Studiens syfte är att synliggöra hur andraspråkselever på högstadiet beskriver sin upplevelse och sin förståelse då de läser faktatexter i de praktisk-estetiska ämnena. För att undersöka detta, har följande frågeställningar valts: Vilka svårigheter beskriver andraspråkselever att de upplever i läsningen av och arbetet med faktatexter? Hur beskriver andraspråkselever att de går tillväga för att förstå faktatexter? Studien bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer med sju andraspråkselever i årskurserna 8 och 9. Intervjuerna har analyserats utifrån en sociokulturell ansats, vilken bl a poängterar vikten av social interaktion samt språkets betydelse för tänkande och lärande. Resultatet visar att informanternas erfarenheter av läsning av faktatexter främst kommer från de naturvetenskapliga och de samhällsvetenskapliga ämnena, samt matematik. Deras erfarenheter av läsning i de praktisk-estetiska ämnena förefaller begränsad, förutom i hem- och konsumentkunskap. Av resultatet framgår att ord- och begreppsförståelse, förförståelse samt explicit undervisning i hur man utvecklar och använder lässtrategier för att läsa och lära av faktatexter är områden som respektive ämneslärare behöver arbeta mer aktivt med. Studiens resultat stämmer i det avseendet väl med vad tidigare forskning har visat. Däremot sätter inte studiens informanter ord på vad olika textegenskaper kan ha för betydelse för deras läsförståelse. Denna studies viktigaste bidrag är dess fokus på andraspråkselevers läsning av faktatexter i de praktisk-estetiska ämnena. Såtillvida kan den utgöra en forskningsbaserad grund i arbetet med språkutvecklande ämnesundervisning på högstadiet. / The purpose of the study is to emphasize how senior level students with a second language are describing their experience and their understanding when they are reading expository texts in the aesthetic subjects. To examine this: following questions have been chosen: What difficulties do second language learners describe that they are experiencing when they are reading and working with expository texts? How do second language learners describe their procedure to understand expository texts? The study is based on qualitative interviews with seven second language learners who are between forteen and sixteen years old. The interviews have been analyzed based on a sociocultural perspective, which among other things are emphasizing the importance of social interaction and also the importance of the language for thinking and learning. The result is showing that the informants´experiences of reading expository texts are chiefly from the scientific and social science subjects and also mathematics. Their experiences of reading in connection with the aesthetic subjects seem to be limited, except in domestic science. From the result it is clear that understanding of words and concepts, background knowledge and also explicit teaching in how to develop and use reading strategies to read and learn from expository texts, are fields which each subject teacher need to work more active on. In this regard the study is corresponding well with what the earlier research has shown. The informants don´t mention whether they are able or not to benefit from the impact of connectives and lexical markers on their comprehension of expository texts. The most important contribution of this study is its focus on second language learners, and their reading of expository texts in the aesthetic subjects. In this respect it can form a researchbase for developing student´s language in subject teaching at the senior level of the nine year compulsory school.

The purpose of this study was to refine a rating procedure used to assess intermediate elementary school students' ability to orally retell what they had read from two expository passages. Oral retellings from 28 fourth grade students were tape-recorded and rated on two different occasions by each of 4 raters. A four-facet (passage, day of test administration, rater, and rating occasion) generalizability study was conducted using a partially nested design. The six largest sources of variability identified in the G-study included (a) students, (b) the student-by-day interaction, (c) the interaction of passage with rater (nested within student and day), (d) the student-by-day-by-occasion interaction, (e) the passage-by-raters (nested within students and day)-by-occasion interaction, and (f) the residual. A D-study was conducted to predict the values of the error variances and generalizability indices for both relative and absolute decisions. The results show how the error variance and the generalizability coefficients vary as a function of the number of passages, days of test administration, raters, and rating occasions. The results of the D study indicate that adding an extra reading day would produce a greater increase in reliability than asking the students to read more passages, or using more raters or more rating occasions. To achieve the greatest gain in generalizability, teachers should have students read at least two passages on at least two separate days and have their retelling rated by at least two raters and then compute a mean rating for each student averaged across the various passages, testing days, and raters.

Based on students’ declining reading comprehension there is a need to develop systematic explicit instruction in teaching reading. This study is based on theories of metacognition, reading comprehension, reading instruction and Legitimation Code Theory and has the reading triangle as a model for teaching expository texts. The model has been tested in one class with eighth-grade students. The students have estimated their own reading comprehension and how they worked before, during and after reading an expository text, both before and after work with the reading triangle. The students in this survey have been taught and have worked with texts based on three levels of the reading triangle. The materials in the study are students’ self-assessments, texts with underlining and comments and interviews with the students and their teacher. The results show that the model, the reading triangle, as a part of an approach to develop literacy, with modelling and metacognitive textual conversations, can contribute to an understanding of the students’ reading process and knowledge of how global and local aspects of texts – such as purpose, text structure and choice of words – are connected with and influence reading comprehension. The study shows that the link between local and global levels must be explicit, since a focus on details can be detrimental to the overall understanding of texts. The use of the reading triangle in the classroom can also help the teaching move between the concrete and the abstract, enabling students to use the acquired knowledge and insights in new texts and reading situations.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:22:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leticia Reina Goncalves.pdf: 1189558 bytes, checksum: 49f4be0d2c3b4b5fdb386675ff878be1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation aims to develop a collaborative-critical work with a teacher of Science in order to understand and to transform the work with production of written summaries of expository texts which were read by the students. Specifically, this research aims to understand critically the meanings brought by the participants and how they share new meanings on the summary of expository texts as a tool for teaching-learning in Science classes. The research is organized through two socialhistorical activities (Reflexive Session and Class) that are related, in part, by the object summary production and the participants researcher and teacher , that enable the learning concepts to be understood, questioned and shared, like a creative chain (Liberali, 2011) and that contextualize the critical formation for the research participants. It is supported by Social-Historical-Cultural Activity Theory (TASHC), which conceives the man's work activity as a way for transforming society and the man himself. It s also supported by Bakhtin/Volochinov s discussions about the ways the subject is constituted as a social being, inserted in a particular context of communication and implicated in oral and written productions, in these specific situations. The discussions through TASCH provide an understanding of contexts of teacher formation in which the language enables the construction of ZPDs (Zones of Proximal Development) for the participants understanding and sharing of meanings. The contributions given by Dolz & Schneuwly (2004) will assist in understanding language organization in social practices with the genre summary , as a tool of teaching-learning in reading and writing texts. The Collaborative Critical Research, as discussed by Magalhães (2007; 2009; 2010) e Magalhães & Oliveira (2011) supports the methodological choices in close relationship within the theoretical base and the research contents. The analyzed data were produced during Reflexive Sessions with a teacher of Natural Science and through observing some of her classes. The results show the complexity of the collaborative-critical work and the transformation in some concepts on written production of summaries as an instrument of teaching-learning Science / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo geral desenvolver um trabalho colaborativo-crítico com uma professora de Ciências para compreensão e transformação do trabalho com produção de resumos de textos expositivos lidos pelos alunos. Mais especificamente, é objetivo desta pesquisa compreender criticamente os sentidos das participantes e o compartilhamento de significados sobre resumo de textos expositivos como instrumento de ensino-aprendizagem em aulas de Ciências. A pesquisa está organizada por meio de duas Atividades sócio-histórico-culturais (Sessão Reflexiva e Aula) relacionadas, parcialmente, pelo objeto produção de resumo , e pelos participantes pesquisadora e professora , o que possibilita que os conceitos trabalhados sejam compreendidos, questionados e compartilhados, como uma cadeia criativa (Liberali, 2011) e contextualizem a formação crítica das participantes da pesquisa. Está apoiada na Teoria da Atividade Sócio-Histórico-Cultural, que concebe a atividade de trabalho do homem como transformadora da sociedade e do próprio homem. E ainda, nas discussões de Bakhtin/Volochinov (1929) sobre os modos como o sujeito se constitui como um ser social, inserido em um contexto particular de comunicação e implicado em produções orais e escritas, nessas situações específicas. As discussões da TASCH proporcionam a compreensão de contextos de formação em que a linguagem possibilita a construção de ZDPs para a compreensão dos sentidos das participantes e do compartilhamento de significados. As contribuições de Schneuwly & Dolz (2004) auxiliarão na compreensão das organizações da linguagem nas práticas sociais com o gênero resumo, como instrumento de ensino-aprendizagem na leitura e escrita de textos. A Pesquisa Crítica de Colaboração, como discutida por Magalhães (2007; 2009; 2010) e Magalhães & Oliveira (2011) embasa as escolhas metodológicas em estreita relação com a teoria de base e o conteúdo da pesquisa. Os dados analisados foram produzidos em Sessões Reflexivas com a professora de Ciências Naturais e em observações da sala de aula. Os resultados apontam para a complexidade do trabalho colaborativo-crítico e para a transformação de alguns conceitos sobre a produção escrita de resumos como instrumento de ensino-aprendizagem em Ciências

L'objectiu general de la tesi va ser analitzar les relacions entre el nivell de coneixements previs del tema (alt i baix), els processos d'autoregulació (planificació, monitoratge i ús d'estratègies) i els nivells de comprensió de múltiples textos expositius (rendiment en una tasca inferencial, comprensió superficial i transferència de coneixements). 40 estudiants de la Llicenciatura en Ciències de l'Educació amb especialitat en Químic-Biològiques van participar en la investigació. L'obtenció de dades va incloure el registre de protocols de pensament en veu alta, així com diferents mesures de comprensió.En primer lloc, els resultats de l'estudi mostren que no existeix una correlació significativa entre el nivell de coneixement previ i els diferents nivells de comprensió. No obstant això, l'anàlisi del grandària de l'efecte assenyala una tendència per part dels estudiants de baix coneixement previ a obtenir un millor rendiment en la tasca inferencial. Per la seva banda els estudiants amb alt coneixement previ només van rendir bé en la mesura de comprensió superficial. En segon lloc l'anàlisi de la grandària de l'efecte indica que el nivell alt de coneixement previ té un impacte rellevant en un major ús d'estratègies d'autoregulació. En tercer lloc es va trobar una relació positiva entre els processos de planificació i monitoratge per al grup d'estudiants de baix coneixement previ, mentre que en el cas dels estudiants d'alt coneixement no es van trobar relacions significatives. En quart lloc, els resultats indiquen una relació negativa entre el procés de planificació i el rendiment en la tasca inferencial per al grup de baixos coneixements, mentre que per als estudiants d'alts coneixements es va trobar una relació significativa entre els processos de planificació i el rendiment en la tasca inferencial. Finalment, les anàlisis de regressió mostren que ni el nivell de coneixement previ ni els processos d'autoregulació prediuen la variància en els nivells de comprensió. Aquests resultats són discutits en termes de la teoria i investigació de la comprensió tant d'un únic i múltiples textos, així com de les teories d'autoregulació de l'aprenentatge. / El objetivo general de la tesis fue analizar las relaciones entre el nivel de conocimientos previos del tema (alto y bajo), los procesos de autorregulación (planeación, monitoreo y uso de estrategias) y los niveles de comprensión de múltiples textos expositivos (rendimiento en una tarea inferencial, comprensión superficial y transferencia de conocimientos). 40 estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Ciencias de la Educación con especialidad en Químico-Biológicas participaron en la investigación. La obtención de datos incluyó el registro de protocolos de pensamiento en voz alta, así como diferentes medidas de comprensión.En primer lugar, los resultados del estudio muestran que no existe una correlación significativa entre el nivel de conocimiento previo y los diferentes niveles de comprensión. Sin embargo, el análisis del tamaño del efecto señala una tendencia por parte de los estudiantes de bajo conocimiento previo a obtener un mejor rendimiento en la tarea inferencial. Por su parte los estudiantes con alto conocimiento previo solamente rindieron bien en la medida de comprensión superficial. En segundo lugar el análisis del tamaño del efecto indica que el nivel alto de conocimiento previo tiene un impacto relevante en un mayor uso de estrategias de autorregulación. En tercer lugar se encontró una relación positiva entre los procesos de planeación y monitoreo para el grupo de estudiantes de bajo conocimiento previo, mientras que en el caso de los estudiantes de alto conocimiento no se encontraron relaciones significativas. En cuarto lugar, los resultados indican una relación negativa entre el proceso de planeación y el rendimiento en la tarea inferencial para el grupo de bajos conocimientos, mientras que para los estudiantes de altos conocimientos se encontró una relación significativa entre los procesos de planeación y el rendimiento en la tarea inferencial. Finalmente, los análisis de regresión muestran que ni el nivel de conocimiento previo ni los procesos de autorregulación predicen la varianza en los niveles de comprensión. Estos resultados son discutidos en términos de la teoría e investigación de la comprensión tanto de un único y múltiples textos, así como de las teorías de autorregulación del aprendizaje. / The overall objective of the dissertation was to analyze the relationship between the level of background knowledge (high and low), self-regulatory processes (planning, monitoring and use of strategies) and multiple levels of understanding expository texts (performance in a inferential task, surface understanding and knowledge transfer). 40 students from the Bachelor of Science in Education with specialization in Chemical-Biological participated in the investigation. Data collection included recording think-aloud protocols, and various measures of comprehension.First, the results show that there is no significant correlation between the level of background knowledge and different levels of comprehension. However, the effect size analysis indicates a tendency for students with low prior knowledge to better performance on the inferential task. For their part, students with high prior knowledge only performed well in the superficial understanding measure. Secondly, the effect size analysis indicates that the high level of prior knowledge has a significant impact on the greater use of self-regulation strategies. Third, we found a positive relationship between planning and monitoring processes for the group of students with low prior knowledge, whereas in the case of students with high knowledge there were no significant relationships. Fourth, the results indicate a negative relationship between the process of planning and inferential task performance for the low knowledge group, while for higher knowledge students found a significant relationship between planning processes and performance the inferential task. Finally, regression analysis showed that neither the level of prior knowledge nor self-regulatory processes predict the variance in levels of comprehension. These results are discussed in terms of theory and research on both single and multiple texts comprehension and theories of self-regulated learning.