Nesta pesquisa, investigamos como alunos de ensino médio escrevem de forma argumentativa ao utilizarem dados empíricos de uma investigação experimental de biologia. Neste trabalho, entendemos a ciência como cultura e, inseridos numa perspectiva sócio-cultural do processo ensino-aprendizagem, abordamos a aprendizagem de ciências como enculturação. Neste processo, o ensino desenvolve múltiplas práticas em sala de aula introduzindo os alunos às regras, linguagem e processos da cultura científica. Fizemos uma revisão de como os diferentes processos da cultura científica se articulam numa atividade experimental para construir o conhecimento científico, com ênfase nas atividades de conhecimento biológico. Focalizamos especialmente alguns aspectos da linguagem científica, para, compreendendo a forma como eles se apresentam nas discussões e na produção de artigos, papers e relatórios produzidos pelos cientistas, podermos entender as possíveis aproximações com a educação científica, especificamente no aspecto da produção escrita escolar. Apresentamos o padrão de argumentação como ponto importante na linguagem científica, e fundamental no ensino de Ciências na abordagem de aprendizagem como enculturação. Nossa investigação pretende analisar a construção de uma escrita argumentativa, por alunos de ensino médio, a partir da utilização de dados empíricos em aulas experimentais de biologia, aproximando-se do que ocorre na produção científica com aspectos da biologia funcional. Nossa hipótese é que, em aulas de investigação aberta em biologia, a análise e a discussão dos dados empíricos obtidos pela atividade dos alunos promovem o desenvolvimento da escrita argumentativa. Para investigar esse processo, acompanhamos uma seqüência didática de um professor de biologia do primeiro ano do ensino médio, que propôs que seus alunos respondessem a uma questão-problema: Qual é a importância da luz no desenvolvimento de vegetais?. Durante três meses, gravamos em vídeo e em áudio toda a parte experimental realizada pelos alunos e discutimos o processo. Para responder nossa questão inicial sobre a argumentação escrita dos alunos, foram utilizados como dados potenciais, os relatórios escritos individualmente pelos estudantes (e entregues à professora no final da parte experimental), formando nossas unidades de análise. Com esses relatórios pudemos analisar os diferentes aspectos da linguagem científica, principalmente a escrita argumentativa, utilizando o padrão de Toulmin (1958(20061)), além de evidenciar o papel dos dados empíricos e dos conceitos biológicos na produção do aluno. Entendemos que, ao possibilitar que os alunos experimentem uma diversidade de situações de investigação de longo prazo no laboratório de biologia, e estimulando-os no contato com uma diversidade de dados empíricos, o professor aproxima-os das circunstâncias que ocorrem nas atividades características da cultura científica, estimulando-os na elaboração da argumentação escrita. / At this research, we investigated how high school students write on an argumentative basis as they make use of empirical data provided by experiments in biology. Here we mean science as a cultural concept and, from a sociocultural perspective of the teaching-learning process, regard the teaching of science as a kind of enculturation. As far as this enculturation is concerned, the teaching of science involves multiple practices in class so as students are introduced to the language, rules and process of the scientific culture. We underwent a revision of how some processes has been articulated in experimental activities aiming to build scientific knowledge, specially the biological one. The focus of our work is placed on some aspects of scientific language in order to understand, firstly, how they appear in scientific papers, and, secondly, what would be their contact with scientific education, mostly relating to school essays. We present the argumentation pattern as an important point with regard to scientific language and as an essential item concerning the teaching of science within the enculturation process. Our investigation intends to analyze the building of an argumentative write by high school students backed up with the use of empirical data obtained from experiments in biology classes, thus approaching their write of what occurs in the production of scientific texts. The hypothesis of this work is that, in classes of open biological investigation, the analyses and discussions of the empirical data obtained by students promote the development of argumentative write. To investigate this process, we followed a didactic sequence of a teacher of biology in charge of a high schools first grade class. The question proposed by the teacher was: What is the importance of light for the growing of plants? Over three months, we recorded on video and on audio the material related to all experiments, and went through a series of discussions on the matter. To answer our initial statement over students argumentative write, we made use of outputs such as potential data and pupils individual reports. In possession of this material, we were not only able to analyze the different aspects of the scientific language, specially the argumentative write, using as support the so-called Toulmins2 argumentation pattern, but also realize the role of the empirical data as well as the biological concepts in the production of each student. We have learnt that, by giving students the opportunity of facing a diversity of long experiments in the laboratory of biology, and encouraging them to come to know about a range of empirical data, the teacher brings them close to the circumstances that preside the activities regarding the scientific culture, giving also incentive so as they feel themselves entitle to produce an argumentative write.

A utilização de tecnologias da educação, não somente nos cursos à distância, mas também nos cursos presenciais, representa uma tentativa de contribuir para o processo de aprendizado, que tradicionalmente se desenvolve com as ações em sala de aula. O presente estudo teve como foco explorar o uso da tecnologia sob a perspectiva da Satisfação e Eficácia de Aprendizagem, da Percepção do estudante e do Desempenho. Foi realizado um experimento de campo em uma turma da disciplina Contabilidade Introdutória, do curso presencial de Ciências Contábeis de uma Universidade Pública Federal. A pesquisa foi conduzida a partir da divisão da turma em dois grupos (Tratamento e Controle), que foram invertidos de um bimestre para outro, com aproximadamente 30 estudantes em cada grupo. Esse número variou em função das desistências, e, de forma distinta do esperado, as notas dos dois grupos na avaliação inicial do experimento foram estatisticamente diferentes. As evidências apontam que isso, possivelmente, ocorreu devido a um efeito de composição: os grupos tinham características diferentes no que se refere à inserção no mercado de trabalho e ao fato de o estudante ter feito o curso técnico em Contabilidade. Para responder ao objetivo do estudo, que foi identificar o reflexo do uso de chat e fórum de discussão no processo de aprendizagem, partiu-se de um questionário inicial para identificar o perfil das turmas, e da aplicação de uma prova inicial em cada bimestre, para evidenciar o nível de conhecimento prévio que o grupo possuía sobre o tema de estudo daquele bimestre. Em cada bimestre foram realizados dois chats e um fórum de discussão no grupo de tratamento. Ao final de cada bimestre foi aplicado um questionário sobre Satisfação e Eficácia de Aprendizagem para os dois grupos, um questionário sobre Percepção dos estudantes sobre o uso da tecnologia, para os grupos de tratamento de cada bimestre, e, ao final, foi aplicada uma prova em cada bimestre para conhecer o desempenho dos estudantes na disciplina. Foram aplicados testes de médias para identificar se havia diferença entre o desempenho dos grupos, testes de correlação entre as intervenções nos chats e o desempenho dos estudantes, para verificar a interferência da participação no desempenho, e foi utilizada análise fatorial para explicar a interferência dos resultados obtidos nas questões relacionadas ao Technology Acceptance Model de Davis (1989) nos resultados do questionário de percepção sobre o uso da tecnologia. Concluiu-se que o reflexo do uso de chat e fórum de discussão é percebido no desempenho dos estudantes e na percepção da utilidade destas ferramentas no processo de aprendizagem. Além disso, notou-se que a idade é um fator que provoca reflexo nos resultados, visto que os mais jovens têm um desempenho melhor quando utilizam a tecnologia. Os resultados sugerem que a percepção dos estudantes sobre a utilidade da tecnologia no processo de aprendizagem é um fator que interfere nos efeitos de seu processo de aprendizagem, e que a satisfação em aprender não está totalmente relacionada à eficácia do processo de aprendizagem, principalmente quando este envolve o uso de tecnologias da educação. / The use of education technologies, not only in distance learning but also on-campus courses, is an attempt to contribute to the learning process traditionally developed through classroom actions. This study aimed to explore the use of technology from the perspective of Satisfaction and Learning Effectiveness, Student Perception, and Performance. A field experiment was conducted in an Introductory Accounting class of an undergraduate on-campus Accounting course at a Federal Public University. The research was conducted by dividing the class into two groups (treatment and control), each with approximately 30 students. The groups were reversed from one two-month period to another. The number of students varied depending on dropouts, and, different to what was expected, the grades of the two groups in the initial evaluation of the experiment were statistically different. Evidence suggests that this was probably due to a composition effect: the groups had different attributes with respect to inclusion in the labor market and/or the fact that the student had already completed a technical degree in Accounting. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, which was to identify the effects of the use of chat and a discussion forum in the learning process, an initial questionnaire was used to identify the groups\' profile. As well, an initial test was applied in each two-month period to reveal the groups\' previous level of knowledge on the topics of that period. In each two-month period, there were two chats and a discussion forum in the treatment group. At the end of each period a questionnaire on Satisfaction and Learning Effectiveness was applied to both groups, as well as a questionnaire on the students\' perception of the use of technology to the treatment group of each two-month period, and finally a test to measure the students\' achievement in the subject. Mean tests were applied to identify whether there were differences between the performance of groups, and correlation tests were applied between the students\' contributions in chat rooms and performance, to check the influence of participation in their performance. The factor analysis was also used in order to explain the interference of the results obtained in the questions related to the Technology Acceptance Model by Davis (1989) in the questionnaire results about perception of the use of technology. This study concluded that the effects of the use of chat and discussion forums are perceived in the students\' performance and in their perception of the usefulness of these tools in the learning process. Moreover, it was noted that age is a factor that causes an effect on the results, since younger students had better performance when using technology. The results suggest that the students\' perception of the usefulness of technology on the learning process is a factor that interferes with the effects of their learning process, and that satisfaction in learning is not totally related to the effectiveness of the learning process, especially when it involves the use of education technologies

O objeto desta dissertação é a estrutura de preferência do consumidor (EPC). O objetivo geral é estudar os métodos de mensuração da EPC (MMEPC) e o tema é a mensuração desta estrutura, utilizando a técnica estatística Conjoint Analysis (CA). A CA proporciona uma maneira realista de medir o impacto de cada atributo de um produto na preferência do consumidor. Esta técnica estatística tem sido cada vez mais aplicada em problemas de Marketing. Alguns softwares têm surgido e provocado o aumento de uso desta técnica. A dissertação discute uma aplicação real desta técnica num problema de definição de um tecido de linho ótimo para um conjunto de especialistas. A ênfase está no planejamento do experimento fatorial fracionário para a estimação do modelo individual cuja variável resposta é posto e os atributos são qualitativos. Modelos lineares de célula de referência e de desvios foram construídos para a análise do experimento. Utilizou-se o modelo linear aditivo não-saturado. Alguns dos principais softwares foram analisados: SPSS, SAS, ACA, CBC e CVA. O autor define um projeto de software de planejamento de experimentos fatoriais fracionários ótimos segundo a eficiência-D. O estudo dos MMEPC pode proporcionar as seguintes contribuições à Administração: otimização de projetos de produtos/serviços/conceitos, quantificação da EPC, segmentação de mercado, determinação da probabilidade de escolha ou participação esperada do mercado de produtos/serviços/conceitos num determinado cenário e simulação (predição) de preferências individuais e agregadas. / The purpose of this dissertation is the consumer’s preference structure (CPS). The general objective is to study the methods of mensurement of CPS (MMCPS) and its main purpose is to measure that structure using the statistical technique Conjoint Analysis (CA). The CA provides a realistic way to measure the impact of the attribute of a product on the consumer’s preference. This statistical technique is being used more and more in marketing problems. Some softwares have emerged and increased the use of this technique. This dissertation discusses a real application of this technique on the problem of definition of a linen tissue for a specialist group. The emphasis is on the design of a fractional factorial experiment for estimation of a individual model in wich the response variable is rank and the attributes are qualitative. Linear models of a cell of reference and deviations were constructed for the experimental analysis. Used one a non satureded linear model. Some of the main softwares were analysed: SPSS, SAS, ACA, CBC and CVA. The author defines a software project for optimum fractional factorial experimental design and analysis, according to D-efficiency. MMCPS studies can provide the following contribution to Management: products/services/concepts optimization, CPS quantification, marketing segmentation, choice probability determination on the expected participation of the products/services/concepts market in a particular scenario and the simulation (prediction) of individual and aggregate preferences.

The perception of the expression of traditional handcrafts needs to be challenged. Therefore his bachelor degree work aims to develop new expressions in contemporary men`s wear through experimentations with tubular braiding. This works aims to utilize and express a progressive approach of the technique in terms of materials and method with the desire to create a contemporary expression when a handcraft method is utilized in fashion Starting to explore the handcraft technique braiding the tubular braiding technique was found. While the technique itself is similar in expression and properties to flat braiding the tubular braiding opens up for other possibilities for garment construction. Using the tubular braid as a starting point, the aim is to explore new ways of constructing contemporary menswear garments with the technique itself as well to construct new materials and find to a new expressions. The work also deals with the gap between the technique flat braiding, tubular braiding, construction and materials with different properties altering the initial expression of the technique. By experimenting with unconventional materials and scale for such an handcraft technique as braiding the expression and the traditional view of braiding and its construction and use will be altered and questioned - discovering that the tubular braid has possibilities to construct or sculpt garments on the body in a seamless manner. Hopefully machine-engineers of the future can invent new and progressive braiding processes to create fabrics for commercial application in fashion and also understand the potential of the tubular braiding method formed by the examples here. / <p>Program: Modedesignutbildningen</p>

This project contributes to the research and development studies towards successful commissioning of the SuperKEKB electron-positron collider. This accelerator and storage rings complex aims at delivering the high-luminosity collisions of beams of electrons and positrons needed for the Belle II experiment. Such beams produce parasitic radiation—called “machine-induced backgrounds”, or simply “beam backgrounds” — that have detrimental effects on the experimental apparatus performance and durability. The Beast II effort is dedicated to measuring the beam backgrounds, and aims at testing the predictive power of the background models that were used in various phases of the Belle II design. A second objective is to ensure that the environment is safe for the detector prior to installing it around the beam lines. A major component of beam backgrounds consists of electromagnetic radiation. This study focusses on measuring this radiation at the location of the Belle II electromagnetic calorimeter. The measurements were achieved by placing scintillator crystals at positions representative of the Belle II calorimeter crystals that are the closest to the beam lines, and comparing the data with predictions for different operating parameters of the accelerator. Different phenomena related to machine backgrounds were observed: vacuum scrubbing, the electron-cloud effect, injection-related noise, beam-gas scattering and Touschek losses. Studies on the positron ring showed average background levels 13.5 +/- 3.5 times larger than simulation, whereas that ratio reached O(100-1000) for the electron ring. In the latter, the large uncertainty on the pressure measurements and the gas constituents limit the predictive power of the measurements. Radiation shields were also designed, fabricated, delivered and installed in the detector to protect the electromagnetic calorimeter from radiation coming from the beam lines. / Graduate

More than 59 million children are out of schools across the globe (UNESCO Institute for Statistics and UNICEF, 2015), despite the promise of education for all children by the year 2015. The situation is more pronounced in developing countries particularly in Africa and South Asia. Strategies adopted globally to attract children towards schools rarely considered improving the existing physical environments, despite evidence that primary school aged children (five to 12 years) learn more effectively when their education is incorporated with surrounding environments (Khan & Islam, 2014; Lieberman & Hoody, 1998; Mygind, 2009). This study investigated the potential of a primary school ground to be an effective learning environment and explores how the design of an outdoor environment can contribute to children’s learning. This interdisciplinary project is underpinned by classic psychological theories of child development (e.g. Piaget, 1964 and Vygotsky et al., 1978), while Gibson’s (1979) ‘Concept of Affordance’ and Barker’s (1976) ‘Theory of Behaviour Settings’ have provided the framework for exploring the relationship between the school ground and children’s learning. A quasi-experimental action research project was carried out in a Government primary school in Bangladesh, which included the design and development of the school ground, with the direct participation of children, teachers and parents. Another primary school (with no change to the outdoor environment) was used as a control school to compare the outcomes. A mixed methods approach to conduct this quasi-experiment included data from existing exam scores, questionnaire survey, observation and behaviour-mapping, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. The key findings from this study indicate an overall positive influence of the designed outdoor environment on children’s academic performance and their motivation to learn. An increase in children’s cognitive, social and physical activities in the school ground is also evidenced by the study. The analysis of the data likewise reveals that different behaviour settings of the school ground offered opportunities for different teaching and learning activities. Both natural settings and settings with built features afforded more focused activities (e.g. gardens afforded exploration and connection with nature, while the play area afforded more functional play). Additionally, settings comprised of both natural and built elements (e.g. the area with loose materials and huts) and areas in close proximity with natural ones (i.e. the open yard) accommodated diverse and multiple teaching and learning activities (e.g. measuring, building/constructing and exploring). The findings further suggest that the design and use of the school ground had a surprising and unintended positive effect on teachers’ motivation and pedagogy. Through reflecting on the use of different landscape elements and settings in the school ground during formal outdoor classes and informal play times, the study has further come to propose some design recommendations for other new school grounds as well as the redesign of existing ones.

Elever har ofta problem att förstå kemisk bindning. De kan felaktigt tro att elektronerna i sig utgör bindningen eller att jonbindning är begränsad till en enda positiv och en enda negativ jon. Oktettregeln överbetonas som förklaring till bindning och kan felaktigt uppfattas som drivande kraft bakom bindning. Forskning föreslår alternativa teoretiska ramverk med större fokus på elektrostatiska krafter, elektronegativitet och polaritet. Kunskapen finns alltså men har inte fullständigt nått ut, vilket yttrar sig som brister i ämnesdidaktisk kompetens hos lärare och läromedelsförfattare. Med utgångspunkt i variationsteorin genomfördes ett kontrollerat experiment i två randomiserade elevgrupper i årskurs 9, för att utröna om förståelsen påverkas av den ordningsföljd i vilken olika bindningstyper presenteras. Resultaten visar ingen signifikant skillnad mellan grupperna. Eleverna beskriver svårigheter att förstå polaritet och moln av elektroner. Metoden att pröva olika förklaringsmodeller kan utvecklas och göras i större skala, eventuellt som en learning study.

The Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE) has been commissioned to provide the first demonstration of ionisation cooling. MICE will aim to demonstrate that ionisation cooling can be used to reduce of the emittance of a beam of muons to meet the requirements of future particle physics experiments such as the Neutrino Factory, or Muon Collider. As of October 2016, commissioning of Step IV of MICE has been completed which provides an opportune time to make material physics studies on the absorber material. The cooling formula that MICE will use to measure the emittance reduction was reviewed. It is shown that the energy loss term is important when measuring cooling, and an accurate measurement of the energy loss will hence improve the accuracy of the cooling formula. The physics of ionisation cooling is also reviewed. The primary absorber used in the early data taking of MICE Step IV will be a 65mm disk of Lithium Hydride. The energy loss of Lithium Hydride was estimated using the equations of energy loss developed by Bethe. Methods were developed in this thesis to make measurements of the energy loss using data from the MICE trackers, and the timeof- flight data through the cooling channel. The energy loss of muons in monte-carlo simulations measured with the two alternative methods was found to be in agreement, with a measurement by the trackers of 9.02 ± 0.07, and from simulated time-of-flight of 9.32 ± 0.15. The first measurement of energy loss by 200 MeV/c muons was made using time-of-flight data using real muons in the MICE channel of ∆E = 9.23 ± 0.13 MeV, corresponding to a stopping power of Lithium Hydride of dE/dx = 1.42 ± 0.02 MeV g−1 cm2.

No description available.

A decisão estratégica é tipicamente não estruturada, no sentido de que não existe processo semelhante na memória da organização. Essa estruturação corresponde ao cenário exposto de forma clara, com suas questões, hipóteses e objetivos. A qualidade da decisão estratégica depende principalmente do processo e da competência daqueles que participam dela. Gerar alternativas criativas e viáveis é uma etapa fundamental do processo de tomada de decisão, responsável em grande parte pela qualidade almejada. Entretanto, as pesquisas sobre geração de alternativas têm indicado consistentemente que as pessoas não são eficientes nessa atividade. Buscando-se as explicações para esse fato surgiram lacunas na literatura que serviram de inspiração para o presente estudo. Qual a influência das heurísticas e da isolação entre as etapas convergente e divergente na geração de alternativas? Para explorar essas lacunas e conhecer o desempenho do administrador brasileiro ao gerar alternativas foi realizado um experimento com 174 alunos de cursos MBA, de 4 escolas da Grande São Paulo. O resultado desse experimento propiciou algumas conclusões interessantes como a confirmação do baixo desempenho em geração de alternativas. O desafio para preencher as lacunas observadas permanece e as hipóteses da pesquisa, relacionando as heurísticas e a isolação como fatores que influenciam o desempenho, não foram aceitas. O estudo é uma confluência da pesquisa experimental, oriunda da psicologia cognitiva da decisão, com a visão da ciência da decisão organizacional. Essa linha de pesquisa se mostrou praticamente inexplorada nos estudos em administração desenvolvidos no Brasil. / The strategic decision-making is typically non-structured because there is no similarity process in the memory of the organizations. This structural model would involve a context of elements such as questions, hypotheses and objectives exposed in a quite clear way. The quality of the strategic decision-making depends mainly on its own process and on the competence of the individuals involved. An essential part of the making decision process is to generate creative and viable options that are also responsible for the quality of the process. However, researches on option-generating procedures have consistently suggested that people are not efficient in this kind of task. The present study was inspired by the fact that the current literature lacks studies explaining the reasons why this happen. What is the influence of the heuristics and isolation strategies on the convergent and divergent phases for generating options? In order to investigate this issue and understand the performance of the Brazilian managers for generating options, an experiment was conduct in 174 individuals studying in MBA courses at 4 educational institutions in the urban city area of São Paulo. The results led to some interesting conclusions such as the confirmation of the poor performance for generating options. The challenge and the lack remain mainly because the hypotheses tested, i.e., the heuristic and isolation strategies for generating options, were not effective. The present study is a confluence of two different decision approaches: the experimental research (based on cognitive psychology) and the management science. This line of research hasn’t been explored in the management field in Brazil.