikansnivå över 95 %. ICA kan alltså använda hörsel- och visuell stimuli för att påverka kunder till fler inspektioner och fler köp i butik.

This thesis explores the relationship between crime, media, and public opinion of crime and criminal justice. It sets out current levels of knowledge and contemporary debates in each of the three academic disciplines devoted to these aspects of social life, and discusses how they relate to each other. It focuses on the capacity of information and public education to influence levels of public knowledge of and, as a secondary concern, attitudes towards, crime and criminal justice. The empirical research at the heart of the thesis employed a mixed methods research study drawing on quantitative – experimental research using a public opinion survey – as well as qualitative research methods – in-depth interviews and contextual data. The experimental research, the Oxford Public Opinion Survey and the publication of the Crime Scene column, was designed to measure the impact of providing factual information about crime and criminal justice to the public in a naturalistic way, i.e. by using a local newspaper column as the conveyor of such information. The key finding from the research was that readership of the column was low and that the column had no measurable impact on readers. Overall, the research findings suggest that interest in, take-up, and retention of factual information on crime and criminal justice is not as high as previous empirical research has suggested. The Crime Scene study has implications for sociological theories of crime and punishment which rely on simplistic orthodoxies concerning the media’s importance in influencing public opinion on crime and criminal justice and the related assumption that ‘the public’ is straightforwardly punitive.