Nous proposons des méthodes simples et efficaces pour manipuler des expressions trigonométriques de la forme $F=\sum_{k} f_k\cos\tfrac{k\pi}{n}, f_k\in Z$ où $d<n$ fixé. Nous utilisons les polynômes unitaires de Chebyshev qui forment une base de $Z[x]$ avec laquelle toutes les opérations arithmétiques peuvent être exécutées aussi rapidement qu'avec la base de monômes, mais également déterminer le signe et une approximation de $F$, calculer le polynôme minimal de $F$. Dans ce cadre nous calculons efficacement le polynôme minimal de $2\cos\frac{\pi}{n}$ et aussi le polynôme cyclotomique $\Phi_n$. Nous appliquons ces méthodes au calcul des diagrammes de nœuds de Chebyshev $C(a,b,c,\varphi) : x=T_a(t), y=T_b(t), z=T_c(t+\varphi)$, ce qui permet de tester si une courbe donnée est un nœud, et aussi lister tous les nœuds de Chebyshev possibles quand un triple $(a,b,c)$ fixé en bonne complexité. / We propose a set of simple and fast algorithms for evaluating and using trigonometric expressions in the form $F=\sum_{k}f_k\cos\frac{k\pi}{n}$, $f_k\in Z$ where $d<n$ fixed. We make use of the monic Chebyshev polynomials as a basis of $Z[x]$. We can perform arithmetic operations (multiplication, division, gcd) on polynomials expressed in a Chebyshev basis (with the same bit-complexity as in the monomial basis), compute the sign of $F$, evaluate it numerically and compute its minimal polynomial in $Q[x]$. We propose simple and efficient algorithms for computing the minimal polynomial of $2\cos\frac{\pi}{n}$ and also the cyclotomic polynomial $\Phi_n$. As an application, we give a method to determine the Chebyshev knot's diagrams $C(a,b,c,\varphi) : x=T_a(t),y=T_b(t), z=T_c(t+\varphi)$ which allows to test if a given curve is a Chebyshev knot, and point out all the possible Chebyshev knots coressponding a fixed triple $(a,b,c)$, all of these computings can be done with a good bit complexity.

Orientador: Rui Seabra Ferreira Júnior / Resumo: A inclusão da universidade na díade indústria e governo tem se mostrado eficiente ao criar um ecossistema de inovação e empreendedorismo, apresentando soluções baseadas em conhecimento para os desafios socioeconômicos. Para isso, o aluno precisa se submeter a situações semelhantes ao que enfrentará na prática, para aprender solucionar problemas sob pressão interagindo com seus pares ou terceiros, aproveitar oportunidades, se inspirar e referenciar com as experiências de outros empreendedores, além de aprender com os próprios erros por meio do feedback de clientes. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi desenvolver um guia de expressões para cientistas empreendedores que será disponibilizado on line por meio de um aplicativo para uso em diferentes plataformas e dispositivos. Parte das expressões foi listada de acordo com a experiência acadêmica e profissional dos autores, enquanto que outras foram sugeridas por profissionais da área de gestão e tecnologia, além das que surgiram com o decorrer do processo de análise bibliográfica. Todas elas foram referenciadas a partir de artigos científicos publicados em revistas eletrônicas, repositórios acadêmicos, sites de órgãos reguladores, agências promotoras e entidades de classes profissionais. O aplicativo que dá formato ao guia foi desenvolvimento pela equipe do Núcleo de Educação a Distância e Tecnologias da Informação em Saúde - NEAD.TIS da FMB/UNESP. Foi utilizado o acrônimo de Guia de Empreendedorismo para Cientistas Empreendedores... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Inclusion of universities in the industry-government dyad has been showing itself efficient in creating an innovative and entrepreneurial ecosystem, presenting knowledge-based solutions for socioeconomic challenges. For such, students are required to experience situations comparable to those they are going to go through in practice, and then learn how to solve problems under pressure while collaborating with peers and third-parties, seizing opportunities, getting inspired and relating to the experiences of other entrepreneurs, as well as learning with their own mistakes though client feedback. The aim of the present study was to develop a guide of expressions for entrepreneur scientists, which will be made available online through an app accessible from various platforms and devices. Part of the expressions were listed according to the authors‟ academic and professional experience, while others were suggested by professionals of the field of management and technology, along with others that arouse from the process of bibliographical analysis. All of those were referenced from scientific papers published in digital journals, academic repositories, as well as websites of regulatory organs, promoting agencies and professional class entities. The app that shapes the guide was developed by the Center for Distance Education and Information Technology for Health (Núcleo de Educação a Distância e Tecnologias da Informação em Saúde - NEAD.TIS), at the State University of São Paulo – U... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Thesis (Ph.D. (Translation Studies and Linguistics)) --University of Limpopo, 2017 / This study examines the translation of idioms and fixed expressions between Tshivenḓa and English. The aim of the study is to explore factors that lead to the mistranslation of idioms and fixed expressions between the two languages. The study presents problems that are encountered in the translation of the idioms and fixed expressions between these languages and looks at translation strategies that can be used. In translating idioms, the translator encounters various difficulties that are not usually easy to overcome mainly due to lack of equivalence. It is rare to come across an idiom in the source language that shares the same form and meaning in the target language. In order to deal with the problems that arise in the process of translation, translators use various strategies. Among others, the translator must have extensive knowledge about the function of idioms in the source and target languages. From the data collected, the study revealed that there are numerous problems that the translator comes across in the process of translation. These include the ambiguity of idioms; idioms expressing meaning at a literal level; idioms that do not exist in the target language and the frequency of use of an idiom. The study adopted the qualitative research approach to collect and analyse data. Through use of this approach, it was noted that the translator needs to take into account cultures associated with the languages involved as well as the context in the translation process. The translation of idioms cannot be properly done without considering the impact of culture. A translator must be well-versed in the culture of both the source and target languages. It is important for one to know that language and culture are two entities that are inseparable. Idioms and fixed expressions express the uniqueness of the language and culture of the respective languages. Therefore, translators must have a comprehensive knowledge base of both languages and cultural context. From the recommendations made in this study, the following are the most prominent ones: Linguists should be exposed to idiomatic expressions in order to enhance their knowledge of the translation of idioms and fixed expressions. There are instances where idioms are translated literally because the translator does not understand or recognise the idiom. Therefore, this study recommends that translators need to learn more about idioms in order to have better understanding of translation of idioms and fixed expressions. Translators need to learn more about the translation strategies that are available to deal with the translation of idioms and fixed expressions. The first strategy is translation by using an idiom of similar meaning and form. This strategy involves using an idiom in the target language consisting of equivalent lexical items, which conveys roughly the same meaning as that of the source-language idiom. The second strategy is translation by idioms of similar meaning but dissimilar form. This strategy uses an idiom in the target language which has a meaning similar to that of the source idiom or expression, but consists of different lexical items. The third strategy is translation by paraphrasing. In this strategy, the translator transfers the meaning of an idiom using a single word or a group of words which roughly correspond to the meaning of the idiom but is not an idiom itself. The fourth strategy is translation by omission. This is used to completely omit the idiom from the target text where there is no close match between the items of the two languages. Where the idiom is very difficult for the translator, one tries to eliminate the whole part of the idiom. The fifth strategy is translation by a superordinate. This strategy is used to solve the problem of non-equivalence across languages because the hierarchical structure of semantic fields is not language specific. This strategy involves translation by a more neutral and less expressive word. Lastly, it is translation by cultural substitution which is a method that requires the replacement of a culture-specific item or expression with a target language one that has no exact meaning, but has an impact on the target reader. However, this study recommends translation by idioms of similar meaning with a dissimilar form. The researcher believes that this strategy provides the closest meaning of the idiom in the target language. Idioms might not be the same in form but the meaning can be derived from the idiom with a dissimilar form.

<div> <p>The purpose of this research was to examine the perception of micro-expressions in animated characters with different visual styles. Specifically, the work reported in this thesis sought to examine: (1) whether people can recognize micro-expressions in animated characters, (2) whether there are differences in recognition based on the character visual style (stylized versus realistic), (3) the extent to which the degree of exaggeration of micro-expressions affect the perceived naturalness and intensity of the animated characters’ emotion, and (4) whether there are differences in effects on perceived naturalness and intensity based on the character visual style. The research work involved two experiments: a recognition study and an emotion rating study. A total of 275 participants participated in both experiments. In the recognition study, the participants watched eight micro-expression animations representing four different emotions (happy, sad, fear, surprised). Four animations featured a stylized character and four a realistic character. For each animation, subjects were asked to identify the character’s emotion conveyed by the micro-expression. Results showed that all four emotions for both characters were recognized with an acceptable degree of accuracy. The recognition rates of the stylized character were 84.73% for happiness, 88.73% for sadness, 60.73% for fear, and 83.64% surprise. The recognition rates of the realistic character were 87.37% for happiness, 82.94% for sadness, 69.62% for fear, and 77.13% for surprise. In the emotion rating study, participants watched two sets of eight animation clips (16 clips in total). Eight animations in each set featured the character performing both macro- and micro-expressions, the different between these two sets was the exaggeration degree of micro-expressions (normal vs exaggerated). Participants were asked to recognize the character’s true emotion (conveyed by the micro-expressions) and rate the naturalness and intensity of the character’s emotion in each clip using a 5-point Likert scale. Findings showed that the <b>degree of exaggeration of the micro-expressions </b>had a significant effect on <b>emotion’s</b> <b>naturalness rating</b>, <b>emotion’s</b> <b>intensity rating</b>, and <b>true emotion recognition</b> and the <b>character visual style</b> had a significant effect on emotion’s <b>intensity rating</b>. Emotion type, participant gender and participant animation experience also had significant effects on perception of the micro-expression.</p> </div> <br>

Spam se typicky nevyskytuje ve formě samostatných zpráv, ale často bývá sdružován do takzvaných kampaní. Ty bývají automaticky generovány pomocí šablon. Díky tomu jsou jednotlivé zprávy sémanticky, ale ne syntakticky, ekvivalentní. Cílem práce je navrhnout algoritmus schopný z množiny zpráv jedné kampaně zpětně extrahovat šablonu, ze které tyto zprávy byly generovány. Práce se zaměřuje na spam v SMS komunikaci, ale navržené postupy jsou dostatečně obecné pro širší použití. Algoritmus je postaven na metodě zarovnávání dvou sekvencí, používané v bioinformatice pro nalezení podobných oblastí proteinových řetězců. Výstupem je regulární výraz popisující šablonu dané kampaně. Součástí řešení je také nástroj pro vizualizaci šablony pomocí HTML.Řešení bylo ověřeno na přibližně třech stovkách skutečných kampaní z celého světa. V naprosté většině případů je poskytnutý výsledek postačující pro identifikaci kampaně.

Emotions are an essential part of development. There is evidence that young children understand and express emotions through facial expressions. Correct identification and recognition of facial expressions is important to facilitate communication and social interaction. Emotions are represented in a wide variety of symbol sets and systems in Alternative and Augmentative Communication (AAC) to enable a person with little or no functional speech to express emotion. These symbols consist of a facial expression with facial features to distinguish between emotions. In spite of the importance of expressing and understanding emotions to facilitate communication, there is limited research on young children’s ability to recognize emotions represented by graphic symbols. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of typically developing fouryearold children to recognize basic emotions as represented by graphic symbols. In order to determine their ability to recognize emotions on graphic symbols, their ability to understand emotions had to be determined. Participants were then required to recognize four basic emotions (happy, sad, afraid, angry) represented by various graphic symbols, taken from PCS (Johnson, 1981), PICSYMS (Carlson, 1985) and Makaton (Grove&Walker, 1990). The purpose was to determine which graphic symbol the children recognized as representation of an emotion. Results showed that the emotion of happy was easier to recognize, which might be because it was the only emotion in the pleasure dimension of emotions. Sad, afraid and angry were more difficult to recognize which might be because they fall in the displeasure dimension. It is also evident from the findings that the facial features in the graphic symbol play an important part in conveying a specific emotion. The results that were obtained are discussed in relation to previous findings. Finally, recommendations for future use are made. / Dissertation (MA (Augumentative and Alternative Communication))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC) / MA / unrestricted

PhD / M.E.R. Mathivha Centre for African Languages, Arts and Culture

Research in the last decades has shown that individuals with high degrees in the personality trait of alexithymia not only have difficulties in identifying and recognizing own feelings, but also show deficits in reading emotions from facial expressions of other people. Therefore, the current dissertation investigates the neural correlates of recognizing emotional facial expressions as a function of alexithymia. Initially, a theoretical introduction is given and existing findings from behavioral as well as structural and functional neuroimaging research are presented. Open questions are identified and addressed in one structural and two functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that were compiled into three original research articles. Study 1 examined the gray matter profile of high and low alexithymic individuals in selected brain regions relevant for processing emotional faces. In Study 2, functional neuroimaging was used to investigate the neural correlates of high alexithymic individuals\'' difficulties in labeling briefly presented (≤ 100 ms) facial expressions of emotion. Study 3 investigated neural activations as a function of alexithymia during the labeling of emotional facial expressions when these are presented with little temporal constraints (≥ 1 s). The results of these studies are summarized and integrated with the existing literature. Finally, open issues are discussed and ideas for further research are outlined.

ABCTRACT This master's thesis is focused on Finnish intensification expressions in the form of the genitive case of adjectives and on adjectives intensified by them. Research is carried out in the form of corpus-based analysis for the purpose of seeing if semantics of intensification expressions affect the possibility of their combination with intensified adjectives. The first chapters of the thesis are dedicated to the theoretical study of semantic relationships and intensification. First of all, the corpus analysis attention focuses on what semantic features intensification expressions themselves have. Intensification expressions are categorized into groups on the basis of these features. Three of the groups are a subject of a more detailed analysis. Each group is represented by three intensification enpressions whose adjective collocations and wider context are examined. The purpose of this part of the analysis is to find out if different groups of intensification expressions appear in different contexts and if expressions belonging to the same group prefer a combination with the same adjectives. Key words: Finnish, intensification expressions, semantic preference and prosody, adjectives, corpus-based analysis

Active listening is a communication technique where the listener listens to the speaker carefully and attentively by confirming or asking for more details about what they heard during a conversation. Active listening has proven to be a very useful technique in learning and extracting insightful information from the conversation and poses many challenges when emulating such behaviours in a virtual character. In this research, various active listening behaviours are explored according to context, so that these behaviours can be adopted by Embodied Conversational Agents (ECA’s) to be perceived as more believable humanistic characters. This publication describes those behaviours in-depth by gathering insights via expert Interviews. An experiment was carried out with 20 participants (12 men and 8 women) to identify the implemented behaviours and their overall effect during a generic conversation with the ECA. The results showed that the participants were able to identify most of the implemented active-listening behaviours like Interested/inquisitive, agreement/approval (head nod and corresponding sounds), and provided insights for further improvement of the interlocution. / Aktivt lyssnande är en kommunikationsteknik där lyssnaren lyssnar på talaren noggrant och uppmärksamt genom att bekräfta eller be om mer information om vad de hörde under ett samtal. Aktivt lyssnande har visat sig vara en mycket användbar teknik för att lära sig och extrahera insiktsfull information från konversationen och ställer till många utmaningar när man emulerar sådana beteenden i en virtuell karaktär. I denna forskning utforskas olika aktiva lyssnandebeteenden i enlighet med sammanhang, så att dessa beteenden kan antas av Embodied Conversational Agents (ECA) för att uppfattas som mer trovärdiga humanistiska karaktärer. Den här publikationen beskriver dessa beteenden på djupet genom att samla in insikter via expertintervjuer. Ett experiment genomfördes med 20 deltagare (12 män och 8 kvinnor) för att identifiera de implementerade beteendena och deras totala effekt under ett allmänt samtal med ECA. Resultaten visade att deltagarna kunde identifiera de flesta av de implementerade aktivt lyssnande beteendena som Intresserad/nyfiken, överenskommelse/godkännande (huvudnicka och motsvarande ljud), och gav insikter för ytterligare förbättring av samtalet.