This thesis contributes to current literature dealing with the topic of sovereign export promotion in form of government-back export credit agencies by analysing a very homogenous group of Central European countries. Export credit agencies in the Visegrad region indeed foster export. Different institu- tional forms of export credit agencies are compared and using example of a small open economy, the Czech Republic, it is suggested that the most prof- itable and effective strategy for governments in comparable countries is to establish an export credit agency offering insurance and export guarantees. The export credit agency with the best performance in the region is Slovak Eximbanka.

by Chan Hing-kuen, Ko Hung-yue. / Bibliography: leaves 88-90 / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1985

本文探讨了国家制度环境对出口企业以及出口企业动态的影响。目前关于制度对贸易总值影响的研究已引起了越来越多的关注。然而，关于制度环境对贸易动态影响的研究是非常有限的。所有现有的研究都是基于对某一国家的分析。本文采用世界银行出口企业动态数据库，该数据库包含45个出口国以及200多个进口国的多国面板数据。研究表明，有效的制度环境会增加两国间的出口企业的数量以及出口企业的存活率。良好的制度环境会减少双方违反合同的可能性同时减少对合同执行以及经济法律体制的不确定性。其次，研究表明,与出口国不同，进口国的制度环境对出口企业的平均出口值有负面的影响。进口国有效的制度环境吸引了一些边际生产者进入出口市场，从而降低了整体企业出口的平均值。最后，本文发现制度环境的提升会减少出口企业的市场进入率。有效的制度环境会提高出口市场的稳定性，减少市场内部的流动率。 / This paper studies the effect of institutional quality on exporter behavior and export dynamics. There is a growing interest in the study on the effect of institutions on aggregate trade volume in the recent literature. However, the analysis of institutional effect on the dynamics of trade is relatively limited. Besides, all the existing studies that analyze the dynamic effect of institutions are based on exporting firms in a single country. We use the Exporter Dynamics Database from World Bank that contains rich panel of cross-country data involving 45 exporting countries and more than 200 importing countries in the world. First, we find that there are more exporting firms and the survival rate of the exporting firms is higher in better institutional environment. The good contracting environment makes the breach of the contract more difficult and reduces the uncertainty about contract enforcement and general economic legal system. Secondly, we show that institutions in the importing country have a negative effect on average export value, which is different from the exporting country. The effective institutions in the importing country attract some marginal producers in the export market which reduces the average export value per firm. Finally, entry rate of the exporting firms reduces with the quality of the country’s institutions. The good institutional environment increases market stability and reduces the turnover rate in the export market. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Liu, Xiaojie. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-63). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.5 / Chapter 1. --- Related Literature --- p.8 / Chapter 2. --- Data Analysis --- p.12 / Chapter 3. --- Empirical Analysis --- p.17 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion of the Results --- p.20 / Chapter 5.1 --- Extensive Margin --- p.21 / Chapter 5.2 --- Intensive Margin --- p.23 / Chapter 5.3 --- Entry Rate --- p.24 / Chapter 5.4 --- Survival Rate --- p.26 / Chapter 5. --- Econometric Issues --- p.29 / Chapter 6.1 --- Omitted Variable Bias --- p.29 / Chapter 6.2 --- Endogeneity --- p.30 / Chapter 7. --- Sensitivity Analysis and Robustness Checks --- p.32 / Chapter 7.1 --- Sensitivity to Alternative Samples --- p.32 / Chapter 7.2 --- Using Alternative Measures of Institutional Quality --- p.33 / Chapter 8. --- Conclusion --- p.35 / Tablesand Figures --- p.38 / References --- p.59

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Disc, --Basel. / Bibliography: p. vii-viii.

Predicting export performance remains an important issue at the heart of export research and management. This is because of the primary role of exporting to ensuring the profitability, growth and survival of firms. Given these and other benefits that firms stand to gain (and the challenges that firms face) for their active engagement in exporting, scholars have exerted efforts into explaining the causes of export success. Export marketing strategy, firm characteristics, capabilities and firms' orientations towards export markets are some the variables studied. Firms' entrepreneurial orientation towards export markets has been one important variable that has captured the attention of researchers. This study is an attempt to introduce an export context-specific entrepreneurial-oriented behaviour (or export EOB) to the study of antecedents of export performance. A theoretical model involving the relationship between export EOB (and its dimensions) and export performance is, therefore, developed and empirically tested using data from 212 exporting organisations. Findings suggest that firms' overall level of export EOB is a major driver of export success. The study further establishes that a high level of market-oriented behaviour in exporting organisations can help firms to derive stronger benefits from their entrepreneurial activities. At the specific level of the export EOB components, results suggest that development of novel product innovations, high export risk-taking, and strong proactive and competitively aggressive behaviours can help exporting organisations to improve their performance. However, product innovation intensity and autonomy are negatively related to export performance, suggesting that high levels of these two behaviours might lead to poor export performance. Nevertheless, further analysis shows that the negative association between product innovation intensity and export performance becomes positive when moderated by product innovation novelty. In addition, the study shows that autonomy has indirect positive association with export performance through interaction with proactiveness and competitive aggressiveness. In other words, autonomy facilitates the effectiveness of proactive and competitive aggressive behaviours. Further analyses of moderating effect relationships reveal mixed results. Specifically, the study finds that export market orientation positively moderates the link between production innovation intensity and export performance. In addition, export customer dynamism positively moderates the association of product innovation novelty and risk-taking with export performance. On the contrary, export customer dynamism negatively moderates the link between product innovation intensity and export performance. Theoretical, export managerial and policy implications of these findings are discussed and useful areas for future research are proposed.

Abstract Deregulation of the South African fruit export industry in 1997 caused fragmentation in the supply chain. This led to significant inefficiencies and difficulty in responding to increasingly stringent legal and traderelated traceability requirements. Currently, the South African fruit export industry does not provide a sufficient level of traceability at supply chain level. The consumer packaged goods industry has developed e-commerce building blocks based on global standards. These building blocks offer automated traceability of fruit exports, as well as significant benefits impacting the bottom line, to companies of all sizes. The e-commerce building blocks also provide solutions to the two main challenges faced by the fresh produce supply chains, namely traceability requirements and the need for additional efficiencies. The e-commerce building blocks are available to the South African fruit export industry to enable traceability, as well as to provide significant efficiency benefits. It has been found that early adoption of the e-commerce building blocks will result in a strategic advantage over the southern hemisphere competitors and that automated traceability is feasible for the South African fruit export industry. This article describes the cohesiveness, willingness to participate and supportive thinking of representatives from the important fruit export industry in South Africa, which are necessary to create the critical mass for the implementation of such an automated traceability system.

Under de senaste decennierna har ett flertal stora förändringar skett som förändrat förutsättningarna för handel mellan länder. För att skapa tillväxt i dagens globala ekonomi behövs internationalisering av företag. Historiskt sett har det framförallt varit stora multinationella firmor som burit ansvaret för internationell handel, men internationaliseringen av småföretag har ökat markant på senare år och ådragit sig intresse från forskningen. Internationalisering av småföretag kan innebära fördelar för ett lands ekonomi, såsom för företaget självt. Entreprenörens roll är avgörande för ett företags internationella strategi och för förståelsen av företagets internationella agerande. Entreprenörer med internationell erfarenhet har visat sig engagera sitt företag internationellt till en större grad. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilken påverkan entreprenörens internationella erfarenheter har på ett småföretags exportintensitet. Syftet har uppnåtts genom insamling av kvantitativ data via mejlenkät som skickats ut genom Småföretagarnas riksförbund. Enkäten skickades ut till ca.10000 medlemmar, varav ca.3500 öppnade brevet. Av dessa erhöll vi totalt 336 giltiga svar. För att pröva studiens hypoteser genomfördes statistiska tester på den empiriska datan i dataprogrammet SPSS. Resultaten visade att entreprenörens internationella erfarenheter har en positiv påverkan på ett småföretags exportintensitet. Slutsatsen för studien är att internationella erfarenheter kan vara en källa av viktig kunskap och humankapital som entreprenören kan dra nytta av i sitt företags exportarbete.

This thesis argues that the explanation for underdevelopment should be sought primarily in the structural distortions of the domestic economy, the incoherence of national interests, as well as other internal political contradictions. By looking at the dynamics of Japan's relations with Nigeria between 1960 and 1985, it seeks to demonstrate how these factors militate not only against a beneficial interchange with a Northern economy, but against effective participation in the international economy. This constitutes a contrary diagnostic position to the literature which underpins the logic on which The Bretton Woods and Dependency Schools of thought are based. The thesis considers the following issues. First, it critically examines the role of the trading pattern, characterized by its vertical structure, along with trade policies, in the relationship between Nigeria and Japan. Secondly, it considers whether Japanese investments in Nigeria have contributed to the growth and development process in Nigeria. To that extent it considers whether they were merely part of a calculated trade objective; namely, the dominance of certain sectors of the Nigerian economy. The thesis also examines the role played by Nigerian domestic policies and its environment in determining the degree of reciprocity and interdependence. Finally, it seeks to assess the role played by Japanese aid and the degree of importance attached to Nigeria in particular and development issues in general in Japan's foreign policy. The thesis concludes that at the time of Nigeria's independence, the relationship was potentially one of interdependence and the explanation for any subsequent asymmetry needs to be sought in government's failure to mobilize national potential and in terms of the operation of the international market economy. At issue is not just the nature of a particular bilateral relationship but the management of North-South relations.

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