O presente trabalho propõe-se a analisar a controvérsia da experimentação animal por meio do método da dialética materialista a partir de duas unidades que compõem a temática: o teor dos argumentos usados por diferentes atores na controvérsia e as contradições que engendram os sistemas de atividade dos sujeitos. Por meio da dialética, buscou-se superar a dualidade dos argumentos apresentados, na busca por novas formas de divulgação científica. Sem julgar a validade e o mérito das argumentações, foram analisados o discurso de duas pesquisadoras, dois ativistas, um político e um representante do Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimentação Animal. A partir do arcabouço estrutural da Teoria da Atividade, proposto por Engeström, buscamos compreender onde se localizam as contradições mais evidentes no discurso dos sujeitos e discutir como ações de divulgação científica poderiam propiciar um ambiente favorável para a superação dessas contradições e o desenvolvimento qualitativo do sistema de atividade. Por essa razão, queremos trazer, para esta investigação, as conferências de consenso como ferramenta inovadora de comunicação da ciência, em uma abordagem deliberativa e com participação ativa da sociedade, que nos auxilie no avanço desses conflitos. / This study proposes to analyze the controversy of animal experiments by the method of materialist dialectics from two units that make up the theme: the content of the arguments used by different actors in the controversy and contradictions that engender the activity systems subject. Through the dialectic, he sought to overcome the duality of the arguments made in the search for new forms of science communication. Without judging the validity and the merits of the arguments, we analyzed the speech of two researchers, two activists, a politician and a representative of the National Council for Animal Experimentation Control. From the structural framework of Activity Theory, proposed by Engeström, we try to understand where there are the most obvious contradictions in the discourse of subjects and discuss how science communication actions could provide a favorable environment for overcoming these contradictions and the qualitative development of the system activity. For this reason, we want to bring to this research, consensus conferences as an innovative communication tool of science, in a deliberative approach and active participation of society, to assist in the advancement of these conflicts.

abstract: Many individual-level behavioral interventions improve health and well-being. However, most interventions exhibit considerable heterogeneity in response. Put differently, what might be effective on average might not be effective for specific individuals. From an individual’s perspective, many healthy behaviors exist that seem to have a positive impact. However, few existing tools support people in identifying interventions that work for them, personally. One approach to support such personalization is via self-experimentation using single-case designs. ‘Hack Your Health’ is a tool that guides individuals through an 18-day self-experiment to test if an intervention they choose (e.g., meditation, gratitude journaling) improves their own psychological well-being (e.g., stress, happiness), whether it fits in their routine, and whether they enjoy it. The purpose of this work was to conduct a formative evaluation of Hack Your Health to examine user burden, adherence, and to evaluate its usefulness in supporting decision-making about a health intervention. A mixed-methods approach was used, and two versions of the tool were tested via two waves of participants (Wave 1, N=20; Wave 2, N=8). Participants completed their self-experiments and provided feedback via follow-up surveys (n=26) and interviews (n=20). Findings indicated that the tool had high usability and low burden overall. Average survey completion rate was 91%, and compliance to protocol was 72%. Overall, participants found the experience useful to test if their chosen intervention helped them. However, there were discrepancies between participants’ intuition about intervention effect and results from analyses. Participants often relied on intuition/lived experience over results for decision-making. This suggested that the usefulness of Hack Your Health in its current form might be through the structure, accountability, and means for self-reflection it provided rather than the specific experimental design/results. Additionally, situations where performing interventions within a rigorous/restrictive experimental set-up may not be appropriate (e.g., when goal is to assess intervention enjoyment) were uncovered. Plausible design implications include: longer experimental and phase durations, accounting for non-compliance, missingness, and proximal/acute effects, and exploring strategies to complement quantitative data with participants’ lived experiences with interventions to effectively support decision-making. Future work should explore ways to balance scientific rigor with participants’ needs for such decision-making. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Exercise and Nutritional Sciences 2019

Adapting a circular system through business model experimentation can generate profit and sustainable growth for fashion firms. Business model experimentation explores novel opportunities to be at the forefront of transforming existing markets. Remanufacturing is one circular strategy that entails the process of recovering both raw material and value from end-of-life products for the production of new items. Remanufacturing in the context of business model experimentation is a promising solution in the fashion and textile industry to drive the transition into a circular economy. Through case study research the phenomenon of remanufacturing business model experimentation within the fashion and textile industry is investigated. The case phenomenon is investigated by means of the Re:workwear project, in which the brand Cheap Monday uses discarded workwear for a remanufactured collection next to its common collection. The focus of the study is on remanufacturing business model experimentation alongside the brand’s business-as-usual and decisive factors of this phenomenon. The processes and -steps within experimentation were analysed through semi-structured interviews with various involved parties of the supply chain. A framework combining the Business Model Canvas and the stepwise approach of business model experimentation by Bocken et al. (2017) is developed and applied throughout the research. It is found that (1) motivation and scope, (2) input material, (3) flexibility, (4) stakeholder collaboration and (5) system development are decisive factors for remanufacturing business model experimentation. Further research is necessary to investigate the phenomenon in other settings and within a variety of other firms in the industry in order to test the findings and validate the generalisability.

Em Paraíso perdido, de John Milton, Pandemonium é a capital do inferno, local onde todos os demônios se encontram em conselho para discutir seus planos. É também significado de confusão, caos e balbúrdia. Tal metáfora pode ser utilizada para descrever o processo criativo do designer gráfico, cuja mente funciona como um caldeirão fervilhante de informações interligadas em uma rede complexa. Ao contrário do que se imagina, as ideias não surgem de uma inspiração divina ou um pensamento ordenado e previsível. Nascem da prática repetitiva, do esforço e da experimentação, constituídos a partir do repertório particular de cada designer. O objetivo desta tese foi compreender o processo criativo em design gráfico no qual o acaso e a experimentação estão inseridos. A tese foi construída a partir de uma pesquisa prática e teórica e consiste de reflexões a partir da bibliografia sobre design e processos de criação, de entrevistas realizadas com designers gráficos e de experimentos que apresentam, na prática, o processo de criação em design, que é único para cada um, pois envolve inúmeros aspectos que determinarão o resultado final, e somente um envolvimento profundo faz com que oportunamente elementos não premeditados colaborem nesse processo. Por isso, Pandemonium foi montado como um caderno de experimentos e vivências que pode ser lido por inteiro ou folheado livremente. É uma pesquisa que leva em consideração as referências pessoais e os relatos do aprendizado teórico e prático de um estudante, designer e professor. Baseou-se nas oito fases do processo criativo descritos por Robert Keith Sawyer, que pesquisa a criatividade há mais de vinte anos. Essas fases constituem a estrutura da tese e visam a propiciar clareza e entendimento de todo o processo de criação, que não ocorre de maneira linear, e, portanto, as oito fases não acontecem necessariamente na ordem apresentada nesta tese. O processo criativo constitui-se conforme o projeto se desenvolve, havendo sempre desvios, erros, improvisações e surpresas que ajudam a construí-lo. / In John Milton\'s Paradise Lost, Pandemonium is the capital of hell, the place where demons have a board meeting in order to discuss their plans. It also means confusion, chaos, and commotion. Such a metaphor can be used to describe the creative process of a graphic designer, whose mind functions as an overflown cauldron filled with interconnected information in a complex network. Contrary to popular belief, ideas are not a result of divine inspiration or orderly and predictable thinking. They come to life due to repetitive practice, effort and experimentation, which are characteristics of the designer´s own repertoire. The purpose of this dissertation was to understand chance and experimentation inserted in the creative process of graphic design. This dissertation was based on the lines of a practical and theoretical research and consists of reflections from the bibliography on processes of design and creation, interviews with graphic designers and experiments that present, in practice, the design creation process, which is unique for each person, since it involves many aspects that will determine the final result. Thus, only deep involvement might eventually prove that unpremeditated elements collaborate in this process. Therefore, Pandemonium was organized as a notebook of experiments and experiences that can be read in full or leafed through freely. It is a research that takes the personal references and the reports of the theoretical and practical learning of a student, designer and professor into account. It was based on the eight stages of the creative process described by Robert Keith Sawyer, who has studied creativity for more than twenty years. These stages form the structure of the dissertation and aim to provide clarity and understanding of the whole creative process, which does not occur in a linear way; therefore, the eight stages do not necessarily happen in the order presented in this work. Creative process is formed along with project development as there are always deviations, mistakes, improvisations and surprises which promote its shape

This dissertation presents new modular and integrative information methods and systems inspired by the way the brain performs information processing, in particular, pattern recognition. The proposed artificial systems use spiking neurons as basic elements, which are the key components of spiking neural networks. Of particular interest to this research are various spiking neural network architectures and learning procedures that permit different pattern recognition problems to be solved in an evolvable and adaptive way. Spiking neural networks are used to model human visual and auditory pathways and are trained to perform the specific task of person authentication. The systems are individually tuned and trained to recognize facial information and to analyze sound signals from spoken sentences. The modelling of the integration of different sources of information (multisensory integration) using spiking neural networks is also a subject of investigation. A network architecture is proposed and a model for audiovisual pattern recognition is designed as an example. The main original contributions of this thesis are: a) Evaluation and further extension of adaptive learning procedures to perform visual pattern recognition. A new learning procedure that enables the system to change its structure, creating/merging neuronal maps of spiking neurons is presented and evaluated on a face recognition problem. b) Design of two new spiking neural network architectures to perform person authentication through the processing of speech signals. c) Design and evaluation of a new architecture that integrates sensory modalities based on spiking neurons. The integrative architecture combines opinions from individual modalities within a supramodal layer, which contains neurons sensitive to multiple sensory information. An additional feature that increases biological relevance is the crossmodal coupling of modalities, which effectively enables a given sensory modality to exert direct influence upon the processing areas typically related to other modalities. The contributions were published in one journal paper and in four refereed international conference proceedings. The proposed system designs were implemented and, through computer simulations, demonstrated comparable performance with traditional benchmarking methods. The systems have some promising features: they can be naturally optimized in respect to different criteria: accuracy (when very accurate results are expected), energy efficiency (when management of resources play an important role), and speed (when a decision needs to be made within a limited time). In this thesis, most of the parameters have been exhaustively optimized by hand or by using simple heuristics. As a direction for future work, there is an opportunity to include automated, specially tailored parameters optimization procedures or even general-purpose optimization algorithms, e.g., Genetic Algorithms and Particle Swarm Optimization. Overall, the results obtained in this thesis clearly indicate that it is indeed possible to have fast and accurate adaptive pattern recognition systems scalable for multiple modalities computing with simple models of spiking neurons. However, it is important to advance the theory of spiking neurons to take advantage of its biological relevance to reach similar or better performance when compared to the human brain, for instance, exploring new neuron models, information coding schemes and network connectivity.

Au vu de l'ampleur et de la diversité des rôles que joue le système nuageux dans l'ensemble des processus atmosphériques, le mode de formation des gouttelettes de nuage à partir de particules d'aérosols, ainsi que les mécanismes de croissance et d'interaction de ces dernières avec les composés gazeux environnants suscitent un grand intérêt au sein de la communauté scientifique. C'est dans ce cadre que cette étude s'est attachée à compléter notre connaissance des propriétés physico-chimiques des noyaux de condensation des nuages (CCN) et de leur influence sur la microphysique des gouttelettes. Une détermination expérimentale des propriétés des aérosols est en premier lieu à la base d'une classification simple des masses d'air rencontrées sur le site du puy de Dôme. Les masses d'air rencontrées sur ce site montrent une anthropisation principalement associée à une augmentation de sels inorganiques. La discrimination des familles de composés inorganiques et carbonées en diverses classes de tailles permet d'observer une répartition des espèces particulaires en mélange externe. Cette observation a des conséquences sur le comportement de ces particules lors de la formation d'un nuage. Un montage expérimental complexe (Counterflow Virtual Impactor, Round Jet Impacteur, Whole Air Inlet) permet d'observer, pour une même classe de taille, une incorporation des composés inorganiques solubles significativement plus élevée que l'incorporation des composés organiques carbonés. Une altération des aérosols à leur surface modifie plus en avant leur comportement hygroscopique. L'utilisation d'un modèle microphysique d'activation de CCN montre que l'accord entre les taux simulés et les taux mesurés sont grandement améliorés si l'hypothèse de mélange externe de particules modifiées à leur surface est prise en compte. Enfin, l'échantillonnage de la phase liquide du nuage associé aux mesures précédentes nous permet de conclure qu'aucune des phases (particulaire ou gazeuse) ne peut être négligée pour rendre compte de la composition finale des gouttelettes de nuage. Après évaporation de la gouttelette, le résidu solide est plus enrichi en nitrate qu'en sulfate par son passage dans le cycle nuageux.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le domaine de l'expérimentation sur les systèmes distribués, et en particulier de leur test ou de leur validation. À côté des méthodes d'évaluation classiques (modélisation, simulation, plates-formes d'expérimentation comme PlanetLab ou Grid'5000) les méthodes basées sur l'émulation et la virtualisation proposent une alternative prometteuse. Elles permettent d'exécuter l'application réelle à étudier, en lui présentant un environnement synthétique, correspondant aux conditions d'expérience souhaitées : il est ainsi possible, à moindre coût, de réaliser des expériences dans des conditions expérimentales différentes, éventuellement impossibles à reproduire dans un environnement réel. Mais l'utilisation de tels outils d'émulation ne peut se faire sans répondre à des questions sur leur réalisme et leur passage à l'échelle. Dans ce travail, nous utilisons une démarche incrémentale pour construire une plate-forme d'émulation destinée à l'étude des systèmes pair-à-pair à grande échelle. Nous commençons par comparer les différentes solutions d'émulation logicielle de liens réseaux, puis illustrons leur utilisation, notamment en étudiant une application réseau complexe : TUNS, un tunnel IP sur DNS. Nous construisons ensuite notre plate-forme d'émulation, P2PLab, en utilisant l'un des émulateurs réseaux précédemment étudiés, ainsi qu'un modèle de topologies réseaux adapté à l'étude des systèmes pair-à-pair. Nous y proposons une solution légère de virtualisation, permettant un bon rapport de repliement (grand nombre de noeuds émulés sur chaque machine physique). Après avoir validé cette plate-forme, nous l'utilisons pour étudier le protocole de diffusion de fichiers pair-à-pair BitTorrent à l'aide d'expériences mettant en jeu près de 15000 noeuds participants.

<p>The general purpose of this dissertation is to evaluate KrAmi – a correctional program for young offenders – regarding socioeconomic profitability. Evaluating socioeconomic results enables us to examine and reflect upon the possibilities of applying socioeconomic models to social work. The basic data, from a long-term follow up study of 140 persons in two KrAmi programs, one Knuff program and two probation programs (treatment as usual), also allow systematic comparisons with more traditional evaluation models</p><p>The data have been presented in one research report and three articles.</p><p>The research report examines both the effects in an effect study and the socioeconomic results in a CBA (Cost-Benefit Analysis) and a CEA (Cost-Effectiveness analysis). The overall aim of the socioeconomic study was to examine the socioeconomic profitability of the programmes. We found a halving of expenditure for the KrAmi and Knuff groups and a 25 percent reduction for the two probation programmes compared to the cost one year before rehabilitation started.</p><p>The 15-year investment analysis (CBA) showed that expenditures decreased and benefits increased by about 2.5 million SEK per individual for the two KrAmi programmes and one non-custodial program, by 0.5-1.0 million SEK for the Knuff program and the other non-custodial program. For the KrAmi programs investment in rehabilitation pays off in 1-1.5 years, for probation in 2.5-4 years and for Knuff in 4 years after the intervention. The benefit-cost ratios were 17.8 - 12.7 for the two KrAmi programs and 5.1 - 5.8 for the two non-custodial programs. For the Knuff program the benefit-cost ratio was 13.2. KrAmi rates are higher for rehabilitation rate (pension points), rehabilitation rate compared to investment costs and benefit-cost ratio, pay-off time is the shortest.</p><p>The results of both the effect study and socio-economic study, which were presented in the first article, suggest that social improvements for the clients corresponded with socio-economic profitability. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to difficulties in comparing short-term data on effects from ASI interviews collected in one period with long-term data concerning socio-economic costs per day per client in a different period. The second article elaborated on these design issues and also examined whether approaching an evaluation from different perspectives and employing different research methods can increase understanding. The conclusion drawn was that it was essential to have knowledge on the dissimilarities in design and measures between the two studies to come to the correct interpretations. These interpretations led to new questions to illuminate the results of the evaluations.</p><p>In the third article the focus was the long-term follow up period. In this study the Knuff program was excluded from the study and the two KrAmi programs formed the program group and the two probation group formed the control group. The follow-up period was two years during which the socioeconomic costs decreased stepwise for both groups, probation groups more so than program groups. The deteriorations were 70-80% compared to the period before treatment. However rehabilitation to labour market was more successful for program groups than for control groups thanks to the greater socio-economic profitability for program groups.</p><p>The introductory part of this dissertation focuses on methodological difficulties, and a multivariate regression analysis (MRA) is presented which shows that pre-existing differences in the composition of the program groups and control groups were not responsible for the differences on the socio-economic results. Moreover the introductory section includes a research presentation and the rationale for socioeconomic evaluation.</p>

A laboratory experiment and a numerical simulation of a dual well pair SAGD process with live bitumen were conducted to examine operating strategies on the recovery performance of a multiple well pair SAGD process. The experiment was successfully carried out under such operation strategies as injecting steam into one well pair while producing from both producers after chambers mergence to sweep the oil between the two well pairs. The experimental results showed high oil recovery from the transition region between the two well pairs with these operation strategies. Numerical simulation matched reasonably well experimental results, which indicated that the numerical model captured the key mechanisms of the dual well pairs experiment. The improved SAGD process behaviour and performance was demonstrated in terms of faster oil production, enhanced solution gas production, and accelerated adjacent chambers communication in the experimental and numerical studies. These operation strategies could be applied in the multiple well pairs SAGD and enhance SAGD performance after steam chambers merge between adjacent well pairs. / Petroleum Engineering

La fluorite, ses gisements en milieu hydrothermal, ses défaut cristallins ponctuels, centres colorés, géochimie des terres rares (lanthanides). La RPE permet l'étude des terres rares en sites dans les cristaux de fluorite, déterminant l'état de charge, la substitution. La RPE déterminant les centres colorés créés par irradiation peut servir à la prospection des minerais uranifères en particulier dans les morts-terrains. En géochimie théorique, l'existence ou l'absence de centres paramégnétiques est liée aux conditions thermodynamiques de cristallisation