Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:04:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Katiane Martins Mendonca.pdf: 979547 bytes, checksum: 730d157b5b39154f589f2e9fcbc515e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-04 / This study focuses on the biological risk in the daily work of professional nursing staff entered in the medication system in areas of emergency care. The goal was to evaluate the biological risk for professionals in the nursing staff who work in the preparation and administration of medicines, and to clients, of emergency services of large public hospitals, of the city of Goiania GO. And the specifics were: to describe the physical structure, material´s and human´s resources in the units of preparation and administration of medicines in areas of emergency care in large public hospitals, in Goiânia-GO, to identify risk´s behaviors (considered when the call to a standard precaution is not met) related to exposure to biological material for the professional nursing staff who work in the preparation and administration of medicines and to customers in emergency services and the emergence of large public hospitals, in Goiânia-GO, to characterizing accidents with biological material among health nursing staff who act in the preparation and administration of drugs in emergency rooms of large public hospitals, of the city of Goiânia-GO and to identify the biosafety´s measures adopted by professional nursing staff, who act in the preparation and administration of drugs in emergency rooms of large public, hospitals, of the city of Goiânia-GO in respect to the biological risk. This is a descriptive of a cross-sectional study did in the three large public hospitals of the city of Goiania-GO that has in its structure the sector of urgency and emergency with the preparation and administration of medicines units. The study was approved by the Ethics Commissions in Research of the three hospitals that participated of this research. Data were collected through two check-list to observe the professional´s behaviors and the organizational structure (material and physical) of the units. The physical structure of the units of preparation and administration drugs in the sectors of emergency care can be regarded as inappropriate for the worker's health and may to interfere with care. Consented to participate in the study 130 professionals, who signed a Term of Informed Consent, after the observation period. Most of them were female and nursing technicians and performed 292 procedures for preparation and administration of drugs in the collection of datas. There was a low adherence to the practice of handwashing, and no professional performed the correct technique. Low adherence to protection items, individual and collective. Several risk´s behaviors for exposure to biological material were observed in the practice of professionals nursing in the units of preparation and administration of drugs in the areas of emergency care, emphasizing the segregation and disposal of waste, inadequate transportation of drugs, failure to maintain aseptic chain, the act of re-encasing needles and how to re-wrap it, poor compliance to the items of protection, the low rate of handwashing and improper use, or not recommended, the resources available. Were witnessed, eight accidents involving biological material among professionals in the nursing team, and none made the notification. The individual care over collective care was observed in this study. The results show a need for change not only in the physical and material resources in situations of emergency is necessary to encourage compliance with standard precautions, but also to seek new ways to minimize the biological risk for both worker's health as for the patients, through the actual behaviors observed, often repetitive, which increase the risk referred to in each situation. The nurse presents with an important role to integrate the team and coordinate its activities and may, at first, after identifying behaviors, plan and implement an education in the reality they are experiencing. / O presente estudo focaliza o risco biológico (RB), no cotidiano laboral dos profissionais da equipe de enfermagem inseridos no sistema de medicação em setores de urgência e emergência. O objetivo geral foi avaliar o RB para os profissionais da equipe de enfermagem que trabalham em unidades de preparo e administração de medicamentos, e para os clientes, de serviços de urgência e emergência de hospitais de grande porte da rede pública, da cidade de Goiânia-GO. E os específicos: descrever a estrutura física, os recursos materiais e humanos existentes em unidades de preparo e administração de medicamentos em setores de urgência e emergência de hospitais de grande porte, públicos, da cidade de Goiânia - GO; identificar comportamentos de risco (considerados quando o atendimento a uma Precaução Padrão (PP) não for cumprido) relacionados à exposição ao material biológico (MB) para os profissionais da equipe de enfermagem que trabalham nas referidas unidades, e para os clientes; caracterizar os acidentes ocorridos com MB entre profissionais da equipe de enfermagem e que atuam em unidades de preparo e administração de medicamentos em serviços de urgência e emergência de hospitais de grande porte, públicos, da cidade de Goiânia-GO e identificar as medidas de biossegurança adotadas por eles, em relação ao RB. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de corte transversal realizado nos três hospitais públicos de grande porte da cidade de Goiânia-GO que apresentam setores de urgência e emergência com unidades de preparo e administração de medicamentos. O estudo foi aprovado pelos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa dos três hospitais participantes. Os dados foram coletados por meio de dois check-list para observação da estrutura física e de recursos materiais das unidades e dos comportamentos dos profissionais. A estrutura física dos locais do estudo foi considerada como inadequada à saúde do trabalhador e interveniente ao cumprimento das PP. Consentiram participar, 130 profissionais, que assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, após o período de observação. A maioria dos sujeitos era do sexo feminino e técnicos em enfermagem e realizou, no período de coleta de dados, 292 procedimentos de preparo e administração de medicamentos. Diversos comportamentos de risco para exposição a MB foram observados, destacando-se: incorreta segregação e descarte de resíduos, transporte inadequado de medicamentos, não manutenção da cadeia asséptica, ato de re-encapar e modo de re-encape agulhas, baixa adesão aos itens de proteção, baixo índice de higienização das mãos e não adesão à técnica correta e uso inadequado, ou não recomendado, dos recursos disponíveis. Foram presenciados, oito acidentes envolvendo MB entre os sujeitos, sendo que nenhum realizou a notificação. O cuidado individual em detrimento do cuidado coletivo também pôde ser observado. Os resultados mostram uma necessidade de mudança não apenas na estrutura organizacional, para favorecer o cumprimento das PP, como também, de buscar novos caminhos para minimização do RB, tanto para os profissionais quanto para os clientes, por meio da observação da realidade. Neste contexto, o enfermeiro tem importante papel, ao planejar e implementar ações baseadas na realidade que vivencia.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:04:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao andre almeida.pdf: 1781781 bytes, checksum: 6e6bcda130f6721b804c5d44db925528 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-07 / Employees of nursing during their work activities in the Surgical Center (SC), are exposed to various occupational hazards, among them biological. The objectives of this study were: to characterize vulnerabilities points to accidents involving biological material for the transient of the operating room (OR), in the trans-operative period and preparation of the Operating Room; to identify the adoption of universal precaution measures, identifying the occurrence of accidents with biological material and to determine the profile of accidents with biological material among circulating OR. Transversal descriptive study conducted with employees of nursing staff engaged in the activity of OR in the SC of a public teaching hospital in the city of Goiânia - GO. Data collection was performed using two instruments: a check list and application of a questionnaire both evaluated and tested. Filling out the checklist was it the first time of data collection that was done by direct observation of the activities of transients in the trans-operative care and dismantling the operating room, including the delivery of the material in the purge of the Centre of Material and Sterilization. Subsequently, a questionnaire was subject to the same observation. We met all the ethical issues for the consideration provided for in resolution 196 of the National Health Council. Data were grouped in tables and figures and descriptive statistics were used for frequency measurements. The data on the perception of transients regarding the observed behaviors were targeted on groups by hierarchical method, cluster analysis. Of the 37 eligible professionals, 30 participated. The majority (93.4%) female, working time in SC, for more than six years (56.6%) and half has another employment relationship, 40.0% with weekly working hours equal or above 60 hours. It was found that 56.6% of circulating never participates in training on biological risk and 34.0% learned the service following colleagues. The vaccine for hepatitis B was referred by 80.0% of workers, 40.0% had anti-HBs. No transient used protection goggles and 53.3% did not use closed shoes while working. Were reported several risk behaviors for exposure to biological material, among which stands out the use of procedure gloves to collect the instruments after surgery, the use of auxiliary table for carrying items such as: instrumental, glass suction, chamber using sharps; collected manually suture needles used in surgery. Disposal of sharps in the OR was predominantly inadequate and no review of the field after surgery occurred in 86.7%. Accidents with biological material were reported by 40.0% of transients, predominantly from percutaneous exposure to blood and only half have been informed about. Behavior characterized in this study, as risk of exposure to biological material, were recognized by circulating OR as present in the daily work, it was possible to observe concordance between both events (high-frequency behavior and high alert as a gift) and disagreement ( high frequency of observation with low alert) with the predominance of agreement. For all behaviors considered as risk of exposure to biological material there was recognition that this occurs. Some behaviors of transient increase the risk to workers from other units of the hospital. The results indicate the need for organizational and administrative changes to the confrontation of the biological risk inherent in the work of the transient of the operating room. Highlighted the need to intensify educational measures regarding the promotion of a safe environment for workers to be frequently reminded that their work exposes them to risks, and risks can be minimized through adherence to standard precautions / Os trabalhadores da enfermagem, durante suas atividades laborais no Centro Cirúrgico (CC), estão expostos aos diferentes riscos ocupacionais, dentre eles o biológico. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: caracterizar pontos vulneráveis para acidentes com material biológico para o circulante de Sala Operatória (SO), no período trans-operatório e preparo da sala de operação; identificar a adoção de medidas de Precaução Padrão; identificar a ocorrência de acidentes com material biológico e estabelecer o perfil de acidentes com material biológico entre os circulantes de SO. Estudo descritivo transversal realizado com trabalhadores da equipe de enfermagem que exercem a atividade de circulante de SO no CC de um hospital público de ensino do município de Goiânia - GO. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de dois instrumentos: um check list e aplicação de um questionário, ambos avaliados e testados. O preenchimento do check list constituiu-se o primeiro momento da coleta de dados que foi realizado pela observação direta das atividades dos circulantes nos cuidados no trans-operatório e desmontagem da sala operatória, incluindo a entrega do material no expurgo do Centro de Material e Esterilização. Posteriormente, foi aplicado um questionário aos mesmos sujeitos da observação. Foram cumpridos todos os aspectos éticos aplicáveis ao estudo previstos na resolução 196 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Os dados foram agrupados em tabelas e figuras e foi utilizada a estatística descritiva pela medida de freqüência. Os dados referentes à percepção dos circulantes quanto aos comportamentos observados foram segmentados em grupos pelo método hierárquico, análise de cluster. Dos 37 profissionais elegíveis, 30 participaram. A maioria (93,4%) do sexo feminino; com tempo de trabalho no CC, há mais de seis anos (56,6%) e metade possui outro vínculo empregatício; 40,0% com carga horária semanal igual ou superior a 60 horas. Verificou-se que 56,6% circulantes nunca participam de capacitação sobre risco biológico e que 34,0% aprenderam o serviço acompanhando os colegas. A vacina para hepatite B foi referida por 80,0% dos trabalhadores, 40,0% fizeram o anti-HBs. Nenhum circulante usou óculos de proteção e 53,3% não usaram sapatos fechados durante o trabalho. Foram registrados diversos comportamentos de risco de exposição a material biológico, dentre eles se destaca o uso de luvas de procedimento para recolher o instrumental após a cirurgia; o uso da mesa auxiliar para transportar artigos como: instrumental, vidro de aspiração, cuba com perfurocortante; recolher manualmente agulhas de sutura usadas no procedimento cirúrgico. O descarte de perfurocortante na SO foi predominantemente inadequado e a não revisão dos campos após a cirurgia ocorreu em 86,7%. Acidentes com material biológico foram referidos por 40,0% dos circulantes, com predomínio da exposição percutânea a sangue e apenas metade notificou. Comportamentos caracterizados, neste estudo, como risco de exposição a material biológico, foram reconhecidos pelos circulantes de SO como presentes no cotidiano do trabalho, tendo sido possível observar tanto concordância entre os eventos (alta freqüência no comportamento e alta indicação como presente) como discordância (alta freqüência de observação com baixa indicação) com o predomínio de concordância. Para todos os comportamentos considerados como risco de exposição a material biológico houve reconhecimento de que isso ocorre. Algumas condutas dos circulantes potencializam o risco biológico para trabalhadores de outras unidades do hospital. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de mudanças organizacional e administrativa, para o enfretamento do risco biológico inerente ao trabalho do circulante de sala operatória. Evidenciaram a necessidade de intensificar as ações educativas quanto às medidas de promoção de um ambiente seguro aos trabalhadores que devem ser, freqüentemente, lembrados de que seu trabalho os expõe a riscos, e que esses riscos podem ser minimizados por meio da adesão às precauções padrão.

Os efeitos tóxicos decorrentes da exposição ambiental e ocupacional ao benzeno são amplamente descritos na literatura. Seus produtos de biotransformação fenólicos, entre os quais os compostos hidroxilados como FE e hidroquinona HQ, são indutores importantes de efeitos citotóxicos e genotóxicos responsáveis pela toxicidade ao sistema imune. No entanto, a contribuição de cada metabólito e os mecanismos envolvidos não estão completamente esclarecidos. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a capacidade da resposta inflamatória em ratos expostos à HQ, ao FE, ou a ambos simultaneamente (HQ+FE). Para tanto, ratos Wistar machos foram expostos aos agentes químicos por período de tempo prolongado (doses diárias de 5 ou 10mg/kg; i.p.; com 5 doses/semana no período de 17 ou 23 dias). Animais controles receberam o veículo pela mesma via. As respostas inflamatórias foram induzidas 24 horas após a última dose administrada. Foram avaliadas a resposta inflamatória inespecífica, decorrente da instilação intranasal de LPS de Salmonella abortus e a resposta inflamatória específica em animais previamente sensibilizados e desafiados pela OVA. Na resposta inflamatória inespecífica, as exposições à HQ e à HQ+FE provocaram redução acentuada no influxo de leucócitos para o pulmão inflamado, pelo menor número de leucócitos no LBA e pela atividade enzimática da MPO reduzida no tecido pulmonar. O efeito não é dependente de modificações no número de leucócitos circulantes nem de alterações nas expressões de moléculas de adesão nos leucócitos circulantes (L-selectina e β2 integrina) e no endotélio pulmonar (ICAM-1 , VCAM-1 e PECAM-1) envolvidas na interação leucócito-endotélio. Na vigência de resposta inflamatória específica, as exposições à HQ, FE ou HQ+FE reduziram significativamente a migração de leucócitos para o LBA e para o tecido pulmonar. Da mesma forma que a RI induzida pelo LPS, não foram detectados alterações nos número de leucócitos circulantes e na expressão de moléculas de adesão. No entanto, os resultados obtidos em ensaios de anafilaxia passiva cutânea e reação anafilática in vitro mostraram que o efeito é dependente, pelo menos em parte, da menor concentração de imunoglobulinas anafiláticas circulantes e, consequentemente, da menor habilidade de desgranulação mastocitária. Em conjunto, os dados obtidos demonstram que as exposições à HQ, ao FE ou à HQ+FE prejudicam a migração de leucócitos para o foco de lesão na vigência de respostas inflamatórias de origem inata ou adquirida. / The toxic effects of the ambiental and occupational exposures to benzene is widely described in the literature. Phenolic hydroxylated compounds obtainded from its biotransformation, such as phenol (PHE) and hydroquinone (HQ), induce important of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects responsible for the immunotoxicity. However, the role of each metabolite and mechanisms of toxicity are unknown. Then, the present work aimed to study the inflammatory response in rats exposed to HQ, PHE, ar both simultaneously (HQ+PHE). Male Wistar rats were exposed to they chemical agents for extended period of time (5 or 10mg/kg/day; ip.; during 17 or 23 days; 2 days intervals each 5 doses). Control animais received the vehicle. Inflammatory reactions were induced 24 hours after the last dose by they intranasal instillation of lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella aborlus (non-specific response) or by inhalation of ovalbumin in animals previously sensitized to the same antigen (specific response, produced by anaphylactic immunoglobulins). Animais exposed to HQ or HQ/PHE presented reduced n,3umbers of PMN and MN cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lesser myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the pulmonary tissue. The reduced influx of leukocytes is not dependent oh alterations on the numbers of circulating leukocytes either adhesion molecules expressions on leukocytes (L-selectin or β2 integrin) and on lung microvascular endothelium (ICAM-1, V CAM-1 or PECAM-1) responsible for leukocyte-endothelial interactions. On the other hand, rats exposed to ali schedules of exposures presented reduced numbers of leukocytes in the BALF and lesser MPO activity in the pulmonary tissue after an antigenic stimulus. As shown to inflammation induced by LPS, no alterations on circulating leukocyte numbers and adhesion molecules expressions were detected. However, the impaired leukocyte migration to the inflamed lung may be dependent, at last in part, on reduced levels of circulating anaphylactic antibodies, as detected by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test, and by consequent reduced ability of mast cell desgranulation, evidenced by in vitro trachea contraction. Together, our data show that HQ and PHE exposure differently affect the specific and non-specific ínflammatory reactions.

Ett av världens huvudsakliga normgivningsorgan inom redovisningsstandarder är International Accounting Standards Board. Just nu pågår projektet att revidera föreställningsramen där grundtankarna för den finansiella rapporteringen redogörs. Studien kommer beröra förslag beträffande definition, recognition och derecognition av skuld. Olika intressenter har fått möjligheten att kommentera dessa förslag genom Comment Letters (CL) på ett tidigare utgett Exposure Draft (ED) 2015. Studiens syfte är att redogöra för olika intressentgruppers inställning till förslaget på definition, recognition och derecognition av skulder i IABS:s föreställningsram. Vidare är syftet att undersöka den bakomliggande anledningen till varför de ställer sig positiva eller negativa till förslaget. Slutligen är syftet att undersöka om informationsbehovet skiljer sig mellan intressentgrupperna beträffande definition, recognition och derecognition i IASB:s föreställningsram. Studiens bidrag är att bidra med en större förståelse inom ämnet samt att vara till nytta för normgivare och den framtida normgivningsprocessen. Detta görs genom att identifiera hur olika intressenter ställer sig till förslagen samt varför. Då det är viktigt att intressenters intressen tas hänsyn till för att föreställningsramen ska bli allmänt accepterad, kommer studiens resultat vara ett bidrag till den fortsatta utvecklingen av föreställningsramen. Studien baseras på de CL som inkommit till International Accounting Standards Board innan den 26 oktober 2015, vilket var sista datumet att lämna CL på ED 2015. Studien har avgränsats till att endast inkludera CL från normgivare, redovisningsprofessionen, banker, företag och akademiker. I studien behandlas 125 stycken CL. Därefter har en dokumentundersökning med en induktiv ansats gjorts. Resultatet av studien visar att en majoritet av intressenterna ställer sig positiva till förslagen beträffande definition, recognition och derecognition av skuld. Banker är den enda intressentgrupp som ställer sig negativa till förslaget vilket kan grunda sig i att de är oroliga att förslaget öppnar upp en möjlighet för företag att själva göra en bedömning om vilken redovisningsmetod de ska välja. Emellertid önskar alla intressenter att mer vägledning ges i föreställningsramen. Vidare går det att dra en slutsats att intressenterna önskar en mer regelbaserad föreställningsram. Utifrån studiens resultat kan det konstateras att projektet att revidera föreställningsramen bör fortgå då det finns oklara principer som behöver tydliggöras. / One of the world's main standard-setters in accounting standards is the International Accounting Standards Board. The project to revise the Conceptual Framework is ongoing. The Conceptual Framework sets out the basic concepts for financial reporting. This study will concern proposals regarding the definition, recognition and derecognition of liabilities. Various stakeholders have been given the opportunity to comment on these proposals through Comment Letters (CL) on a previously released Exposure Draft (ED) 2015. The purpose of this study is to account for the different interest groups' attitude towards the proposal for the definition, recognition and derecognition of liabilities in the IASBs’ Conceptual Framework. Furthermore, the purpose is to examine the underlying reasons why they have positive or negative attitude to the proposal. Finally, the purpose is to examine whether the need for information differs between the interest groups in terms of definition, recognition and derecognition in the IASBs’ Conceptual Framework. The contribution of the study is to contribute to a greater understanding of the subject, as well as to benefit the standard-setters and the future process for standard-setting. This is done by identifying the different stakeholders attitude towards the proposals and why. Since it is important that the interests of stakeholders will be taken into account in order for the Conceptual Framework to be widely accepted, the study's results will be a contribution to the continued development of the Conceptual Framework. The study is based on the CL submitted to the International Accounting Standards Board before October 26, 2015, which was the last date to leave a CL on ED 2015. The study has been limited to, include only CL from standard-setters, accounting professionals, banks, companies and academics. The study consists 125 CL. Then a document examination with an inductive approach has been made. The result of the study shows that a majority of stakeholders are in favor of the proposals regarding the definition, recognition and derecognition of liabilities. Banks are the only interest group who disagrees with the proposal, which may be because they are worried that the proposal opens up for the opportunity for companies to make an assessment of the accounting method they themselves should choose. However, all stakeholders want more guidance in the Conceptual Framework. Furthermore, it can be concluded that stakeholders wish for a more rule-based Conceptual Framework. Based on the results of the study, it can be noted that the project to revise the Conceptual Framework should continue as there are unclear principles that need clarification. This essay is written in Swedish.

In order to investigate the etiology of and evaluate interventions for work-related back injuries, researchers need efficient, accurate occupational exposure assessment methods suitable for large samples. The chapters in this thesis examine critical decisions using electromyography (EMG): How should exposure be measured? For what duration? Who should be measured, and how many times? Low-back EMG, or muscle activity data, was collected during 138 full-shift field measurements over 30 different job titles at 50 different worksites in 5 heavy industries: forestry, transportation, wood products, construction, and warehousing. Observations and self-reports of posture, manual materials handling (MMH), and driving exposures were collected concurrently. 1) Variability of EMG calibration measurements was investigated on right/left sides, multiple trials, 4 positions, and pre/post-shift. Position accounts for the majority of explained variability; there is little to gain by measuring multiple trials or pre- and post-shift, but measuring both sides and multiple positions is worthwhile. 2) Observation and self-report data were easier to collect and cheaper than the EMG direct measure. Costs and successful field performance need to be weighed against the added data detail when making choices about exposure assessment techniques for epidemiological studies. 3) Observed and self-reported exposures were used to predict EMG exposure metrics using mixed multiple linear regression models. Regression models using observed variables predicted 43-50% of the variability in the EMG metrics, while self-reported variables predicted 21%-36%. The observation exposure model provides a low-cost alternative to direct measurement. The self-reported exposure model should be considered with more caution. 4) Full-shift EMG data was resampled for 4, 2, and 1 hour, and for 10 and 2 minute durations to determine the optimal sampling duration. Bias was consistently low, but shorter durations had higher absolute error, percentage error, and limits of agreement. Durations of 4 and 2 hours may be acceptable but those less than 1 hour had large errors. 5) Components of EMG variance were calculated between- and within-subject, and between- industry, company, job, and post hoc grouping. Resolution, contrast, and exposure-response relationship attenuation were calculated for each grouping scheme. The post hoc scheme had the highest contrast and lowest resolution. / Medicine, Faculty of / Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of / Graduate

Les milieux aquatiques constituent des réservoirs ultimes pour de nombreux polluants organiques persistants,notamment les polychlorobiphényles (PCB, composés bioaccumulables) et les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP, composés accumulés dans le sédiment et métabolisés par les vertébrés). Les poissons peuvent être exposés à ces polluants à plusieurs stades de vie, ce qui peut altérer leur intégrité fonctionnelle. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient d'évaluer les altérations physiologiques entrainées par des expositions représentatives de situations environnementales. Ainsi, d’une part, des juvéniles et adultes de poissons zèbres ont été exposés par voie trophique à des mélanges de PCB représentatifs des estuaires européens. Les résultats montrent que la bioaccumulation varie en fonction des congénères de même que le transfert vers les oeufs, et pour ce dernier, le niveau de substitution par des chlores est déterminant. Une altération de la reproduction caractérisée par une réduction du taux de fécondation et l'apparition d'une atrésie folliculaire massive ont été montrées. Ces travaux pourraient être complétés 1) au niveau moléculaire pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents et notamment l'activité perturbateur endocrinien et 2) par l'évaluation des effets au niveau des populations par une approche de modélisation. D’autre part, des embryons ont été exposés pendant 96h à des sédiments enrobés par des HAP individuels. Les phénotypes obtenus sont conformes aux effets décrits pour ces HAP et ont permis de valider la procédure d'exposition. Cette procédure pourrait être utilisée pour évaluer la toxicité de sédiments naturels après extraction de la fraction aromatique, ainsi que pour évaluer la toxicité de molécules hydrophobes. Pour être fiable dans le cadre de tests, il reste indispensable d'identifier des marqueurs précoces d'effets tardifs pour éviter de sous-estimer la toxicité d'un composé. / Aquatic environments are ultimate reservoir for many persistent organic pollutants, including polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCBs, bioaccumulative compounds) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, compoundsaccumulated in the sediment and metabolized by vertebrates). Fish can be exposed to these pollutants at different life stages which can alter their functional integrity. The objectives of this PhD were to assess physiological alterations following exposure to mixtures representative of environmental situations. Thus, on the one hand,juvenile and adult zebrafish were exposed through the trophic pathway to PCB mixture representative of European Estuaries. The results showed that bioaccumulation varied with the congeners as well as transfer to eggs and for the latter, the level of chlorination is decisive. Impaired reproduction characterized by a reduction in the rate of fertilization and the appearance of a massive follicular atresia were shown. This work could be completed 1) at the molecular level to better understand the underlying mechanisms including endocrine disruptive activity and 2) by the evaluation of effects at the population level by a modelling approach. On the other hand, embryos were exposed for 96 h to sediment spiked with individual PAHs. The obtained phenotypes were consistent with the effects described for these PAHs and thus validated the exposure process. This procedure could be used to assess the toxicity of natural sediment after extraction of the aromatic fraction as well as to assess the toxicity of hydrophobic molecules. To be reliable tests, it remains essential to identify early markers of late effects to avoid under estimating the toxicity of a compound.

Diplomová práce se zabývá faktory ovlivňující společnosti, které podnikají na globálním trhu a jsou vystaveny rizikům, která přinášejí výkyvy ve směnných kurech. Zabývá se také prozkoumáním motod analýzy vývoje směnných kurzů a metod ochrany proti těmto rizikům.

La biosurveillance humaine permet aujourd’hui d’évaluer notre exposition aux produits chimiques par la mesure soit des substances elles-mêmes, soit de leurs métabolites ou marqueurs d'effets sur la santé, à partir des fluides corporels ou des tissus. Les informations recueillies dans le cadre d’enquêtes épidémiologiques renseignent sur l'exposition humaine et constituent des bases précieuses dans la recherche des relations exposition-réponse chez les humains. Les travaux de cette thèse s’inscrivent dans le cadre de l’enquête transversale IMePoGe conduite entre 2008-2010 dans la région Nord–Pas-de-Calais (au nord de la France), incluant 2000 résidents adultes âgés de 20 à 59 ans, et visant à quantifier les niveaux d’imprégnation de la population à 14 métaux et métalloïdes (aluminium, antimoine, arsenic total, béryllium, cadmium, cobalt, chrome, mercure, manganèse, nickel, plomb, thallium, vanadium, zinc) choisis pour leurs effets toxiques et la fréquence de l’exposition professionnelle et environnementale. Les objectifs spécifiques de cette thèse étaient, tout en portant une attention particulière au plomb et au cadmium, deux métaux néphrotoxiques connus dans la littérature : i) d’établir la distribution de l’imprégnation aux métaux et métalloïdes dans la population du Nord de la France et de comparer le niveau régional d’imprégnation avec les données nationales et internationales ; ii) d’identifier les facteurs majeurs de variation de l’imprégnation et les sources d’exposition au plomb et au cadmium dans la population générale ; iii) d’étudier la relation entre la variation du débit de filtration glomérulaire et les niveaux d’imprégnation aux métaux. Globalement, les concentrations sanguines et urinaires de la plupart des métaux et métalloïdes étaient plus élevées que celles rapportées dans l’enquête nationale nutrition santé conduite sur la même période dans la population française, à l’exception du vanadium urinaire et du plomb sanguin. La plombémie moyenne régionale (moyenne géométrique) était de 18,8 μg/L. De nombreuses sources d’exposition au plomb existaient dans la population et étaient à la fois d’origine professionnelle, environnementale et alimentaire. Pour ce qui est du cadmium, le tabagisme se présentait comme la principale source d’exposition récente ou chronique au métal : la cadmiémie moyenne, reflet de l’exposition récente, était de 0,39 μg/L et passait de 0,26 μg/L chez les non-fumeurs à 0,84 μg/L chez les fumeurs ; la cadmiurie moyenne, reflet de l’exposition chronique, était de 0,37 μg/L (0,33 μg/g créatinine) et passait de 0,33 μg/L (0,29 μg/g créatinine) chez les non-fumeurs à 0,46 μg/L (0.37 μg/g créatinine) chez les fumeurs. Enfin, dans le cadre de l’étude de la relation entre l’imprégnation aux métaux et le débit de filtration glomérulaire, notre étude a montré que la prise en compte de la co-exposition à d’autres métaux et métalloïdes potentiellement néphrotoxiques bouleversait considérablement les associations antérieures jusqu’ici rapportées spécifiquement avec le plomb et le cadmium, dans le cadre de faibles niveaux d’imprégnation en population générale. / Human Biomonitoring allows us to evaluate our exposure to chemicals by measuring substances themselves or their metabolites or markers of health effects, from body fluids or tissues. The information collected through epidemiological surveys provide information on human exposure and are valuable databases in the research of exposure-response relationships in humans. This thesis is part of the cross-sectional IMePoGe survey conducted between 2008-2010 in the Nord–Pas-de-Calais region (in northern France), including 2,000 adult residents aged 20 to 59 years old, and aimed to quantify the impregnation levels of the population to 14 metals and metalloids (aluminum, antimony, total arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, thallium, vanadium, zinc) chosen for their toxic effects and the frequency of occupational and environmental exposure. The specific objectives of this thesis were, which a special interest for lead and cadmium, two nephrotoxic metals known in the literature: i) to establish the distribution of impregnation metals into the northern population of France and compare the exposure regional level to metals and metalloids with the national and international data; ii) to identify the major factors of variation of the impregnation and the sources of exposure to lead and cadmium in the general population; iii) to study the relationship between the change in glomerular filtration rate and the impregnation levels to metals. Overall, blood and urinary concentrations of most metals and metalloids were higher than those found in the national nutritional health survey conducted during the same period in the French population, with the exception of urinary vanadium and blood lead. The regional mean of blood lead level (geometric mean) was 18.8 μg/L. Several sources of lead exposure existed in the population and were link to the occupational, environmental and consumption parameters. Regarding cadmium, smoking was the main source of recent or chronic exposure to metal: the geometric mean of blood cadmium, reflecting a recent exposure, was 0.39 μg/L and increased from 0.26 μg/L in non-smokers to 0.84 μg/L in smokers; the geometric mean of urinary cadmium, reflecting the chronic exposure, was 0.37 μg/L (0.33 μg/g creatinine) and increased from 0.33 μg/L (0.29 μg/g creatinine) in non-smokers to 0.46 μg/L (0.37 μg/g creatinine) in smokers. Finally, as part of the study of the relationship between the metal levels and the glomerular filtration rate, our study showed that taking into account the multiple exposure to the other potentially nephrotoxic metals and metalloids upset considerably the previous associations specifically reported with lead and cadmium, in the context of low levels exposure in the general population.

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In this thesis, we set out to model the market risk exposure for 251 stocks in the S&P 500 index, during a ten-year period between 2011-04-30 and 2021-03-31. The study brings to light a model not often mentioned in the scientific literature focused on market risk estimation, the linear mixed model. The linear mixed model makes it possible to model a time-varying market risk, as well as adding structure to the idiosyncratic risk, which is often assumed to be a stationary process. The results show that the mixed model is able to produce more accurate estimates for the market risk, compared to the baseline, which is here defined as a CAPM model. The success of the mixed model, which we in the study will refer to as the ADAPT model (adaptive APT), most certainly lies in its ability to create a hierarchical regression model. This makes it possible to not just view the set of observations as a single population, but let us group the observations into different clusters and in such a way makes it possible to construct a time-varying exposure. In the last part of the thesis, we highlight possible improvements for future works, which could make the estimation even more accurate and also more efficient.