Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elton Rodrigues.pdf: 1210564 bytes, checksum: 42bcb71781663661e58671f3e0655ecf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-10 / The experimental physics in the eighteenth century began its development containing one of the main Cabinets of Physics at the time and a teacher of highlevel, helping to boost the new sciences in the country. Thus, in a first moment, we will approach the beginning of the eighteenth century until the expulsion of the Jesuits, resulting in the creation of the Royal College of Noble and Pombaline Reform. Soon after, we will introduce the changes occurred in the higher education through the statutes of the University of Coimbra and the creation of the Cabinet of Experimental Physics. And finally, we describe some instruments used in the Physical's Cabinet and the work of Giovanni Antonio Dalla Bella, the first lens of experimental physics, which served mainly at the University of Coimbra after the reform of education. This research aims to show that the Experimental Physics, in the second half of the eighteenth century, factors associated with the social, political and cultural, began to consolidate becoming important in the scenary of teaching Portuguese / A Física Experimental no século XVIII iniciou seu desenvolvimento em Portugal em decorrência de um dos principais Gabinetes de Física da época e de um professor de alto nível, o que ajudou a impulsionar as novas ciências no país. Desse modo, num primeiro momento, realizaremos uma abordagem do início do século XVIII até a expulsão dos jesuítas, resultando na criação do Colégio Real dos Nobres e a Reforma Pombalina. Em seguida, apresentaremos as mudanças ocorridas no ensino superior através dos estatutos da Universidade de Coimbra e da criação do Gabinete de Física Experimental. E, por fim, descreveremos alguns instrumentos utilizados no Gabinete de Física e o trabalho de Giovanni Antonio Dalla Bella, o primeiro lente de Física Experimental, que atuou principalmente na Universidade de Coimbra após a reforma do ensino. Esta pesquisa pretende mostrar que a Física Experimental, na segunda metade do século XVIII, associada aos fatores sociais, políticos e culturais, começou a se consolidar tornando-se importante no cenário do ensino português

Le déplacement cohérent dirigé au sein de troupeaux, d’essaims, de nuées, prend place à toutes les échelles du vivant. En cherchant à rationaliser l’émergence de tels mouvements collectifs, les physiciens ont décrit ces assemblées comme des matériaux actifs. Ces matériaux sont formés de constituants auto-propulsés qui se déplacent spontanément dans une direction commune. Cette thèse expérimentale s’appuie sur la réalisation de troupeaux synthétiques pour explorer les propriétés de la matière active polaire dans des situations défavorables à son auto-organisation : leur dynamique en milieux désordonnés et leur réponse à des perturbations externes. Des rouleurs colloïdaux aux interactions d’alignement sont confinés au sein de dispositifs microfluidiques. Au-delà d’une densité seuil, ils forment un troupeau caractérisé par l’émergence d’un ordre en orientation de longue portée. Ces troupeaux colloïdaux font office de prototypes de la matière active polaire. Nous avons étudié la réponse d’un liquide actif polaire assemblé à partir de rouleurs colloïdaux. Nous avons montré que face à une perturbation longitudinale leur réponse est hystérétique. Nous avons expliqué théoriquement ce comportement non-linéaire et l’avons exploité pour réaliser des oscillateurs microfluidiques autonomes. Nous avons également étudié la dynamique de troupeaux colloïdaux qui se propagent dans des environnements hétérogènes. La présence d’obstacles distribués aléatoirement focalise les troupeaux le long de chemins privilégiés qui forment un réseau épars et tortueux. Augmenter le désordre conduit à la destruction du troupeau. Nous avons démontré que la suppression du mouvement collectif consiste en une transition discontinue, générique à tous les matériaux actifs polaires. / Directed collected motion within herds, swarms and flocks, is a phenomenon that takes place at all scales in living systems. Physicists have rationalized the emergence of such collective behavior. They have described these systems as active materials. These materials are assembled from self-propelled units that spontaneously move in the same direction. By experimentally studying synthetic flocks, this work uncovers some properties of polar active materials in situations that disfavor their self-organization: their dynamics in disordered environments and their response to external perturbations. Colloidal rollers with alignment interactions are confined within microfluidic devices. At high density, they spontaneously form a flock which is characterized by the emergence of orientational long-ranged order. These colloidal flocks are prototypical realizations of polar active matter. We have studied the response of a polar active liquid assembled from colloidal rollers. We have shown that they display a hysteretic response to longitudinal perturbations. We have theoretically accounted for this non-linear behavior. We have used this behavior to realize autonomous microfluidic oscillators. We have also studied the dynamics of colloidal flocks that propagate through heterogeneous environments. Randomly positioned obstacles focalize flocks along favored channels that form a sparse and tortuous network. Increasing disorder leads to the destruction of flocks. We have demonstrated that the suppression of collective motion is a discontinuous transition generic to all polar active materials.

SILVA, José Gláucio da. Propriedades Vibracionais do Dipeptídeo L-Alanil-Alanina submetido a deformações homogêneas. 2015. 131 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2016-03-18T16:45:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_jgsilva.pdf: 4602304 bytes, checksum: c589f914ff64a0ac8fd63892133504ba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2016-03-18T16:46:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_jgsilva.pdf: 4602304 bytes, checksum: c589f914ff64a0ac8fd63892133504ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-18T16:46:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_jgsilva.pdf: 4602304 bytes, checksum: c589f914ff64a0ac8fd63892133504ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / The dipeptide L-Alanyl – L-Alanine crystal was studied through polarized Raman scattering submitted to homogeneous deformations. The crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique from an aqueous supersaturated solution of the crystal powder. Rays-x diffractions measurements were realized to confirm a crystalline structure of the crystal. Polarized Raman scattering measurements were performed at room temperature, as well as the analysis of the group theory to the C4 factor group and a tentative assignment of the vibrational modes of crystal. Raman scattering measurements in the crystals as a function of temperature were realized between two intervals of temperature: first, at low temperature between 300 K and 11 K e 11 K and 300 K, and second, at high temperature between 300 K e 520 K and 520 K e 300 K, in the spectral range of 50 cm-1 to 3400 cm-1. From the results of low temperature measurements, it was possible to conclude that the crystal undergoes a second-order phase transition between 80 K and 60 K, from a tetragonal structure with C4 factor group to a monoclinic structure with C2 factor group, maintaining the same number of the molecules per primitive cell. The suggested mechanism to explain the phase transition is the occupation of non-equivalent sites by CH3 molecular groups present at Ala-Ala molecule. On the other hand, the crystal remained stable in the high temperature range studied, and the changes observed in the Raman spectra showed no evidence that the Ala-Ala crystal undergone phase transition or changes in molecule conformation. In those experiments were observed only quantitative changes in frequency and widths of the Raman modes, which are normal for any material subjected to variations in temperatures around 220 K. Raman scattering measurements in the crystals as a function of pressure in the pressure range between 0,1 GPa and 6,3 GPa, in compression and of 6,3 GPa and 0,1 GPa, in decompression, in the spectral region between 100 cm-1 and 3400 cm-1 showed two ranges where several qualitative changes occurred; the first, in low pressure interval between 1.7 GPa and 2.3 GPa and the second, at high pressure interval, between 4.5 GPa and 4.9 GPa. Between 1.7 GPa and 2.3 GPa, it was observed qualitative changes as well as the disappearance of an external mode around of 130 cm-1 and the anomalous behavior of other external mode around of 110 cm-1 for pressures of the order of 1,7 GPa. These qualitative changes suggest that the crystal exhibits a second order structural phase transition. Qualitative changes also were observed in others regions of the Raman spectrum through of special reorientation of the molecular groups CO2, CH3 and NH3. These qualitative changes characterize a structural second order phase transition. The mains qualitative changes observed between 4,5 GPa and 5,2 GPa were the disappearance of the external modes and the an large increasing of the width of the Raman modes, suggesting that the crystal exhibits a structural disorder in the crystalline structure when undergoes a phase transition for high pressures, possibly a amorphization. When performing decompression of the sample, the Raman spectrum returns to its initial form relative to pressure of 0,1 GPa indicating reversibility of phase transitions. / O cristal dipeptídeo L-Alanil-L-alanina (Ala-Ala) foi estudado através da técnica de espalhamento Raman polarizado submetido a deformações homogêneas. Os cristais foram crescidos pela técnica de evaporação lenta a partir de uma solução aquosa supersaturada do pó do cristal. Medidas de raios-x foram realizadas para confirmar a estrutura cristalina do cristal. Foram realizadas medidas de espalhamento Raman polarizado a temperatura ambiente, bem como análise da teoria de grupos para o grupo fator C4 juntamente com uma classificação exploratória dos modos normais de vibração do cristal. As medidas de espalhamento Raman foram realizadas em baixas temperaturas, entre 300 K e 11 K e 11 K e 300 K, e altas temperaturas, entre 300 K e 520 K e 520 K e 300 K, na região espectral de 50 a 3300 cm-1. Da análise dos resultados das medidas de baixas temperaturas foi possível concluir que o cristal exibe uma transição de fase de segunda ordem, entre 80 e 60 K, passando continuamente da estrutura tetragonal com grupo fator C4 para uma estrutura monoclínica com grupo fator C2 mantendo o mesmo número de moléculas na célula primitiva. O mecanismo proposto para explicar a transição de fase é a ocupação de sítios de simetria C1 não equivalentes pelos íons moleculares CH3 numa estrutura monoclínica pertencente ao grupo fator C2. O cristal manteve-se estável em todo o intervalo de alta temperatura estudado. Nestas experiências foram observadas apenas mudanças quantitativas nas frequências e larguras de linha dos modos Raman estudados, que é normal para qualquer material submetido a variações de temperaturas da ordem de 220 K. Medidas de espalhamento polarizado no cristal de Ala – Ala no intervalo de pressão entre 0,1 GPa e 6,3 GPa, na compressão, e de 6,3 GPa e 0,1 GPa, na descompressão, na região espectral de 100 cm-1 a 3400 cm-1 mostraram dois intervalos de pressão em que ocorrem diversas mudanças qualitativas; o primeiro entre 1,7 GPa e 2,3 GPa e o segundo entre 4,5 GPa e 4,9 GPa. Entre 1,7 GPa e 2,3 GPa foram observadas mudanças qualitativas significantes na região dos modos externos, tais como, o desaparecimento de um modo da rede em torno de 130 cm-1 e o comportamento anômalo de outro modo da rede em torno de 110 cm-1 para pressão de 1,7 GPa. Estas mudanças qualitativas sugerem que o cristal exibe uma transição de fase estrutural de segunda ordem. As outras regiões do espectro Raman do cristal apresentaram diversas mudanças qualitativas continuas no comportamento dos modos Raman das unidades que participam diretamente das pontes de hidrogênio, indicando que o cristal apresenta reorientações espaciais dos grupos moleculares CO2, CH3 e NH3. Estas mudanças qualitativas caracterizam uma transição de fase estrutural de segunda ordem. As principais mudanças qualitativas observadas entre 4,5 GPa e 5,2 GPa são o desaparecimento dos modos externos e, quantitativamente, um grande aumento na largura de linha dos modos Raman indicando que o cristal exibe uma desordem na estrutura cristalina durante a transição de fase de altas pressões, possivelmente uma amorfização. Na descompressão da amostra os espectros Raman são quase que totalmente recuperados na sua forma inicial indicando que o cristal apresenta transições de fase reversíveis.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Reinaldo Luiz Cavasso Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Mestrado Nacional Profissional em Ensino de Física - MNPEF, 2016. / Inserir conteúdos da chamada "Física Moderna" no Ensino Médio é um dos grandes desafios da atualidade. Dois experimentos chaves realizados no final do século XIX, a radiação de corpo negro e o efeito fotoelétrico, demonstraram que a Física Clássica era insuficiente para a explicação da natureza e levaram ao subsequente desenvolvimento da Mecânica Quântica. Ao contrário do que ocorre com a radiação de corpo negro, o efeito fotoelétrico pode ser compreendido através de conceitos relativamente simples, acessíveis ao nível de compreensão de alunos do Ensino Médio. Por outro lado, embora experimentos de efeito fotoelétrico já tenham se tornado lugar comum nos laboratórios de Física das universidades, o custo dos sistemas experimentais comercializados ainda são proibitivos para a maior parte das escolas de nível médio, com raríssimas exceções. Assim, o desafio que nos propusemos foi o de elaborar um experimento que envolvesse a absorção quantizada de fótons pela matéria e que pudesse ser concretizado com materiais de baixo custo, demonstrando sua viabilidade como conteúdo do currículo de Física Moderna. Como produto final, elaboramos um manual de construção do aparato experimental para o professor do Ensino Médio, bem como um guia de atividades para o aluno, que será capaz de compreender de maneira prática o efeito fotoelétrico, a dependência da intensidade da fonte luminosa com o comprimento de onda dos fótons, assim como determinar experimentalmente a constante de Planck. / Today one of the big challenges at High School teaching is to present contents of the so called "Modern Physics". At the end of the XIX century, two experiments put Classical Physics in trouble, it was not enough to describe the Nature anymore. These two key experiments, the black body radiation and the photoelectric effect, were the ones responsible for the begining of the development of Quantum Mechanics. Although the black body radiation explanation requires a Mathematics background not accessible at High School level, the photoelectric effect can be understood with relatively simple concepts. Although photoelectric effect experiments are common places at Universities, the cost of such systems is prohibitive for the large majority of High Schools in Brazil, with rare exceptions. Therefore the challenge that we propose ourselves was to develop a low cost experiment to explore the quantized photon absorption by the matter. In this way, we could prove the viability of this very important Modern Physics content. As the final product, we elaborate a construction manual for the High School Teacher, as well as a student guide for the experiment. The students will be able to understand the photoelectric effect in a experimental approach, analysing the intensity of the photoelectric current as a function of the light intensity, the dependence with the photon wavelenght as well as they will have the capacity to get the Planck constant experimentaly.

No estudo dos raios cósmicos de ultra alta energia utilizando detectores de superfície a energia da partícula primária é estimada pela distribuição lateral (LDF - Lateral Distribution Function), que descreve a amplitude do sinal das estações em função da distância ao centro do chuveiro. Entretanto, com exceção da estimativa do centro do chuveiro, não se utiliza a LDF para obter mais nenhuma informação sobre o chuveiro, talvez porque ela não possua uma parametrização que a descreva completamente, especialmente para os chuveiros com energias mais altas. As primeiras interações dos raios cósmicos com a atmosfera são determinantes para o desenvolvimento dos chuveiros atmosféricos extensos. Tais interações dependem, entre outras coisas, da composição química dos raios cósmicos. Diferenças nessas interações podem causar alterações nas flutuações da distribuição lateral. Através de simulações dos chuveiros com diferentes partículas primárias pode ser possível estimar a composição dos raios cósmicos de ultra alta energia, comparando as flutuações das distribuições laterais de eventos reais com as de eventos simulados. Uma das grandezas relevantes para a flutuação da LDF é a incerteza do sinal das estações. O framework de análise do Observatório Pierre Auger aplica uma correção parametrizada empiricamente à incerteza do sinal das estações. Neste trabalho foi apresentada uma justificativa estatística para esta correção, que está relacionada à distribuição do sinal não ser uma Poisson, mas uma composição de processos com diferentes distribuições. Para a realização deste trabalho foi gerada uma biblioteca de chuveiros produzidos por dois simuladores de chuveiros atmosféricos, AIRES e CORSIKA, sendo que o AIRES utilizou o SIBYLL como modelo de interação hadrônica enquanto o CORSIKA utilizou o EPOS. Foram produzidos chuveiros iniciados por prótons e núcleos de ferro com os dois simuladores, e suas distribuições angulares foram consideradas isotrópicas. A distribuição de energia desses eventos segue uma lei de potência e varia entre 1 e 200 EeV. Utilizando a função de Nishimura, Kamata e Greisen (NKG) como parametrização para a LDF se observa resíduos sistematicamente positivos nas estações mais distantes do centro do chuveiro, que também têm o sinal mais próximo do trigger. Uma das hipóteses levantadas em outros trabalhos para esse comportamento é que ele estaria relacionado à influência das estações silenciosas, mas este trabalho mostra que o uso dessas estações tem pouca influência na flutuação da LDF. Na verdade esse efeito é causado porque as parametrizações da LDF no Offline não consideram que os sinais das estações possuem um corte devido o trigger, isto é, que a função de densidade de probabilidade que descreve o sinal real não é a mesma que descreve o sinal que é observado. Neste trabalho é proposta uma correção para as parametrizações da LDF que é implementada no Offline. Como resultado desta correção é observada uma redução significativa dos resíduos que eram sistematicamente positivos e que, após a correção, passam a ser compatíveis com zero. Neste trabalho foram realizadas três análises independentes para comparar os eventos reais com os simulados, das quais duas não dependem diretamente do ajuste da LDF e também não são sensíveis à energia. Elas permitem uma comparação entre os sinais supondo uma relação simples entre eles. No primeiro caso supõe-se que a diferença no sinal é devido à componente muônica do chuveiro e no segundo supõe-se que os dois conjuntos de eventos comparados são bem descritos por funções NKG mas com parâmetros S1000 diferentes. A terceira análise utiliza os resíduos dos ajustes da LDF e permite observar a composição em função da energia da partícula primária. Essa última análise foi realizada utilizando a função NKG com e sem correção do efeito do trigger. As diferentes análises utilizadas para estimar a composição dos raios cósmicos apresentaram resultados consistentes entre si, apesar das limitações encontradas em algumas delas. Todos esses indicadores de composição da partícula primária obtidos pelo detector de superfície são consistentes com os resultados obtidos pelas análises de Xmax do detector de fluorescência, reforçando a tese de que a composição dos raios cósmicos é predominantemente de próton entre 1 e 10 EeV e entre próton e ferro para energias acima de aproximadamente 10 EeV. / The energy of ultra high energy cosmic rays can be estimated from the lateral distribution function (LDF) of the shower as measured by surface detectors. The LDF describes the particle density as a function of the distance from the shower center. However, with the exception of the position of the shower center, no other information is extracted from it, may because it does not have a parametrization or an analytic function that describes it completely. The first interactions of cosmic rays with the atmosphere are decisive for the development of the extensive air showers. Such interactions, among other things, depend on the chemical composition of comic rays. Differences in these interactions can cause changes in the fluctuation shape of lateral distribution. Through simulations of showers with different primary particles it may be possible to estimate the composition of ultra high energy cosmic rays comparing the fluctuation shape of the lateral distributions of real events with those from simulated ones. One of the quantities relevant to the fluctuation of the LDF signal is the uncertainty of the stations. The analysis framework of the Pierre Auger Observatory applies a correction to the signal uncertainty of the signal. The parameterization of this correction is obtained empirically. In this work a statistical justification for this correction is proposed and is related to distribution of the signal which is not Poisson, but a composition of processes with different distributions. For this work a library of showers using two simulators of air showers, AIRES and CORSIKA, was produced. The showers simulated with the AIRES used SIBYLL as a hadronic interaction model while COSIKA used EPOS. Showers initiated by protons and iron nuclei with the two simulators were produced, and their angular distribution was considered isotropic. The energy distribution of these events follows a power law and ranges from 1 to 200 EeV. Using the Nishimura, Kamata and Greisen (NKG) function as a parameterization for the LDF, one obtains residues that are systematically positive at stations further from the center of the shower. These stations have a signalclose to the trigger level. One of the hypothesis raised in other works for this behavior is that it is related to the influence of the silent stations, but this work shows that their use has little impact on the fluctuation shape of the LDF. In fact, this effect is caused because the parametrizations of LDF in the Offline ignore that the signals of the stations have a cut due to the trigger, ie, the probability density function that describes the real signal is not the same that describes the observed signal. This work proposes a correction to the parameterizations of the LDF and implements it in the Offline. As a result of this correction, the residues, which were always positive, are significantly reduced and compatible with zero. In this study three independent analysis were performed to compare real and simulated events, two of them not dependent directly of the LDF fit and also not sensitive to the primary particle energy. They allow a comparison between the signals assuming a simple relationship between them. The first case assumes that the difference in signal is due to the muonic component of the shower and the second assumes that the two compared sets of events are well described by NKG functions but with different S1000. The third analysis uses the residues of the LDF fits and is able to observe the composition of as a function of primary particle energy. This last analysis was performed using the NKG function with and without correction of the trigger effect. The different analysis used to estimate the composition of cosmic rays showed results consistent, despite the limitations found in some of them. The primary particle composition obtained from the surface detectors in this work is consistent with the results derived from the elongation rate measured by the fluorescence detectors, supporting the hypotesis that the composition of cosmic rays is predominantly proton becoming heavier for energies above 10 EeV.

The beam intensity of the Large Hadron Collider will be significantly increased during the Phase-II long shut down of 2024-2026. Signal processing techniques that are used to extract the energy of detected particles in ATLAS will suffer a significant loss in performance under these conditions. This study compares the presently used optimal filter technique to alternative machine learning algorithms for signal processing. The machine learning algorithms are shown to outperform the optimal filter in many relevant metrics for energy extraction. This thesis also explores the implementation of machine learning algorithms on ATLAS hardware. / Graduate

This thesis considers the problem of calculating and observing the mixing of modes of positive and negative frequency in inhomogeneous, dispersive media. Scattering of vacuum modes of the electromagnetic field at a moving interface in the refractive index of a dielectric medium is discussed. Kinematics arguments are used to demonstrate that this interface may, in a regime of linear dispersion, act as the analogue of the event horizon of a black hole to modes of the field. Furthermore, a study of the dispersion of the dielectric shows that five distinct configurations of modes of the inhomogeneous medium at the interface exist as a function of frequency. Thus it is shown that the interface is simultaneously a black- and white-hole horizon-like and horizonless emitter. The role, and importance, of negative-frequency modes of the field in mode conversion at the horizon is established and yields a calculation of the spontaneous photonic flux at the interface. An algorithm to calculate the scattering of vacuum modes at the interface is introduced. Spectra of the photonic flux in the moving and laboratory frame, for all modes and all realisable increase in the refractive index at the interface are computed. As a result of the various mode configurations, the spectra are highly structured in intervals with black-hole, white-hole and no horizon. The spectra are dominated by a negative-frequency mode, which is the partner in any Hawking-type emission. An experiment in which an incoming positive-frequency wave is populated with photons is assembled to observe the transfer of energy to outgoing waves of positive and negative frequency at the horizon. The effect of mode conversion at the interface is clearly shown to be a feature of horizon physics. This is a classical version of the quantum experiment that aims at validating the mechanism of Hawking radiation.

<div>Large protein molecules are abundant in biological cells but are very difficult to study in physiological conditions due to molecular disorder. For large proteins, most structural information is obtained in crystalline states which can be achieved in certain conditions at very low temperature. X-ray and neutron crystallography methods can then be used for determination of crystalline structures at atomic level. However, in solution at room or physiological temperatures such highly resolved descriptions cannot be obtained except in very few cases. Scattering methods that can be used to study this type of structures at room temperature include small-angle x-ray and neutron scattering. These methods are used here to study two distinct proteins that are both classified as glycoproteins, which are a large class of proteins with diverse biological functions. In this study, two specific plasma glycoproteins were used: Fibrinogen (340 kDa) and Alpha 1-Antitrypsin or A1AT (52 kDa). These proteins have been chosen based on the fact that they have a propensity to form very large molecular aggregates due to their tendency to polymerize. One goal of this project is to show that for such complex structures, a combination of scattering methods that include SAXS, SANS, and DLS can address important structural and interaction questions despite the fact that atomic resolution cannot be obtained as in crystallography. A1AT protein has been shown to have protective roles of lung cells against emphysema, while fibrinogen is a major factor in the blood clotting process. A systematic approach to study these proteins interactions with lipid membranes and other proteins, using contrast-matching small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), is presented here. A series of structural reference points for each protein in solution were determined by performing measurements under osmotic stress controlled by the addition of polyethylene glycol-1,500 MW (PEG 1500) in the samples. Osmotic pressure changes the free energy of the molecular mixture and has consequences on the structure and the interaction of molecular aggregates. In particular, the measured radius of gyration (Rg) for A1AT shows a sharp structural transition when the concentration of PEG 1500 is between 33 wt\% and 36 wt\%. Similarly, a significant structural change was observed for fibrinogen when the concentration of PEG 1500 was above 40 wt\%. This analysis is applied to a study of A1AT interacting with lipid membranes and to a study of fibrinogen polymerization in the presence of the enzyme thrombin, which catalyzes the formation of blood clots. The experimental approach presented here and the applications to specific questions show that an appropriate combination of scattering methods can produce useful information on the behavior and the interactions of large protein systems in physiological conditions despite the lower resolution compared to crystallography.</div>