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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
451

Emotion recognition from expressions in voice and face – Behavioral and Endocrinological evidence –

Lausen, Adi 24 April 2019 (has links)
No description available.
452

Perception of dynamic facial expressions of emotion

Recio, Guillermo 15 March 2013 (has links)
Verhaltensstudien haben gezeigt, dass dynamische besser als statische Emotionsausdrücke erkannt werden. Im Einklang mit dieser dynamischer Vorteil Hypothese, haben fMRT Studien eine erhöhte und ausgedehnte Aktivierung für dynamische Emotionsausdrücke gezeigt. Die vorliegende Dissertation hatte das Ziel, die kognitiven Mechanismen, die den dynamischen Vorteil bedingen, zu klären, beziehungsweise die Spezifität dessen Wirkung für Gesichtsausdrücke der sechs Basisemotionen zu untersuchen. Studie 1 verglich Verhaltensdaten und kortikale Reaktionen zwischen dynamischen und statischen Emotionsausdrücken. Studie 2 behandelte methodischen Fragen des Timings der Stimuli und der neutralen dynamischen Bedingung. Studie 3 überprüfte die Hypothese, dass die Erhöhung der Menge von Bewegungen in den Gesichtsausdrücken die Zuweisung der Aufmerksamkeit erhöhen würde, und verglich die Wirkung in emotionalen und nicht-emotionalen Bewegungen. Study 4 konzentrierte sich auf die Frage der Emotionsspezifität der Hirnaktivierung in der Erkennung von Emotionen. Die Ergebnisse bestätigten einen dynamischen Vorteil in der Klassifizierung von Emotionsausdrücken, vermutlich bedingt durch eine Erhöhung in der visuellen Aufmerksamkeit, und eine Verbesserung der Wahrnehmungsverarbeitung. Außerdem, erhöht sich dieser Effekt mit allmählichem Erhöhen der Stärke der Bewegung in beide emotionalen und neutralen Bedingungen. Solche Effekte sprechen für ein perzeptuellen Bias erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit emotionalen verglichen mit neutralen und dynamischen verglichen mit statischen Gesichtern zuzuweisen. Dieser Effekt war für Freude etwas erhöht und für Überraschung reduziert, aber insgesamt ähnlich für alle Emotionsausdrücken. / Behavioral studies have shown that facial expressions of emotion unfolding over time provide some type of information that benefits the recognition of emotional expressions, in comparison with static images. In line with the dynamic advantage hypothesis, neuroimaging studies have shown increased and wider activation while seeing dynamic expressions. The present dissertation aims to clarify the cognitive mechanism underlying this dynamic advantage and the specificity of this effect for six facial expressions of emotion. Study 1 compared behavioral and brain cortical responses to dynamic and static expressions, looking for psychophysiological correlates of the dynamic advantage. Study 2 dealt with methodological issues regarding the timing of the stimuli and the dynamic neutral conditions. Study 3 tested the hypothesis that increasing the amount of movement in the expressions would increase the allocation of attention, and compared effects of intensity in both emotional and non-emotional movements. Study 4 focused on the question of emotion specificity of brain activation during emotion recognition. Results confirmed a dynamic advantage in the classification of expressions, presumably due to more efficient allocation of attention that improved perceptual processing. The effect increased gradually by augmenting the amount of motion, in both emotional and neutral expressions, indicating a perceptual bias to attend facial movements. The enhancement was somewhat larger for happiness and reduced for surprise, but overall similar for all emotional expressions.
453

Automaticity in affective face processing

Rellecke, Julian 19 November 2012 (has links)
Emotionale Gesichtsausdrücke sind hochrelevante Reize für den Menschen. Es wurde daher angenommen, dass sie von evolutionär bedingten Mechanismen automatisch verarbeitet werden. Bis zu welchem Maße diese Verarbeitung tatsächlich automatisch verläuft ist noch immer kontrovers. Die vorliegende Arbeit schließt an diese Debatte an, indem sie eine spontane Tendenz aufzeigt vor allem bedrohlichen Gesichtsaudrücken vermehrt Verarbeitungsressourcen zuzuweisen, auch dann, wenn sie nur oberflächlich enkodiert werden und Emotionalität irrelevant für die gegebene Aufgabe ist (Studie 1 und 2). Diese Tendenz wurde bezüglich zweier Schlüsselkriterien von Automatizität untersucht, nämlich dem Intentionalitäts- (Studie 3) und dem Auslastungskriterium (Studie 4 und 5); diese nehmen an, dass automatische Verarbeitung unabhängig von der gegebenen Intention des Individuums, beziehungsweise konkurrierender Aufgabenanforderungen verläuft. Anhand ereigniskorrelierter Potenziale (EKPs) konnte gezeigt werden, dass verstärkte perzeptuelle Enkodierung emotionaler Gesichtsausdrücke weitgehend unabhängig von Intention auftrat, wohingegen verstärkte höhere kognitive Verarbeitung davon abhing, ob Reize vertieft verarbeitet wurden (Studie 3). Wurde die Kontrolle über die Gesichtsverarbeitung durch eine konkurrierende Aufgabe beeinträchtigt, während Emotionalität relevant war, so verstärkte dies emotionale Effekte auf der perzeptuellen und frühen, höheren kognitiven Ebene (Studie 4). Ähnliches konnte auch für die perzeptuelle Verarbeitung attraktiver Gesichter beobachtet werden (Studie 5). Hingegen war bei verminderter Kontrolle die verstärkte Enkodierung bedrohlicher Ausdrücke in späten kognitiven Verarbeitungsstufen unterdrückt. Die vorliegenden Befunde sprechen gegen eine Automatisierung affektiver Gesichtsverarbeitung und legen stattdessen nahe, dass biologisch vorbereitete Verarbeitungstendenzen durch aufgabenorientierte Kontrollmechanismen und ihr Zusammenspiel mit Intention moduliert werden. / Emotional facial expressions are highly relevant stimuli in humans. It has thus been suggested that they are processed automatically by evolutionarily in-built mechanisms. However, to which extent such processing in fact arises automatically is still controversial. The current work feeds into this debate by showing a tendency to spontaneously allocate increased processing capacity to emotional, especially threat-related expressions, even when processed merely superficially and emotionality is irrelevant to the task at hand (Study 1 and 2). This bias was further tested with regard to key criteria of automaticity; that is the intentionality (Study 3) and the load-insensitivity criterion (Study 4 and 5) assuming automatic processing to arise irrespective of intention of the individual, and concurrent task demands, respectively. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) revealed enhanced perceptual encoding of threat-related expressions to remain largely unaffected by intention. In contrast, at the higher cognitive level, enhanced encoding depended on whether stimuli were voluntarily processed more deeply (Study 3). However, when control over face processing was impaired by a concurrent task, while emotionality was deemed relevant, emotion effects were enhanced at both, the perceptual and early higher cognitive level (Study 4). Similar was observed for perceptual encoding of attractive faces (Study 5). In contrast, during late higher cognitive stages of in-depth face processing, enhanced encoding of threat was eliminated when control was reduced (Study 4). The present results speak against full automaticity in affective face processing but suggest that biologically prepared processing biases are modulated by task-oriented control mechanisms and their interplay with intention.
454

Estetiska uttrycksformer i svenskämnet : En kvalitativ studie av lärares arbete med estetiska uttrycksformer i ämnet svenska / Aesthetic forms of expression in the Swedish topic : Teachers' views on aesthetic forms of expression in the subject of Swedish

Tunmats, Lukas January 2019 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis is examining teachers’ view of working with aesthetic expressions in their teaching of the Swedish subject in first grade. The study examines the possibility to distinguish whether teachers’ aesthetic subject competence affects their choices of didactics in their Swedish subject teaching. Another important question in the study is how teachers believe that aesthetic expressions and methods can support the learners’ linguistic development. Carried out as a qualitative interview, the study asked four working class teachers questions primarily regarding their view of aesthetics and its relation to the Swedish subject. This thesis also includes questions related to the methods the teachers use in their daily work with the Swedish subject.  For the purpose of problematizing the status of aesthetics, assessment and organizational aspects also form a basis for the thesis. The outcome of the study indicates that all teachers interviewed recognize a connection between aesthetic expressions and children’s linguistic development. Yet, in the interviews, patterns appear that imply that only qualified music and art teachers are able to relate and account for how the aesthetic expressions can support the learners’ linguistic knowledge in the Swedish subject. Means for developing the learners’ verbal and oral ability mentioned here include singing and rhythms. A cautious conclusion from this would be that first grade class teachers consider aesthetics as important in relation to the Swedish subject, but their methods vary by their individual subject matter competence. The aesthetic methods are highly valued by all informants, however, only used as a supporting means for first grade learners’ linguistic development by teachers with aesthetic subject competence. Considering the education of the new future so called “f-3” teachers comprise no subject knowledge of art, music and other aesthetic subjects, the outcome of this study is particularly important for the Swedish Ministry of Training and Science. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka lärares syn på sitt arbete med estetiska uttrycksformer i sin svenskundervisning i årskurs ett. I undersökningen studeras om det går att urskilja om lärares ämnesbehörighet inom de estetiska ämnena påverkar deras motiveringar till sina ämnesdidaktiska val i svenskundervisningen. En viktig fråga i undersökningen är också hur lärare anser att estetiska uttrycksformer och arbetssätt kan gynna elevernas språkutveckling. Undersökningens tillvägagångssätt är därför en kvalitativ intervju där fokus ligger på fyra verksamma klasslärare och där intervjufrågorna behandlar företrädesvis deras syn på estetiken och dess relation till svenskämnet. Även frågor som berör lärarnas arbetssätt i vardagen i svenskämnet redovisas i uppsatsen.  Bedömningsrelaterade och organisatoriska aspekter utgör också en grund av problematiserandet av estetikens status i detta examensarbete. Resultatet av undersökningen visar på att alla av de intervjuade lärarna ser en koppling mellan de estetiska uttrycksformerna och barnets språkutveckling. Dock framkommer det mönster i intervjuerna att enbart de lärare med ämnesbehörighet inom musik- och bildämnet kan berätta och förklara hur de estetiska uttrycksformerna kan stödja elevernas språkliga kunskaper i svenskämnet. Exempelvis nämns sång och rytm som hjälpmedel för att utveckla elevens verbala och muntliga förmåga. En försiktig slutsats av studien blir därför att klasslärare i årskurs ett uppfattar estetiken som viktigt i relation till svenskämnet, men att deras arbetssätt varierar beroende på lärarens ämnesbehörighet. Det estetiska arbetssättet värderas av alla informanter stort, men används enbart av de lärare med estetisk behörighet som ett stödjande hjälpmedel för elevens språkutveckling i årskurs ett. För utbildningsdepartementet är resultatet av denna uppsats viktigt då lärarutbildningen av framtidens nya f-3 lärare helt och hållet saknar ämneskunskaper för bild, musik och andra estetiska ämnen.
455

Étude contrastive des tournures concessives en français et en chinois / Contrastive studies on concessive markers in French and in Chinese

Huang, Ming 10 July 2019 (has links)
La concession est une relation logique « secondaire » complexe qui se nourrit de plusieurs notions de base : l’hypothèse, la temporalité, la causalité, la négation, l’intensité, la subjectivité, etc. En reliant toutes ces notions, nous traitons les quatre locutions concessives les plus utilisées ainsi que leurs homologues dérivés de la même série en chinois : ji shi « bien que » « même si », sui ran « bien que » « malgré » (et zong ran « bien que » « même si »), na pa « bien que » « même si », jiu shi « même si » (et jiu suan « bien que » « même si »). L’objectif de notre travail est d’explorer le mécanisme concessif dans ces deux langues typologiquement distantes et différentes. En nous inscrivant en principe dans la même ligne que A. Meillet (1912), R. Martin (1982 et 1987) et O. Soutet (1987, 1990 et 1992), etc., nos recherches démontrent non seulement l’évolution diachronique de ce marqueur concessif étudié, mais mettent également en évidence ses rapprochements avec certains connecteurs analogues français (tels que cependant, alors, si, ja, nonobstant, etc.) pendant leur processus de grammaticalisation d’une manière à la fois sémantico-logique et syntaxico-discursive. Notre étude comprend divers corpus allant du chinois archaïque au chinois moderne, ainsi que des méthodologies linguistiques pour classer et traduire les exemples choisis. Nous constatons une ressemblance frappante entre la combinaison des notions de base au cours de la formation du mécanisme concessif dans les deux langues étudiées. / The concession is a “secondary” or “composed” linguistic concept since it combines many fundamental linguistic notions: hypothesis, temporality, causality, negation, intensity, subjectivity, etc. By relating all these crucial notions, our research examines the four most used concessive markers as well as their homologues derived from the same series in Chinese: ji shi "although" "even if", sui ran "although" "despite" (and zong ran "although" "even if"), na pa "although" "even if", jiu shi "even if" (and jiu suan "although" "even if"), as well as their equivalents in French based on previous theories and analyses in the two languages. The aim of the work is to explore the concessive mechanism in these two languages that are typologically distant and different. In the same line as A. Meillet (1912), R. Martin (1982 and 1987) and O. Soutet (1987, 1990 and 1992), etc., our research not only demonstrates the historical evolution of the studied concessive markers, but also highlights its rapprochements with certain French concessive connectors (such as cependant, alors, bien, si, ja, nonobstant, etc.) during their grammaticalization processes from semantic-logical and syntactic-discursive points of view. Our study involves various corpuses from archaic to contemporary Chinese and French, as well as technical linguistic methodologies to categorize and translate the extracted examples. The results of our present research show surprising similarities in terms of the concessive evolution despite the enormous etymological and cultural divergences of the two studied languages.
456

O uso da negação no português brasileiro: gramática e gramaticalização

Alencar, Dulcelita Pereira Ribeiro de 12 May 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dulcelita Pereira Ribeiro de Alencar.pdf: 1000876 bytes, checksum: cb301500a1c24eefc5e9ef133c0ba6b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-12 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / This dissertation is within the scope of the actual use of the Brazilian Portuguese, dealing with the negation expressions used by Brazilians. Accordingly, it addresses not only elements of the language system, but also the linguistic variation elements by grammaticalization. The objective hereof is to contribute with grammaticalization studies in the Brazilian Portuguese. The specific purposes are: 1. to analyze the actual use of the negation within the discourse dimension by considering the roles represented by the participants; 2. to verify the actual use within the informativetextual dimension; 3. to address the negation process by differentiating the lexical issues from the grammatical units. The problem dealt with herein is to find out linguistic expressions usually applied in texts and discourses to negate by considering the functional grammatical parameter. The hypotheses set forth herein are the existing difficulties: for the Brazilians is difficulty to say no in view of the cultural aspects. As for the discursive-interaction dimension, the following categories must be regarded: Society, Cognition and Discourse. Within the informative-textual dimension, the relationship between the given information and the new information must be considered according to the informative aspects. The material analyzed is comprised of daily oral dialogs and written texts. This study adopted the analytical-descriptive procedure and considers the dialectic between the social and the individual so as to understand that the systematical grammar is social, as well as the cultural information; the effective use of the individual language producing the system dynamics of the language. The results obtained show that: 1 the negation act falls under the interaction dimension and the use of the negation manners is within the textual-informative dimension; 2. For the Brazilians, to negate the interlocutor s statement is deemed rude; therefore, the lexemes grammaticalization and re-grammaticalization are applied to negate, as a courtesy; 3. The lexemes grammaticalization entails the ressemantização (that is, the establishment of new meanings) of lexemes with cultural implied issues; 4. The re-grammaticalization entails substitution or supplement of the systemic manners. The conclusion hereof is that the negation study is within the scope of the argumentation and entails the social knowledge dynamics / Esta Dissertação situa-se no uso efetivo do português brasileiro, tematizando o exame de expressões da negação, usadas por brasileiros. Dessa forma, aborda tanto elementos do sistema da língua quanto elementos da variação lingüística, por gramaticalização. O objetivo deste trabalho visa contribuir com estudos da gramaticalização no português brasileiro. São objetivos específicos: 1. examinar o uso efetivo da negação na dimensão discursiva, a partir dos papéis representados pelos participantes; 2. verificar o seu uso efetivo na dimensão textual-informativa; 3. tratar a negação, diferenciando léxico de unidades gramaticais. A problematização, neste trabalho, consiste na descoberta de expressões lingüísticas que se fazem presentes nas dimensões textual e discursiva para negar, tendo por parâmetro a gramática funcional. A hipótese que norteia esta pesquisa é o fato de as dificuldades existentes, para o brasileiro dizer não , são relativas a aspectos culturais. Na dimensão interacional discursiva, consideraram-se as categorias, Sociedade, Cognição e Discurso. Na dimensão textual-informativa considera-se a relação entre dado e novo ,, conforme a informatividade. O material analisado compreende diálogos orais do cotidiano e textos escritos. O procedimento adotado, nesta pesquisa, é analítico-descritivo. Parte-se da dialética entre o social e o individual, de forma a entender que a gramática sistêmica é social, assim como os conhecimentos culturais; no uso efetivo da língua, individual, produzindo a dinâmica do sistema da língua. Os resultados obtidos indicam que: 1 o ato de negar situa-se na dimensão interacional discursiva e o uso das formas de negação ocorre na textual-informativa; 2. para o brasileiro, é descortês negar o que seu interlocutor afirma; assim, nega pela gramaticalização de lexemas e pela regramaticalização, como polidez; 3. A gramaticalização de lexemas produz ressemantização com implícitos culturais; 4. A regramaticalização produz substituição ou complementação de formas sistêmicas. Conclui-se que o estudo da negação situa-se na argumentação e propicia a dinâmica dos conhecimentos sociais
457

A influência do cão na expressividade emocional de crianças com transtorno do espectro do autismo / The influence of the dog in emotional expression of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Roma, Renata Paula da Silva 08 April 2016 (has links)
O Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo (TEA) inclui um conjunto de sintomas, tais como dificuldade para sustentar contato visual direto e comprometimento da linguagem. Apesar da Terapia Assistida Por Animais (TAA) com cães ser considerada uma modalidade terapêutica eficaz para promover o desenvolvimento de pessoas com TEA, ainda não são se sabe quais características dos cães possibilitam alcançar sucesso na terapia. Esta análise quantitativa tem como objetivo verificar o impacto de abordagens laterais e frontais de cães e humanos nas expressões emocionais de alegria e rejeição de crianças com TEA. Através da análise de vídeos de TAA, foram mensuradas duração e frequência das abordagens laterais e frontais de cães e humanos dirigidas às crianças para comparar possíveis diferenças entre ambos e também para verificar se a abordagem escolhida afetava o tipo de expressão emocional exibida pela criança. Os participantes deste projeto foram 11 crianças, 8 do sexo masculino e 3 do sexo feminino, entre 5 e 11 anos. Seis crianças foram atendidas por uma psicóloga, uma condutora e um Border Collie. O segundo grupo era composto pela mesma psicóloga, uma condutora e uma Golden Retriever. Escalas de avaliação foram aplicadas para confirmar o diagnóstico de TEA. Os cães foram previamente avaliados e treinados por uma instituição que atua na área de TAA. Cinco minutos de 8 sessões foram analisadas: um bloco de seis sessões com o cão, uma sessão anterior e uma sessão posterior a este bloco. Para verificar possíveis diferenças temperamentais entre cães, o C-barq (Canine Behavioral Assesment & Research Questionnaire) foi aplicado para analisar o temperamento de ambos. Embora esta análise tenha demonstrado diferenças em relação às categorias busca de atenção e nível de energia dos cães, não foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas entre os cães, em relação às variáveis analisadas neste estudo. Na comparação entre cães e humanos, os cães foram mais efetivos para conseguir expressões de alegria independentemente do tipo de abordagem escolhida. Comparando-se o tempo de abordagem de cães e humanos até obterem expressão emocional das crianças, observou-se uma importante diferença estatística. Os resultados sugerem que os cães exibiram menor latência que humanos para todas expressões emocionais analisadas: alegria (2= 7,312, p=0,007), de rejeição (2= 11,277, p-0,001) e neutras (2=9,097, p=0,043). Além disso, os resultados sugerem que, no contexto da TAA, não há relação entre abordagem lateral ou frontal e expressões de alegria, rejeição ou neutras de crianças com TEA. As expressões de alegria foram mais frequentes diante das abordagens laterais dos cães do que das abordagens frontais, no entanto não foi verificada significância estatística. Em relação aos humanos também não foi verificada preferência por uma abordagem especifica. Assim, os resultados sugerem que a latência para a exibição de uma expressão emocional das crianças depende mais de quem aborda do que do posicionamento lateral ou frontal quando a abordagem é realizada / Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) includes a range of symptoms such as failure to maintain direct eye contact and impaired language. Although the Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) is considered a potential therapy to promote development in people with ASD, it´s still unknown which specific characteristics of dogs lead to a successful therapy. This quantitative analysis aims to measure the impact of lateral and frontal approaches from dogs and humans into joy and rejection emotional expressions displayed by children with ASD. Through video´s analysis, frequencies and durations of lateral and frontal approaches from humans and dogs to children were quantified in order to compare potential differences between both and analyze the effect of the chosen approach in emotional expression display. Participated in this project 11 children, 8 males and 3 females, from 5 to 11 years old. They were divided in two groups. A psychologist, a conductor and a border collie attended six of them. The second group was composed by 5 children attended by the same psychologist, a conductor and a golden retriever. Specifics evaluation scales were applied to confirm children´s diagnosis. An institution that works in the AAT area had previously evaluated and trained both dogs. Parents signed a free-consent term before the beginning of the study. Five minutes within 8 sessions were analyzed: 6 sessions with dog´s presence, the session before and the one subsequent this block of sessions. In order to analyze potential temperamental differences between dogs, C-barq (Canine Behavioral Assessment & Research Questionnaire) was applied to check the dogs temperament. The C-barq results showed differences related to the categories search of attention and energy level of the dogs. However, the test did not indicate statistical differences on the measurement of variables linked to this study. Dogs were better than humans to get joy expressions independently on the chosen approach. A significant statistical difference was observed in the comparison of how long dogs and humans spent in approaches until they got an emotional expression from children. The results suggest that dogs showed shorter latency than humans on all analyzed emotional expressions: joy (2= 7.312, p=0.007), rejection (2= 11.277, p-0.001) and neutral (2=9.097, p=0.043) expressions. Moreover, the results suggest no link between lateral or frontal approach and specific expression of emotions in children with ASD in the context of AAT. Expressions of joy were more frequent after lateral than frontal dog´s approach, however no statistically significant difference was found. No approach preference was found in humans. Thus, results suggest that latency to emotional behavior from children depends more on who approaches than on position lateral or frontal when the approach happens
458

A proteção internacional do patrimônio biocultural imaterial a partir da concepção de desenvolvimento sustentável / The international protection of the intangible biocultural heritage based on the concept of sustainable development

Rodrigues Junior, Edson Beas 02 September 2009 (has links)
O patrimônio biocultural imaterial (PBI) é composto por três grandes grupos de recursos bioculturais imateriais (RBIs), a saber, recursos da diversidade biológica (biodiversidade), conhecimentos tradicionais (CTs) e expressões culturais tradicionais (ECTs). Há muito, o PBI dos países em desenvolvimento e de suas comunidades tradicionais vem sendo apropriado sistematicamente pelas instituições dos países industrializados, por meio da reivindicação de direitos de propriedade intelectual sobre produções intelectuais deles derivadas. Desde a década de 60, sem sucesso, os países em desenvolvimento vêm se empenhando em alcançar a adoção de regimes internacionais, apropriados à proteção dos RBIs. Com a entrada em vigor do Acordo sobre Aspectos dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual relacionados ao Comércio da Organização Mundial do Comércio (Acordo TRIPS), em 1995, os países em desenvolvimento se viram na situação de terem de conceder proteção legal a produções intelectuais derivadas de RBIs, ainda que estes tenham sido obtidos ilicitamente. Em contra-resposta, tais países se articulam em negociar regimes internacionais de proteção das diversas categorias de RBIs, no âmbito da Conferência das Partes da Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica (CCDB), da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) e da Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual (OMPI). As propostas negociadas nesses foros se assentam sobre o obsoleto regime de propriedade intelectual e são julgadas adequadas a proteger os RBIs, porquanto se mostram hábeis a reprimir sua apropriação indébita por terceiros não-autorizados. Contudo, os negociadores dos países em desenvolvimento ainda não atentaram que os RBIs não se confundem com as produções intelectuais geradas no seio da sociedade ocidental, pois contam com três dimensões peculiares, a saber, as dimensões humana, ambiental e cultural, além da dimensão imaterial. Partindo do imperativo de salvaguardar, simultaneamente, as múltiplas dimensões do PBI, o presente trabalho propõe um quadro conceitual de desenvolvimento sustentável, competente a desempenhar o papel de um tipo ideal, composto pelos elementos fundamentais que qualquer regime de proteção dos RBIs deve encerrar. A aplicação do quadro conceitual viabiliza a identificação das fraquezas e fortalezas das principais propostas de regimes internacionais em negociação/construção; permitiu ainda identificar as virtudes e fraquezas de mecanismos de proteção calcados em direitos de propriedade, direitos de quase-propriedade, regimes de responsabilidade e regras de pliability. Por fim, a aplicação do quadro conceitual de desenvolvimento sustentável ensejou a identificação de um arranjo legal e institucional apto a tutelar o PBI, de modo a promover, simultaneamente, a repressão de sua apropriação indébita (i), o uso amplo e facilitado de grande parte dos RBIs para fins produtivos (ii); a geração de recursos materiais em favor da conservação/restauração da biodiversidade e da melhoria da qualidade de vida das comunidades tradicionais (iii), e a proteção de alguns valores culturais centrais, conservados pelas comunidades tradicionais (iv). / Intangible biocultural heritage (IBH) is made up of three groups of intangible biocultural resources (IBRs), namely, biological resources (BR), traditional knowledge (TK) and traditional cultural expressions (TCEs). Historically, institutions based in industrialized countries have systematically misappropriated the IBH belonging to communities in developing countries by means of claiming Intellectual Property Rights over products derived. Since the 1960s, developing countries have unsuccessfully endeavored to reach international agreements suitable for protecting IBRs. After the Agreement on Trade- Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) came into effect in 1995, those countries have been obliged to grant legal protection to intellectual products derived from IBRs, even if those products resulted from acts of misappropriation. In response to this challenge, developing countries came together to negotiate international regimes to protect the different categories of IBRs at the Conference to the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP-CBD), before the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) as well as at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Their proposals, however, are rooted in the anachronistic intellectual property paradigm, ill-suited with respect to providing adequate tools to protect those resources. The negotiators representing the interests of developing countries have not realized yet that they should not treat IBRs in the same fashion as typical intellectual products originating from Western countries, provided IBRs are categorically distinct, featuring three particular dimensionshuman, environmental and culturalnot present in intellectual property as traditionally understood, in addition to the traditional intangible intellectual element. With the end of safeguarding the multiple dimension of IBH, the present work proposes na ideal sustainable development framework based upon the essential elements that any international regime devoted to protect IBH should embrace. The application of the sustainable development framework reveals the strengths and weaknesses of the most relevant proposals of international regimes currently under construction on the international level. Furthermore, it identifies the advantages and disadvantages of legal mechanisms based on property rights, quasi property rights, liability rules, and pliability rules. Finally, the application of this sustainable development framework outlines a concrete legal and institutional arrangement, capable of simultaneously (i) protecting IBRs against acts of misappropriation, (ii) fostering the wider and facilitated use of IBRs for productive purposes, (iii) generating economic resources in favor of the conservation/restoration of natural ecosystems and the improvement of the quality of life of local communities, (iv) as well as safeguarding certain core cultural values of traditional communities.
459

Mêndele e o pequeno homenzinho / Mêndele and the little man

Migdal, Genha 02 March 2011 (has links)
A presente tese aborda o primeiro livro escrito em ídiche por Mêndele Môikher1 Sfórim, Dos Kleine Mêntshele (O Pequeno Homenzinho) através de várias leituras do mesmo, em mais de uma versão, às quais sucedeu-se uma traduçãocuidadosa para o português. Faz considerações e referências sobre vida e obra do autor, cognominado jocosamente, por Shólem Aleikhem, de o avô da moderna literatura ídiche. Ele foi também um dos precursores do ressurgimento da língua hebraica. Shólem Yákov Abramovitsh, seu verdadeiro nome, foi um dos importantes intelectuais conscientes do momento histórico e do processo linguístico de seu povo, no final do século XIX, no leste europeu, ao qual propunha auto respeito, profissionalização e não renegação do judaísmo. A escolha de seu pseudônimo, Mêndele, o vendedor de livros, serve de pretexto para a sua participação como personagem das histórias, dada a importância e atuação de tal profissional na sociedade retratada. O texto ídiche é permeado de frases e citações em hebraico que foram trazidas para o português no mesmo padrão de linguagem do texto original. / This dissertation studies Dos Kleine Mentshele The Little Man the first book ever written in yiddish by the writer Mendele Moikher Sforim through many readings of it in more that one version, followed by careful translation into Portuguese. It makes considerations and references about Mendeles life and work. He was nicknamed by Sholem Aleikhem the grandfather of the Modern Yiddish Literature. He was one of the precursors of the revival of the Hebrew language. Sholem Yakov Abramovitch, his real name, was one of the most important intellectuals aware of the historical moment and of the linguistic process of his people at the end of the 19th century in Eastern Europe, and suggested self respect, professionalization and no Jewish denial for the historical moment and the linguistic process. The choice of his pen name, Mendele, the book peddler, allows his participation as personage of his stories because the significance and acting od such professional in the described society. The Yiddish text is permeated by Hebrew sentences and quotations brought to Portuguese at the same linguistic level.
460

Caracterização de etnias, sexos e faixas etárias em imagens faciais / Characterization of ethnicities, genders and age groups in facial images

Araujo, Bruno Sanchez de 15 February 2018 (has links)
A capacidade de identificação de emoções é imprescindível para uma interação social adequada entre indivíduos. Existem transtornos psiquiátricos, como o Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA), que impedem o reconhecimento de emoções e acabam por comprometer a qualidade de vida das pessoas. Faz-se necessária uma forma eficaz de avaliar e treinar os pacientes na identificação de emoções. Este trabalho faz parte de um projeto maior que objetiva fornecer representações de faces humanas com emoções diversas. Já existe um sistema, implementado em nossos grupos de pesquisa LAPIS-BIOINFOMED, que apresenta como saída imagens de faces com a aplicação das emoções: aversão, medo, raiva, satisfação, surpresa e tristeza, mas restrito à faixa etária jovem, sexo masculino e etnia caucasiana. Este sistema será utilizado no futuro como um jogo para auxiliar no tratamento dos pacientes com autismo, apresentando as imagens das caricaturas para que sejam adivinhadas pelo paciente. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi expandir o algoritmo existente de forma a permitir a combinação de diversas faixas etárias, sexos e etnias, permitindo que as imagens geradas sejam mais próximas ou mais distantes do convívio do paciente em tratamento, graduando assim a dificuldade no reconhecimento das emoções aplicadas às imagens. Neste trabalho foi levantado o estado da arte na literatura, para a área de representação de sexos, etnias e faixas etárias em imagens de face. Estes dados levantados foram comparados com características extraídas de tabelas com dados antropométricos, que armazenam as principais medidas e distâncias entre regiões da face humana (olhos, boca, nariz, etc.) para diferentes etnias, faixas etárias e sexos. Após esta análise, foram adicionadas ao algoritmo de geração de imagens as características que melhor diferem as três diversidades estudadas. Também foram adicionadas características que não estavam presentes nos dados antropométricos, como as rugas, tanto de idade quanto de algumas emoções. O produto final deste projeto é a comparação entre as características utilizadas pela literatura e as características extraídas da antropometria, e a expansão do algoritmo atual contemplando as diversidades étnicas, etárias e de sexo, permitindo que o usuário possa escolher uma configuração dessas diversidades para a geração das imagens com as emoções aplicadas / The ability to identify emotions is essential for adequate social interaction between individuals. There are psychiatric disorders, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), which prevent recognition of emotions and impair people\'s quality of life. An effective way to evaluate and train patients to identify emotions is needed. This work is part of a larger project that aims to provide representations of human faces with diverse emotions. There is already a system, implemented in our research group LAPIS-BIOINFOMED, which outputs face images with those emotions applied: aversion, fear, anger, satisfaction, surprise and sadness, but restricted to the young age group, male sex and Caucasian ethnicity. This system will be used in the future to develop serious games to support the treatment of patients with ASD, by presenting facial images with emotional expressions, so that the emotion can be guessed by the patient. The aim of the present study was to expand the existing algorithm to allow the combination of different age groups, genders and ethnicities, allowing the generated images to be closer to or more distant from the patient\'s life, graduating the difficulty in the recognition of the emotions applied to the images. In this work, the state of the art was presented in the literature for the area of representation of sexes, ethnicities and age groups in face images. These data were compared with characteristics extracted from articles with anthropometric data, which store the main measurements and distances between regions of the human face (eyes, mouth, nose, etc.) for different ethnic groups, age groups and sexes. After this analysis, the characteristics that best differ the three studied diversities were added to the imaging algorithm . Features that were not presented in the anthropometric data were also added, such as wrinkles, both age and some emotions. The final product of this project is the comparison between the characteristics used in the literature and the characteristics extracted from the anthropometry, and the expansion of the current algorithm contemplating the ethnic, age and sex diversities, allowing the user to choose a configuration of these diversities for the generation of the images with the applied emotions

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