Abstract Gender inequality is considered an issue in many countries and gender roles could play an important role in this. Specifically, gender stereotypes suggest that STEM (i.e., science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) is more seen as “male” and HEED (i.e., health care, elementary education, domestic functions) is more seen as “female”. However, research that examines these attitudes between students who study in the STEM or HEED field is lacking. Moreover, explicit and implicit attitudes have not been compared much between these two groups. Therefore, this study examines if there is a difference between students from STEM and HEED fields in their attitudes when it comes to males’ and females’ ability and suitability to study and work within in the STEM and HEED field. Fifty-tree students completed a self-report questionnaire on their attitudes, and completed an Implicit Association Task (IAT). Results showed no differences in implicit or HEED-is-female attitudes, but STEM field students had weaker STEM-is-male attitudes than HEED field students. Also, men held stronger STEM-is-male attitudes, but several analyses were inconclusive, likely because of the small number of HEED students. Overall, participants did not seem to hold gender prejudices relating to field of study.             Keywords: implicit attitudes, explicit attitudes, gender stereotypes, STEM, HEED / Sammanfattning Ojämlikhet mellan könen anses vara ett problem i många länder, och könsroller kan spela en viktig roll. Det finns stereotypa föreställningar om att STEM (dvs. vetenskap, teknik, ingenjörsvetenskap och matematik) är mer "manligt", medan HEED (dvs. hälsovård, grundläggande utbildning och hushållsvetenskap) betraktas som "kvinnligt". Det saknas dock forskning om sådana attityder mellan studenter som studerar inom STEM- eller HEED-området. Dessutom har explicita och implicita attityder inte jämförts särskilt mycket mellan dessa två grupper. Denna studie undersöker därför om det finns en skillnad mellan studenter från STEM- och HEED-områden när det gäller mäns och kvinnors förmåga och lämplighet att studera inom STEM- och HEED-området. Femtiotre studenter fyllde i ett självskattningsformulär om sina attityder och genomförde en Implicit Association Task (IAT). Resultaten visade inga skillnader i implicita eller HEED-är-kvinnligt attityder, men STEM-fältstudenter hade svagare STEM-är-manligt attityder än HEED-fältstudenter. Männen hade också starkare STEM-är-manligt-attityder, men flera analyser var inte entydiga, sannolikt på grund av det lilla antalet HEED-studenter. På det hela taget verkade deltagarna inte ha några könsfördomar i förhållande till studieområdet Nyckelord: implicita attityder, explicita attityder, könsstereotyper, STEM, HEED

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In the media, one type of prejudice is often discussed as isolated from other types of prejudice. For example, after Breivik’s massacre, intolerance toward Muslims was intensely debated (for good reasons). However, his manifesto also disclosed extreme attitudes towards women and gays, a fact which passed without much notice. Still, in understanding why some individuals are so extremely intolerant compared to others, the psychological unity underlying different kinds of prejudice (e.g., racism, sexism) needs to be considered. This psychological unity, referred to as generalized prejudice, provided the starting point for personality theories on prejudice because it suggests that some people are simply more biased than other people in principle. Today it is well known that two basic personality characteristics, agreeableness and openness to new experiences, are powerful predictors of prejudice. However, more precisely what these variables can, versus cannot, explain has received little attention. Consequently, the aim of this thesis was to provide a more fine-grained analysis of generalized prejudice and its personality roots. Paper I demonstrated that personality mainly accounts for variance shared by several prejudice targets (generalized prejudice) whereas group membership mainly predicts unique variance in prejudice towards a particular target group. Thus, personality and group membership factors explain prejudice for different reason, and do not contradict each other. Paper II demonstrated, across three studies, that agreeableness and openness to experience are related to self-reported (explicit) prejudice, but not automatically expressed (implicit) biases. Personality seems informative about who chooses to express devaluing sentiments, but not who harbors spontaneous biases. Finally, Paper III examined the assumption that personality explains (explicit) generalized prejudice because some people simply favor their own group over all other groups (ethnocentrism). Providing the first direct test of this assumption, the results from three studies suggest that while agreeableness and openness to experience explain generalized prejudice, they do not account for purely ethnocentric attitudes. This indicates a fundamental difference between ethnocentrism and generalized prejudice. All in all, self-reported personality seems to have little to do with spontaneous group negativity or simple ingroup favoritism. However, personality strongly predicts deliberate and verbalized devaluation of disadvantaged groups. / I media diskuteras ofta fördomar mot en viss grupp som helt skilda från fördomar mot andra grupper. Efter Breivik’s massaker debatterades till exempel intolerans mot muslimer i stor utsträckning, men det diskuterades inte mycket kring att han även uttryckt extrema åsikter om kvinnor och homosexuella. Likväl är den gemensamma nämnaren i sådana attityder av yttersta vikt för att förstå varför vissa individer är mer intoleranta än andra. Tidigare forskning visar att personer som är mer rasistiska än andra också tenderar att vara mer sexistiska, samt nedvärdera till exempel, handikappade människor. Den gemensamma nämnare i sådana attityder kallas generaliserad fördomsfullhet och utgör grundbulten i personlighetsteorier om fördomar då det pekar på att somliga alltid tycks ogilla/nedvärdera utsatta grupper. Idag är det även välkänt att två personlighetsvariabler, vänlighet och öppenhet för nya erfarenheter, beskriver vem som uttrycker mer fördomar än andra. Däremot har det inte ägnats mycket kraft åt frågan vad exakt det är som dessa variabler förklarar, respektive inte förklarar. Syftet med avhandlingen var därmed att erbjuda en mer detaljerad analys av kopplingen mellan personlighet och generaliserad fördomsfullhet. Artikel I visade att personlighet förklarar den gemensamma nämnaren i olika typer av fördomar, medan grupptillhörighet (exempelvis kön) förklarar skillnader som är unika för fördomar mot en viss grupp (kvinnor). Personlighet och grupptillhörighet kompletterar alltså varandra som förklaringar snarare än att vara motsägelsefulla, såsom vissa forskare menat. Tre studier från Artikel II visade att vänlighet och öppenhet till nya erfarenheter hänger samman med viljekontrollerade fördomar, men inte spontana negativa associationer. Målet med Artikel III var att undersöka om personlighet förklarar fördomar av anledningen att vissa alltid favoriserar sin egen grupp över andra grupper (så kallad etnocentrism). Denna tanke har tagits för givet inom forskning om fördomsfullhet, men antagandet har inte testats empiriskt. Resultaten från tre studier pekar på att, till skillnad från generaliserad fördomsfullhet, så visar etnocentrism i sig inte på några starka samband med personlighet. Sammanfattningsvis så hänger varken vänlighet eller öppenhet ihop med spontan gruppnegativitet eller att ogilla ”de andra”. Däremot så pekar personlighetsfaktorer i stor utsträckning på vem som väljer att uttryckligen nedvärdera utsatta grupper.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de contribuer à la compréhension de rôle des valeurs, des attitudes et des stratégies de coping dans le comportement lié à la santé et les symptômes de l'anxiété et de la dépression des adolescents russes et français atteints d'asthme. L'analyse de médiation a étudié les associations entre les valeurs (la valeur de santé, la valeur de la vie excitante) et le comportement (le comportement préventif et le comportement à risque) à travers les facteurs médiateurs : les attitudes affectives (explicites et implicites), cognitives (explicites) chez les adolescents atteints d'asthme et en bonne santé (N = 200). L'analyse de médiation a aussi étudié les associations entre les valeurs et les symptômes de l'anxiété et de la dépression à travers les stratégies de coping. L'étude qualitative, basée sur une méthodologie de recherche anthropologique, a exploré la phénoménologie de l'asthme et de la santé chez les adolescents russes et français (N = 20). Les valeurs sont associées avec le comportement lié à la santé à travers les attitudes affectives et cognitives. En valorisant la santé ou la vie excitante, les adolescents utilisent des stratégies de coping spécifique à l'asthme qui influent sur les symptômes de l'anxiété et de la dépression. En incluant les valeurs dans les programmes éducatifs il est possible de favoriser le comportement préventif et améliorer la qualité de vie chez les adolescents atteints d'asthme. / This thesis aims to help better understand the role of values, attitudes and coping strategies in health behaviors alongside with anxiety/depression symptoms among Russian and French adolescents with asthma. Mediation analysis was employed to study the associations between values (health value, value of exciting life) and health behaviors (preventive and risk behaviors) through affective (explicit and implicit) and cognitive (explicit) attitudes among adolescents suffering from asthma and healthy adolescents (N = 200). Mediation analysis has also been used to reveal the associations between values and anxiety/depression symptoms through coping strategies. Qualitative study based on anthropological research methodology were applied to study the phenomenology of asthma and health among Russian and French adolescents (N = 20). The study confirmed that values are associated with health behaviors through affective and cognitive attitudes. In valuing health or exciting life, adolescents use coping strategies specific to asthma which influence the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Inclusion of the above values in educational programs makes it possible to promote healthy behaviors and ameliorate the quality of life among adolescents with asthma.

This dissertation investigates whether video games are able to affect players' attitudes and information behaviour towards depicted historical topics in games over the short- and long-term. We collected data from a sample of 148 young adults. As far as we know, there is currently no study of such a scale focused on historical games. We used, as an intervention tool, a modification of the serious game Czechoslovakia 38-89: Borderlands that deals with the expulsion of the Sudeten Germans from the former Czechoslovakia after WWII. The game is based on historical research providing players with multiple perspectives on the depicted topics. Our control group played a similar game, but where the narrative was unrelated to any depicted historical event from Czechoslovakia 38-89: Borderlands. In the empirical part of the study, we measured explicit and implicit attitude change and information behaviour change towards the expulsion of the Sudeten Germans. Results showed more negative pretest-posttest explicit attitude changes towards the expulsion on a general level (d = -0.34; p = .022) and a specific level (d = -0.53; p = .001) in the experimental group compared to the control group. Over the long-term, group differences in attitude change remained significant for the specific level (d = -0.44; p = .014),...

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